MIRCICONTROLLER BASED DIGITAL THERMOMETER

Abstract

To design and construct a digital thermometer using an ATMEGA 328p,

a DS18B20 temperature sensor, and an LCD display. The digital thermometer is
designed to measure ambient temperature with high accuracy and display the
temperature readings in real-time. The DS18B20 sensor is interfaced with the
Arduino Uno, which processes the temperature data and outputs the results on
the LCD screen. This project demonstrates the practical application of
microcontroller-based systems in temperature monitoring and can be extended
to various fields such as environmental monitoring, home automation, and
industrial processes. Through this project, users will gain experience in sensor
interfacing, data processing, and display management.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

The advent of digital technology has revolutionized various aspects of our daily
lives, including the way we monitor and measure temperature. This project
focuses on the development of a digital thermometer, a device that provides
accurate and real-time temperature readings. The project utilizes an
microcontroller, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, and an LCD display to create
an efficient and user-friendly digital thermometer.

2. Background and Motivation

Temperature measurement is a critical aspect of numerous applications, ranging

from environmental monitoring to industrial processes. Traditional
thermometers, such as mercury and alcohol-based devices, have limitations in
terms of accuracy and response time. The motivation behind this project is to
leverage digital technology to overcome these limitations and provide a reliable
solution for temperature measurement.

3. Objectives

The primary objectives of this project are:

 To design and construct a digital thermometer using an microcontroller.

 To interface a DS18B20 temperature sensor with the Arduino Uno for
accurate temperature measurement.
 To display the temperature readings on an LCD screen in real-time.
 To enhance the user's understanding of microcontroller-based systems
and sensor interfacing.
4. Literature Review

A review of existing literature on digital thermometers reveals various

approaches and methodologies employed in their design and implementation.
This section will cover previous research and developments in the field,
highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of different techniques.
Additionally, it will discuss the selection of components and technologies used
in this project.

5. Materials and Methods

This section details the materials and components required for the project,
including the MC, DS18B20 temperature sensor, LCD display, and other
necessary accessories. It also outlines the step-by-step process of assembling
and programming the digital thermometer, providing detailed instructions for
each stage of the project.

6. System Design and Architecture

The system design and architecture of the digital thermometer are explained in
this section. It includes block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and flowcharts to
illustrate the overall structure and functionality of the device. The integration of
hardware components and software algorithms is discussed in detail.

7. Software Implementation

This section focuses on the software aspect of the project, including the coding
and programming of the ATMEGA microcontroller. The logic and algorithms
used to process temperature data and display it on the LCD screen are
explained. Additionally, the challenges encountered during software
development and their solutions are discussed.
8. Testing and Validation

The testing and validation process is crucial to ensure the accuracy and
reliability of the digital thermometer. This section covers the various tests
conducted to verify the performance of the device, including calibration,
accuracy, response time, and environmental factors. The results of these tests
are presented and analyzed.

9. Applications and Future Work

The digital thermometer has a wide range of applications in different fields,

such as environmental monitoring, home automation, healthcare, and industrial
processes. This section explores the potential applications of the device and
suggests possible improvements and future developments to enhance its
functionality and usability.
 CHAPTER 2

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The digital thermometer project is designed to measure and display

ambient temperature using an Arduino Uno, a DS18B20 temperature sensor,
and an LCD display. The DS18B20 sensor, which operates on the 1-Wire
communication protocol, continuously measures the ambient temperature and
sends digital data to the Arduino Uno. The Arduino processes this data, converts
it into a readable format, and outputs the temperature readings to the LCD
display in real-time. The system is powered by a suitable power source, and
calibration ensures accuracy. This project demonstrates the practical application
of microcontroller-based systems in temperature monitoring, with potential uses
in environmental monitoring, home automation, healthcare, and industrial
processes.
 CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 BLOCK DESCRIPTION

1. Temperature Sensing: The DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor capable

of measuring temperatures in the range of -55°C to +125°C with an accuracy of
±0.5°C. It operates on the 1-Wire communication protocol, allowing it to
communicate with the Arduino Uno using a single data line. The sensor
continuously measures the ambient temperature and sends the digital
temperature data to the Arduino.

