Journal of Computer and Communications, 2023, 11, 183-196

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jcc
ISSN Online: 2327-5227
ISSN Print: 2327-5219

Emotion Deduction from Social Media Text

Data Using Machine Learning Algorithm

Thambusamy Velmurugan1, Baskaran Jayapradha2

1
PG and Research Department of Computer Science, Dwaraka Doss Govardhan Doss Vaishnav College, Chennai, India
2
PG and Research Department of Computer Science, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, Chennai, India

How to cite this paper: Velmurugan, T. and Abstract

Jayapradha, B. (2023) Emotion Deduction
from Social Media Text Data Using Machine Emotion represents the feeling of an individual in a given situation. There are
Learning Algorithm. Journal of Computer various ways to express the emotions of an individual. It can be categorized
and Communications, 11, 183-196.
into verbal expressions, written expressions, facial expressions and gestures.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2023.1111010
Among these various ways of expressing the emotion, the written method is a
Received: October 8, 2023 challenging task to extract the emotions, as the data is in the form of textual
Accepted: November 27, 2023 dat. Finding the different kinds of emotions is also a tedious task as it requires
Published: November 30, 2023
a lot of pre preparations of the textual data taken for the research. This re-
search work is carried out to analyse and extract the emotions hidden in text
data. The text data taken for the analysis is from the social media dataset. Us-
ing the raw text data directly from the social media will not serve the purpose.
Therefore, the text data has to be pre-processed and then utilised for further
processing. Pre-processing makes the text data more efficient and would infer
valuable insights of the emotions hidden in it. The preprocessing steps also
help to manage the text data for identifying the emotions conveyed in the
text. This work proposes to deduct the emotions taken from the social media
text data by applying the machine learning algorithm. Finally, the usefulness
of the emotions is suggested for various stake holders, to find the attitude of
individuals at that moment, the data is produced.

Keywords
Data Pre-Processing, Machine Learning Algorithms, Emotion Deduction,
Sentiment Analysis

1. Introduction
A significant amount of text data has accumulated as a result of the post-COVID
spike in social media. This textual information reservoir has the capacity to

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T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

forecast a number of significant variables and provide insightful information. In

order to gain important insights into people’s attitudes and sentiments, re-
searchers are actively involved in the analysis of social media text data to extract
emotions. Extracting the emotion involved in text data is a challenging task as it
could bring out different understandings for the same text by different people
and also depends on how the text data is read. The dataset taken for this research
work consists of social media text data. It consists of comments of people in text
format. The primary aim of this research would be to extract the emotion hidden
in the text data.
Social media has taken a vast shape after the COVID-19 pandemic and has
reshaped the way we interact, work, and communicate [1]. With social distanc-
ing measures in place, people turned to digital platforms more than ever to stay
connected, informed, and entertained. Social media, in particular, witnessed un-
precedented growth during this period. With the growth of text-based date in
this period [2], the analysis of text-based data became an essential tool for un-
derstanding human emotions, sentiments, and behaviours. This article explores
the surge in social media usage and the pivotal role that text-based data analysis
plays an essential role in estimating human emotions in today’s digital age.
Emotion is a mental state that is in line with feelings and thoughts, usually
with regard to a particular thing. Emotion is a behaviour that expresses personal
significance or opinion about how we connect with other people or about a par-
ticular occurrence. Due to different misconceptions about how they see the text
data, humans are unable to comprehend its essence. This research uses machine
learning technique to extract the information contained in the text data [3].
Emotion extraction from text is a natural language processing (NLP) task that
involves identifying and categorizing the emotional content expressed in written
or textual data. The goal is to determine the emotions, sentiments, or affective
states conveyed by the author of the text. This technology has gained significant
importance in various fields, including marketing, customer service, mental
health, and social media analysis, as it provides valuable insights into how people
feel and react in different contexts.
This paper is organized in the following way. Section 2 gives the literature
survey of some of the papers related to this research. Section 3 describes the ma-
terial and the methods used for the research. It has the dataset description taken
for the research and the techniques used for pre-processing and also the result of
applying the pre-processing techniques to the text data. In addition, it elaborates
on the RoBERTa method for extracting the emotions from text data. Section 4
consists of the Experimental results and their discussions and the last section,
Section 5 concludes the research with some of its findings in this research work.

