External Adaptors These are used to expand system applications Types of External Adaptors are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Graphic adaptors Sound cards T.V turner cards Joy sticks LAN cards

All these are connected to the expansion slots (PCI & PCI express cards) PCI- Peripheral Component Interface Graphic Cards It connects the monitor to the motherboard. Some motherboards have in built graphic cards like N- VEDIA, SIS, VIA & Intel Graphic adaptors consists of 1. DAC Digital Analog Convertor 2. GPU Graphic Processing Unit 3. Video Memory Dot Pitch The display image on a monitor is made by small dots with 3 colours they are Red, Blue and Green

Standards resolution & contrast ratio Standards Resolution Contrast 5:4

SXGA(super extended graphic 1280*1024 array)

SXGA + WSXGA+(wide SXGA) UXGA(Ultra XGA) WUXGA (wide UXGA)

1400*1050 1680*1050 1600*1200 1920*1200

3:4 16:10 3:4 16:10

History of Microsoft Operating System Year of release 1981 1990 1995 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 Name of the operating system DOS- Disk Operating System Windows 3.0 Windows 95 Windows NT Windows 98 & ME Millennium Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Server 2003 & XP professional Windows Vista Windows Server 2008 Windows Seven

Boot File, purpose and the location File NTLDR Boot.INI Boot Text.DOS NT DELCET.com N.T.OSKERNAL.EXE Purpose 1st bootable file Creating boot choice Only for 95&98 New os (XP) Load OS on Kernel Location C:\windows\ System root C:\windows\ C:\windows\ System root\ system 32

N.T. boot. sys HAL.DLL( hardware update layer) System Device Drivers. Sys Types of printer

Only for SCSI controllers Kernel Loading Load all configuration files Load all device drivers

C:\windows\ C:\system root\ system 32 C:\system root\system32\config C:\sustem root \drivers

1. Impact printers 2. Non impact printers Under impact printers 1. Dot Matrix 2. Daisy wheel Under non impact printers 1. 2. 3. 4. Ink Jet printers Laser printers LED printers Thermal printers

History of processors Data width 4bits 8bits 8& 16 bits 16bits 32bits 32bits 32& 64 bits 32& 64bits 32&64bits Model name 4040 8080 8088 80286 80486 80486 Pentium 1 Pentium 2 Pentium 3 Year of release 1971 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 No of transistors 3000 6000 29000 1.34Lakhs 2.75Lakhs 12Lakhs 31Lakhs 75L 95L Clock speed 1MHz 2Mhz 5Mhz 6Mhz 16Mhz 25Mhz 60Mhz 233Mhz 450Mhz

32& 64bits 32& 64bits 32&64bits 32& 64bits 32&64bits

Pentium 4 Pentium 4 EE Pentium Presco ++ Pentium Duel Core Core 2 duel

2000 2003 2004 2005 2006

4.2C 6.2 C 125C 140C

1.5Ghz 2.6Ghz 3.6Ghz 2.6-3.6Ghz 2.4-3.6Ghz

Throttling- Excess amount of heat generated during the working function of the processor. It reduces the performance of the processor Clock speed It is a clock frequency at which rate all the instructions and programs are executed.

Types of computers 1. 2. 3. 4. Micro computers personal computer MINI computers small companies , banks Main frame computers servers , big office Super computers scientific research

Types of motherboards 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. AT Advanced Technology ATX AT Extended Micro ATX NLX New Low profile extended BATX Baby ATX

Types of RAM Slots 1. SIMM - Small Inline Memory Module

2. 3. 4. 5.

DIMM Duel Inline Memory Module RIMM Rhombus Inline Memory Module Micro DIMM SODIMM

MIDI PORT Musical Instrumental Digital Interface Types of connectors 1. Hard disk connector 2. IDE floppy connector 3. SMPS connector

Memory Unit 1. RAM 2. ROM Types of ROM 1. PROM Programmable Read Only Memory 2. EPROM Erasable Programmable READ Only Memory 3. EEPROM Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Types of RAM 1. SRAM Static Random Access Memory 2. DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory Types of DRAM 1. SYRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory 2. AYRAM Asynchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Under SYRAM 1. SDRAM

2. 3. 4. 5.