2. Data Processing: The a ATmega 328p microcontroller board, acts as the

brain of the digital thermometer. It receives the digital temperature data from
the DS18B20 sensor via the 1-Wire communication protocol. The
microcontroller processes this data, converting it into a readable temperature
format (Celsius or Fahrenheit) using pre-defined algorithms and libraries, such
as the DallasTemperature library.

3. Display: Once the temperature data is processed, the microcontroller sends

the converted temperature values to the LCD display. The LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) is used to visually present the temperature readings in real-time. The
display is connected via a set of digital pins, and the Arduino uses the Liquid
Crystal library to control the display and update the temperature readings.

4. User Interface: The digital thermometer can be equipped with additional

features to enhance the user interface, such as buttons for changing the
temperature unit (Celsius to Fahrenheit), adjusting the display brightness, or
even adding an alarm for specific temperature thresholds.

5. Power Supply: The entire system is powered by a suitable power source,

such as a USB connection from a computer or an external power adapter. The
power supply provides the necessary voltage and current to operate the Arduino
Uno, DS18B20 sensor, and the LCD display.

CHAPTER 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The schematic diagram for the digital thermometer project illustrates the
connections between an ATMEGA 328p Micrcocontroller, a DS18B20
temperature sensor, and an LCD display (LM044L). The microcontroller acts as
the central component, with specific pins labelled for clear understanding. The
DS18B20 temperature sensor, labelled with its data line, is connected to the
Arduino's analog pin ADC0 for temperature data transmission. It is powered by
the 5V pin and grounded to the GND pin of the Arduino. The LCD display,
labelled LM044L, is connected to multiple digital pins of the Arduino: pins D2
to D7 are connected to the LCD's data pins (D0 to D5), pin D8 to the LCD's RS
pin, pin D10 to the LCD's RW pin, and pin D9 to the LCD's E pin. The VCC
and GND pins of the LCD are connected to the 5V and GND pins of the
Arduino, respectively. A potentiometer, labelled R9, is used to adjust the
contrast of the LCD display by connecting its wiper (middle pin) to the VEE pin
of the LCD, with the other two pins connected to VCC and GND. The entire
system is powered by a suitable power source, such as a USB connection or an
external power adapter, ensuring the operation of the Arduino, temperature
sensor, and LCD display. Calibration is performed to ensure the accuracy of the
temperature measurements
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE DETAILS

ATMEGA 328

ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor for the arduino

board. Nearly it consists of 28 pins. From these 28 pins, the inputs can be
controlled by transmitting and receiving the inputs to the external device. It also
consists of pulse width modulation (PWM). These PWM are used to transmit
the entire signal in a pulse modulation. Input power supply such as Vcc and
Gnd are used. These IC mainly consists of analog and digital inputs. These
analog and digital inputs are used for the process of certain applications.

DESCRIPTION OF INPUT:

ANALOG INPUT:

Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller board consist of 6 analog inputs

pins. These analog inputs can be named from A0 to A5. From these 6 analog
inputs pins, we can do the process by using analog inputs. Analog inputs can be
used in the operating range of 0 to 5V. Analog signal is considered as the
continuous time signal, from which these analog signal can be used for certain
applications. These are also called as non discrete time signal. Inputs such as
voltage, current etc.., are considered to be either analog signal or digital signal
only by analysing the time signal properties. Various applications of arduino
microcontroller can use only an analog input instead of digital inputs. For these
applications, analog input ports or pins can be used.

DIGITAL INPUT:

Digital inputs can be defined as the non continuous time signal with
discrete input pulses. It can be represented as 0’s and 1’s. These digital inputs
can be either on state or in off state. Arduino atmega328 microcontroller also
consists of 12 digital input pins. It can be stated as D0 to D11. Nearly 12 inputs
can be used for digital input/output applications. The working of the digital
input ports is where the discrete input pulses can be triggered and supplied to
the ports. These ports receive the input and therefore the port can be used for
both input and output process. These digital pins can access only the digital
inputs.

ATMEGA-328 IC:
 This ATMEGA-328 integrated chip consists of 28 pins. It consists of 6
analog inputs that are shown in the pin diagram. Analog inputs can be
represented as PC0 to PC5. These analog input pins possess the continuous time
signal which acts as an analog input for the system. Further it also consists of 12
digital inputs. It can be represented as PD1 to PD11 which act as a digital input
ports based on pulse width modulation (PWM). These PWM, which transmits
the signal in the form of discredited form. Both analog and digital input ports
can be used for various applications for the input power supply, VCC and GND
pins are used. Pins PB6 and PB7, which acts as a crystal to generate a clock
signal. By using these crystal, we can generate the clock signals and by these
clock signals, we can use this clock signals for input sources. PC6 pin are the
one where it can be used for the reset option. Resetting the program can be done
by using this PC6 pin.