2. Literature Survey
The significance of extracting emotions from text by using Natural Language
Processing (NLP) has kindled the research interests of many researchers in this

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 T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

domain. While it’s impractical to analyse deep into every research study com-
prehensively in this section, some of the related works on the related area has
been discussed in this section. The main innovation in a study by Kantrowitz [4]
is the recommendation to use a dictionary-based stemmer, which is effectively a
perfect stemmer to analyse its impact on data retrieval. Its performance can be
selectively changed in terms of coverage and accuracy. The system designers can
more accurately evaluate the relative trade-offs between desired levels and in-
crease stemming accuracy by using this stemmer.
Another research work by Sridevi et al., titled “Impact of Preprocessing on
Twitter Based Covid-19 Vaccination Text Data by Classification Techniques “in
[5], takes up Twitter dataset and performs pre-processing on the data. It uses the
classification algorithms LIBLINEAR and Bayes Net to determine the most ef-
fective techniques for data for preprocessing purposes. It is determined that
pre-processed data results in greater performance and precision for the data
analysis in contrast to the raw data.
The Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Detection subfield, with a focus on
text-based emotion detection, is covered in detail in the article [6] by Acheam-
pong. It begins by outlining the fundamental ideas of text-based emotion detec-
tion, emotion models, and emphasising the accessibility of big datasets necessary
for the field of study. The article then describes the three main strategies fre-
quently used in the creation of text-based emotion detection systems, outlining
their advantages and disadvantages. The paper concludes by outlining current
difficulties and prospective future study avenues for academics and researchers
in the field of text-based data.
A research work titled, “Hierarchical Bi-LSTM based emotion analysis of tex-
tual data “by Mahto et al., [7] suggests an improved deep neural network (EDNN)
based on a hierarchical Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model
for emotion analysis. The findings show that, in comparison to the current CNN-
LSTM model, the suggested hierarchical Bi-LSTM technique achieves an average
accuracy of 89% for emotion analysis. Another work carried out by Kumar et al.
[8], has put forward the Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction (ECPE) technique to
preprocess the text data at the clause level. To create sets of emotion and cause
pairs for a document, it isolates cause clauses from emotion clauses, pairs them,
and filters them. The BERT model receives its input from these pre-processed
data. The classifier model performs at the cutting edge on a benchmark corpus
for emotion analysis. The ECPE-BERT emotion classifier beats previous models
on English sentences, obtaining a remarkable accuracy of 98%.
An article by Rashid et al. in [9], the researchers describe the Aimens system,
which analyses textual dialogue to identify emotions. The Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) model, which is based on deep learning, is employed by the sys-
tem to identify emotions like happiness, sadness, and anger in context-sensitive
speech. The system’s primary input is a mixture of word2vec and doc2vec em-
beddings. The output findings exhibit significant f-score changes from the base-

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T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

line model, where the Aimens system score is 0.7185. In the research article ti-
tled “An effective approach for emotion detection in multimedia text data using
sequence based convolutional neural network” by Shrivastava et al., in [10], the
authors offer a framework built upon Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for han-
dling the problem of emotion identification inside multimodal text data. A TV
show’s transcript was used to create a brand-new dataset that was carefully cu-
rated for the emotion recognition test. In order to extract pertinent characteris-
tics from the text dataset, a CNN model with an attention mechanism was
trained using the obtained information. The effectiveness of the suggested model
was assessed and contrasted with benchmark models like LSTM and Random
Forest classifiers.

3. Methods and Materials

There are various methods that are used for text pre-processing and emotion
prediction from text data. This article is categorized into two stages as Data pre-
processing and emotion extraction. The various methods that are used for pre-
processing is detailed along with the dataset that is taken for this research a then
the emotion extraction is applied to the pre-processed text.