DDR SD RAM DDR2 SD RAM DDR 3 SD RAM RD RAM Rhombus

Under AYRAM 1. EDODRAM Extended Data Out Dynamic RAM 2. FPMDRAM - Fast Page Mode DRAM

Types of HDD 1. SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment 2. PATA Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment 3. SCSI Small Computer System Interface Components of Hard Disk 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Plotter Read \ Write head Actuator Arm Spindle Motor Voice coil Motor Logic circuit board Ribbon cable Connector

ADC Analog Digital Convertor PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association Types of MINI PCI Cards 1. TYPE 1 uses 100 pin connector 2. TYPE 2 its like TYPE 1 but with an integrated RJ45 port 3. TYPE 3 Used 124 pin SODIMM style connector

Wireless communication ports 1. Infrared 2. Bluetooth 3. WI-FI

Types of networks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. LAN Local Area Network WAN Wide Area Network MAN Metropolitan Area Network CAN Campus Area Network PAN Personal Area Network SAN Storage Area Network

Topology physical arrangement of devices / computers connecting in a network Types of Topology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bus Ring Star Tree Hybrid Topology combination of all the above

OSI MODEL Open System Interconnectivity All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics ALL PRETTY SERIOUS TEENAGES NEVER DO PRHYSICS APPLICATION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER SESSION LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER DATA LINK LAYER PHUSICAL LAYER ALL PRETTY SERIOUS TEENAGERS NEVER DO PHYSICS APPLICATION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER SESSION LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER SWITCHES DATA LINK LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER REPEATERS OR HUBS

The OSI Model Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Devices used are L3 Switches & Routers Data Link Layer Devices used are Switch & Bridges Physical Layer Devices used are Hub & repeaters

Hub & Repeaters are layer one device Types of Hub 1. Active Hub 2. Passive Hub 3. Intelligent Hub Active Hub To transfer the information from one machine to another machine. It requires an external power. It regenerates & retransfers or amplifies the signals. Passive Hub It does not require any external adaptors to transfer from one machine to another machine. In this there is no signals regeneration or amplification. Intelligent Hub Its nothing but a switch. It is having the best way of selecting path & can choose different paths for signal devices. Bridge It extends the max distance of network connecting separate network segments. It passes signals from one network segments to another network segments.

Switches It is a layer 2 device, by default switch is a broadcast device but we can change it to unicast, it is having console ports and it maintains MAC address, MAC (Media Access Control). It also maintains the operating System called I.O.S (internetwork Operating System). It makes full duplex communication.

Routers It is a layer 3 device, data transfers in the form of packets, it provides better traffic management and also avoids broadcast transmission. AUI Arithmetic User Interface also called as Ethernet Port of the Router. AUX Auxiliary Ports used to connect modem to router. BRI Basic Rate Of Interface Console Port - It is used to load the O.S from the router to P.C. system serial port should connect directly to routers console port.

CABLE NAME FOR MODEM IS RS232 and it is also called DCE (Data Communication Equipment) Types of cables 1. Co Axial cable 2. Twisted pair cable 3. Optical fiber cable Colour Coding
Wiring

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T568A T568B Wire T568A Color T568B Color Pins on plug face (socket is reversed) Pair Pair 3 3 2 1 1 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 1 3 4 4 tip ring tip ring tip ring tip ring white/green stripe green solid white/orange stripe orange solid

white/orange white/green stripe stripe blue solid white/blue stripe orange solid blue solid white/blue stripe green solid

white/brown white/brown stripe stripe brown solid brown solid

Note that the only difference between T568A and T568B is that pairs 2 and 3 (orange and green) are swapped. Both configurations wire the pins "straight through", i.e., pins 1 through 8 on one end are connected to pins 1 through 8 on the other end. Also, the same sets of pins are paired in both configurations: pins 1 and 2 form a pair, as do 3 and 6, 4 and 5, and 7 and 8. One can use cables wired according to either configuration in the same installation without significant problem; problems involving crosstalk can occur (which is normally minimized by correctly twisting a pair together), but are usually insignificant in all but the most stringent specifications such as Category 6 cable. The primary thing one has to be careful of is not to accidentally wire the ends of the same cable according to different configurations (unless one intends to create an Ethernet crossover cable).

WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access also called as 3G mobile phone network The key features of security system are AAA 1. Authorization 2. Authentication

3. Accounting Adware - Software that records information about a PC and the user. AGP Accelerated Graphic Port AMD Advanced Micro Devices AMR Audio Modem Riser AUTOEXEC.BAT It contains statements that configures the operating system during boot process Bandwidth - The amount of data that can be transferred throught a connection over a period POST Power On Self Test BIOS Basic Input \ Output system BPS Bits Per second Coaxial cables - It is a type of cable formed from two separate conductors that share the common axis. DMA Digital Memory Access DLT Digital Linear Tape Dr. Watson - Debugging program that creates an error log when an application crashes

DSL Digital Subscriber Line. A digital internet access service provider over normal telephone lines. The client uses a DSL modem or router to connect to a DSL enabled telephone exchange. EPP Enhanced Parallel Port Full Duplex Two way communication taking place simultaneously

Half Duplex - Two way communication not taking place simultaneously GDI Graphic Digital Interface HTML Hyper Text Markup Language IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics Kernel - All operating systems have a kernel, which is a low level piece of code responsible for controlling the rest of the operating system. Windows uses a multiprocessor adware, multitasking kernel.