3.1. Description of the Dataset

The data set taken for this research work is from a text-based, social media data-
set consisting of text in the form of a sentence. This sentence expresses the cur-
rent emotion of an individual such as joy, sad, fear, anger, surprise and so on.
The emotion of the induvial can never be predicted from the text easily. The
purpose of this research work is to predict the emotion of an individual from the
text data that is taken for the study after pre-processing by applying the machine
learning model.

3.2. Dataset before Pre-Processing

The chosen dataset for this work simply consists of induvial expressions in the
form of sentences. It consists of only one attribute. The attribute is in the form of
a sentence by a person expressed in direct speech. The text data which is taken
for this research work is an uncleaned data and need to be pre-processed for the
effective application of the machine learning algorithm.
Table 1 consists of the dataset used for the research before pre-processing.
The text data is a combination of words, punctuations and many other textual
representations. The objective is to eliminate the unnecessary words and sym-
bols which are expressed along with the root word and to predict the emotion
from the text taken for the research by using the machine learning algorithm.

3.3. Dataset after Pre-Processing

Raw data must be transformed into legible and defined sets, in order for re-
searchers to conduct data mining, analyse the data, and process it for various ac-

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 T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

tivities. It is a must to correctly preprocess their data as a variety of inputs they

utilise to gather raw data might have an impact on the data’s quality. Preproc-
essing data is crucial because raw data may be formatted inconsistently or in-
completely. Preprocessing raw data effectively can increase its accuracy, which
can raise project quality and reliability. The various stages that are involved in
the process of preprocessing of text data in this research are lowercasing, punc-
tuation removal, stop word removal, tokenization, stemming and lemmatization
[11]. These steps help the researchers effectively to interpret the underlying
emotion in the text involved from the dataset taken. By pre-processing research-
ers would be able to uncover valuable insights, detect patterns and predict user
behaviour and understand the emotional content of any individual easily.

Table 1. Dataset before pre-processing.

COMMENTS
I AM FEELING QUITE SAD AND SORRY FOR MYSELF BUT I WILL SNAP OUT OF
IT SOON!!!
I feel like I am still looking at a blank canvas blank pieces of paper
I feel like a faithful servant
I am just feeling cranky and blue
I can have for a treat or if I’m feeling festive!!
I start to feel more appreciative of what god has done for me
I am feeling more confident that we will be able to take care of this baby
I feel incredibly lucky just to be able to talk to her
I feel less keen about the army every day

The pre-processing stages of the taken dataset are as follows. Initially all the
text that are involved in the research are converted to lower case. There might be
punctuations in the text data which would be unnecessary. This step is to re-
move the punctuations in the text data. Then the stop words like in, to, is are
removed. Secondly the entire sentence is broken into tokens. Thirdly the token-
ized words are stemmed (Running is changed as Run) and lastly the words are
lemmatized which draws the essence of the sentence without changing the
meaning of the words.
Table 2 depicts the pre-processed text data taken from Table 1. The pre-
processed text may change the actual spelling of the word that is involved but
the meaning of it would be the same and would contribute to a greater extent in
the process of analysing the given dataset. The resultant data is subject to various
techniques of machine learning for further identification of emotions. These
pre-processing methods play an essential role to extract the exact content needed
from the social media data [12].
The research also produces another file that compares the word count between
the original text and the pre-processed text.

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T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

Table 2. Dataset after pre-processing.

COMMENTS PRE-PROCESSED

[“feel”, “quit”, “sad”, “sorri”, “snap”, “soon”]

[“feel”, “like”, “still”, “looking”, “blank”, “canvas”, “blank”, “pieces”, “paper”]

[“feel”, “like”, “faith”, “servant”]

[“feel”, “cranki”, “blue”]

[“treat”, “feel”, “festiv”]

[“start”, “feel”, “appreci”, “god”, “done”]

[“feel”, “confid”, “abl”, “take”, “care”, “babi”]

[“feel”, “incred”, “lucki”, “abl”, “talk”]

[“feel”, “le”, “keen”, “armi”, “everi”, “day”]

Table 3 illustrates the reduction in the number of words throughout the differ-
ent stages of pre-processing for the research. It is discovered that the total word
count in the original text has been reduced to approximately one-third of its
original size after completing the pre-processing steps.

Table 3. A comparative analysis (number of words).

Number of words Number of words

S. No
in the original Text in the Pre-Processed Text

1 25 13

2 16 8

3 23 11

4 9 5

5 13 6

6 26 8

7 8 5

8 18 11

9 24 11

10 43 22

Table 3 shows the comparison of the number of words that has been in the
original dataset and the number of words produced after pre-processing. It is
clearly evident that the number of words in each case of the comments gets re-
duced to one-third of the words in the original data which is taken for the re-
search. This makes the further work of predictions on the chosen dataset easier
and simple. It would be easy for applying any of the algorithms on the dataset
for further analysis of predicting the emotion.
The data from various social network platforms are useful for the real-world

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 T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

applications. But it contains a large number of unprocessed words. Therefore, it

becomes mandatory to remove unwanted words from the original dataset taken
for the research. It also becomes essential to use some of the preprocessing tech-
niques to make the text dataset shrink which would make it easy for applying
any of the machine learning algorithm for extracting the emotion. A number of
techniques are available in the field of sentiment analysis for pre-processing and
text reduction like stop words removal, stemming and many more.
Figure 1 demonstrates the graph comparison of the number of words on the
text data taken for the research before and after pre-processing. It shows that
there is almost one-third reduction in the number of words before and after
pre-processing. This makes the further work on the dataset easier as there is a
considerable reduction in the number of words before and after pre-processing.

3.4. The RoBERTa Model

RoBERTa (“Robustly Optimized BERT Approach”) is a variant of the BERT
(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) model, which was
developed by researchers at Facebook AI. Like BERT, RoBERTa is a trans-
former-based language model that uses self-attention to process input sequences
and generate contextualized representations of words in a sentence [13]. The
model trains a larger dataset and with a more efficient training process than BERT.
Additionally, in order to aid the model in learning more resilient and broadly
applicable word representations, the model employs a dynamic masking strategy
during training [14].
RoBERTa also performs better than BERT and other cutting-edge models on a
range of Natural Language Processing tasks, such as text classification, question
answering, and language translation. It is considered as a well-liked option for
both academic study and commercial applications. It also has served as the
foundation model for numerous other effective NLP models [15]. Additionally,
RoBERTa employs a method known as “No-Mask-Left-Behind” (NMLB), which
guarantees that every token is masked at least once during training, in contrast

Figure 1. Comparison of the number of words.

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T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

to BERT, which employs a method known as “Masked Language Modelling”

(MLM), which masks only 15% of the tokens [16]. As a result, the input sentence
is represented more accurately and the sentiment analysis on the text data is
more precise. The model is a potent tool particularly for NLP tasks.

3.5. Architecture of RoBERTa Model

The architecture of the RoBERTa model is the same as that of the BERT model.
It is a reimplementation of BERT with some significant hyperparameter changes
and minor embedding. Except for the output layers, the identical architectures
are used in both pre-training and fine-tuning in BERT.
All parameters are modified during the process of fine-tuning. The RoBERTa,
does not use the next-sentence pretraining target and is trained with substan-
tially bigger mini-batches and learning rates. Furthermore, RoBERTa employs a
different pretraining approach and replaces a byte-level BPE tokenizer with a
character-level vocabulary. This makes the model more reliable and efficient for
extracting emotion from text data.
RoBERTa is trained on a huge dataset spanning over 160 GB of uncompressed
text [17]. RoBERTa’s dataset includes (16 GB) of English Wikipedia and Books
Corpus, which are used in BERT. The Web text corpus (38 GB), CommonCrawl
News dataset (63 million articles, 76 GB), and Stories from Common Crawl (31
GB) were also included. This dataset, combined with 1024 Tesla V100 GPUs
running for a day, was used to train RoBERTa. The Facebook team first con-
verted BERT from Google’s TensorFlow deep-learning framework to their
framework, PyTorch, to build RoBERTa. RoBERTa was trained using
1) FULL-SENTENCES with no NSP loss;
2) dynamic masking;
3) big mini-batches;
4) a larger byte-level.
Figure 2 shows the architecture of the model. The left half of the Transformer
architecture, is to map an input sequence to a sequence of continuous represen-
tations, which is then fed into a decoder. The decoder, on the right half of the
architecture, receives the output of the encoder together with the decoder output
at the previous time step to generate an output sequence.
RoBERTa, like BERT, is pre-trained on a huge corpus of text, but it has more
thorough training data and training objectives. RoBERTa, like BERT, is pre-
trained on a huge corpus of text, but it has more thorough training data and
training objectives. To learn language representations, it is trained on enormous
amounts of text data from the internet. Its features include,
1) Language Model (MLM): It employs an MLM technique in which some
words in a sentence are masked out and the model is trained to predict these
masked words. This bi-directional context learning assists it in understanding
linguistic nuances [18].
2) Larger Training Datasets: RoBERTa learns a richer comprehension of

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 T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

Figure 2. The transformer architecture.

language by using more training data and longer sequences than BERT [19].
3) No Next Sentence Prediction (NSP): Unlike BERT, RoBERTa does not
use the Next Sentence Prediction task during pre-training instead it focuses en-
tirely on MLM. This modification has been shown to boost performance in
downstream NLP tasks [20].
4) Hyperparameter Tuning: Roberta optimises hyperparameters and train-
ing procedures in order to improve the model performance [21].

4. Experimental Results
The dataset that is involved for this research work consists of individual persons
comments taken from a social media post. These comments are all in a direct
speech where the individual expresses his or her emotion at that moment of
time. These comments depict their mood and their thoughts at that particular
time while expressing their emotions. These emotional text data in the form of
comments help us to know about their current emotion at that particular time,
however it does not serve as a measure to know all about the persons on the
whole. The given dataset consists of data in an uncleaned format. In order to
process the data for better understanding and to withdraw insights from it by

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T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

applying data mining algorithms on it, the gathered data should be cleaned and
pre-processed. The dataset taken here consists of missing words, wrong spell-
ings, punctuations, conjunctions, prepositions and many more. This noisy in-
formation accumulated along with the data should be removed for better under-
standing of the textual data before any algorithm is applied on it for analysis.
After the process of pre-processing on the dataset, which is involved in this
research, the text is subject to a process of fine grinding by the RoBerta model.
As it is a fine grinded model, the model extracts around 28 emotions on the
whole. This is comparatively a larger number of emotion when compared to the
traditional methods which would extract only a fewer emotion from the text
data.
The result obtained is shown in Table 4 which extracts the emotion involved
in the text data taken for the research. Column 1 is “comments” which is the
original uncleaned text data. Column 2 is the result of pre-processing on the text
data. After the data is subject to the pre-processing pipeline, it is transformed as
a cleaned data eliminating the unnecessary words in the text, without changing
the actual meaning of the text. This would be efficient in extracting the emotion

Table 4. Emotion extraction from text data.

Comments pre_prcessed_comments Emotions

I feel bitchy but not defeated yet [“feel”, “bitchi”, “defeat”, “yet”] Anger

I was dribbling on mums coffee table looking out of the [“dribbl”, “mum”, “coffe”, “tabl”, “look”, “window”, “feel”, joy
window and feeling very happy “happi”]

I woke up often got up around am feeling pukey radiation [“woke”, “often”, “got”, “around”, “feel”, “pukey”, “radiat”, neutral
and groggy “groggi”]

I was feeling sentimental [“feel”, “sentiment”] sadness

I walked out of there an hour and fifteen minutes later [“walk”, “hour”, “fifteen”, “minut”, “later”, “feel”, “like”, sadness
feeling like I had been beaten with a stick and then placed “beaten”, “stick”, “place”, “rack”, “stretch”]
on the rack and stretched

I never stop feeling thankful as to compare with others [“never”, “stop”, “feel”, “thank”, “compar”, “other”, gratitude
I considered myself lucky because I did not encounter “consid”, “lucki”, “encount”, “ruthless”, “pirat”, “wit”,
ruthless pirates and I did not have to witness the slaughter “slaughter”, “other”]
of others

I didn’t feel abused and quite honestly it made my day a [“feel”, “abus”, “quit”, “honestli”, “made”, “day”, “littl”, Joy
little better “better”]

I know what it feels like he stressed glaring down at her as [“know”, “feel”, “like”, “stress”, “glare”, “squeez”, “soap”, Neutral
she squeezed more soap onto her sponge “onto”, “spong”]

I also loved that you could really feel the desperation in [“also”, “love”, “could”, “realli”, “feel”, “desper”, “sequenc”, Love
these sequences and I especially liked the emotion “especi”, “like”, “emot”, “knight”, “squir”, “theyv”,
between knight and squire as they’ve been together in a “togeth”, “similar”, “fashion”, “batman”, “robin”, “long”,
similar fashion to batman and robin for a long time now “time”]

I had lunch with an old friend and it was nice but in [“lunch”, “old”, “friend”, “nice”, “gener”, “im”, “feel”, Joy
general I’m not feeling energetic “energet”]

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 T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

from text data taken for this research. Column 3 is the result of applying the fine
grind model, RoBERTa on the text data to extract the emotion hidden in the
text. The result obtained may serve as a great key in disclosing the emotion hid-
den in an individual just by analysing the textual content of the person. This
would serve as an essential factor to understand the person and their attitude. It
would also be of great value for various stakeholders in various fields as in to-
day’s scenario it becomes very crucial and necessary to understand the attitude
of an individual for various reasons.
Table 5 contains a sample of the various emotions extracted from text data of
the dataset taken for this research. It shows around 15 emotions in column 1,
which is obtained after the process of extracting the emotion by the RoBERTa
model. Column 2 shows the count of the number of emotions in each of the ex-
tracted emotion.
The research uncovers a number of emotions from text data. The traditional
models and algorithms would be able to produce only fewer emotions which
would be not sufficient to know the attitude of the person who has commented
through text data. The result of the research would be of immense help for vari-
ous stakeholders to know and understand the attitude of the individual. This
would not only serve as a factor to know about the person but also understand
the person’s inner feeling or emotion at that particular moment of commenting
through text data.

Table 5. Count of the emotions extracted.

Emotions Count

Remorse 2

Neutral 4

Approval 1

Annoyance 2

Joy 5

Admiration 1

Caring 1

Realization 2

Embarrassment 3

Anger 1

Sadness 3

Gratitude 1

Love 2

Optimism 1

Disappointment 1

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T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

Figure 3 depicts a sample of the various emotions extracted from the dataset
taken for this research. A sample of the emotion extracted from the result is
shown. It shows various emotions like joy, anger, care, sadness and many more.

Figure 3. Emotion extracted from the dataset

It also gives the count of the number of people with the particular emotion.
Unlike sentimental analysis which predicts whether the given text is positive,
negative or neutral, this emotional extraction model, goes deeper and assesses
the emotion of the person. The result obtained would serve as a boon for various
stakeholders to know the attitude of a person.

5. Conclusion
Finding and analysing the emotions in social media text data is not an easy task.
A crucial analysis is required to find the emotions hidden in text data. This re-
search work is carried out to extract the hidden emotions from textual data and
has yielded remarkable results, enabling us to identify approximately 28 distinct
emotions within the text. These findings hold great promise for a wide range of
applications. These applications include enhancing our understanding of an in-
dividual’s personality and attitude. It also provides valuable insights for various
stakeholders. Educators can utilize this information to better comprehend the
attitudes of their students. This can enable more enhanced and effective teaching
strategies to improve the understanding of the student’s community. Parents can
gain insight of the emotional states of their children, which would aid in the
prevention of mental health problems, attitudes and suicidal thoughts in chil-
dren. Additionally, interviewers can use this knowledge to gain a deeper under-
standing of the mental and emotional position of potential and eminent candi-
dates. This would improve the selection and placement process. In essence, the

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 T. Velmurugan, B. Jayapradha

current research contributes positively to countless factors to understand the

human Psychology of a person and to understand their emotions.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.

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