The table below gives a description for each of the pins, along with their
function.
Pin
Description Function
Number

1 PC6 Reset

2 PD0 Digital Pin (RX)

3 PD1 Digital Pin (TX)

4 PD2 Digital Pin

5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM)

6 PD4 Digital Pin

7 Vcc Positive Voltage (Power)

8 GND Ground

9 XTAL 1 Crystal Oscillator

10 XTAL 2 Crystal Oscillator

11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM)

12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM)

13 PD7 Digital Pin

14 PB0 Digital Pin

15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM)

16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM)

17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM)

18 PB4 Digital Pin

 19 PB5 Digital Pin

20 AVCC Positive voltage for ADC (power)

21 AREF Reference Voltage

22 GND Ground

23 PC0 Analog Input

24 PC1 Analog Input

25 PC2 Analog Input

26 PC3 Analog Input

27 PC4 Analog Input

28 PC5 Analog Input

Features:

 High Performance, Low Power Design

 8-Bit Microcontroller Atmel® AVR® advanced RISC architecture
o 131 Instructions most of which are executed in a single clock cycle
o Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20 MHz
o 32 x 8 working registers
o 2 cycle multiplier
 Memory Includes
o 32KB of of programmable FLASH
o 1KB of EEPROM
o 2KB SRAM
 o 10,000 Write and Erase Cycles for Flash and 100,000 for
EEPROM
o Data retention for 20 years at 85°C and 100 years at 25°C
o Optional boot loader with lock bits
 In System Programming (ISP) by via boot loader
 True Read-While-Write operation
o Programming lock available for software security
 Features Include
o 2 x 8-bit Timers/Counters each with independent prescaler and
compare modes
o A single 16-bit Timer/Counter with an independent prescaler,
compare and capture modes
o Real time counter with independent oscillator
o 10 bit, 6 channel analog to digital Converter
o 6 pulse width modulation channels
o Internal temperature sensor
o Serial USART (Programmable)
o Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface – (Philips I2C compatible)
o Programmable watchdog timer with independent internal oscillator
o Internal analog comparator
o Interrupt and wake up on pin change
 Additional Features
o Internal calibrated oscillator
o Power on reset and programmable brown out detection
o External and internal interrupts
o 6 sleep modes including idle, ADC noise reduction, power save,
power down, standby, and extended standby
  I/O and Package
o 23 programmable I/O lines
o 28 pin PDIP package
 Operating voltage:
o 1.8 – 5.5V
 Operating temperature range:
o -40°C to 85°C
 Speed Grades:
o 0-4 MHz at 1.8-5.5V
o 0-10 MHz at 2.7-5.5V
o 0-20 MHz at 4.5-5.5V
 Low power consumption mode at 1.8V, 1 MHz and 25°C:
o Active Mode: 0.3 mA
o Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
o Power-save Mode: 0.8 μA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

APPLICATIONS:

 DIY project prototyping.

 Developing varied varieties of projects that require a code based control.
 Automation System development.
 Learning AVR programming.
 Entry level circuit designing.

Temperature Sensor - DS18B20

The DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature

measurements and has an alarm function with nonvolatile user-programmable
upper and lower trigger points.
 The DS18B20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that by definition
requires only one data line (and ground) for communication with a central
microprocessor. In addition, the DS18B20 can derive power directly from the
data line (“parasite power”), eliminating the need for an external power supply.
Each DS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serial code, which allows multiple
DS18B20s to function on the same 1-Wire bus. Thus, it is simple to use one
microprocessor to control many DS18B20s distributed over a large area.
Applications that can benefit from this feature include HVAC environmental
controls, temperature monitoring systems inside buildings, equipment, or
machinery, and process monitoring and control systems.

Applications

 Thermostatic Controls
 Industrial Systems
 Consumer Products
 Thermometers
 Thermally Sensitive Systems

Benefits and Features

 Unique 1-Wire® Interface Requires Only One Port Pin for

Communication
  Reduce Component Count with Integrated Temperature Sensor and
EEPROM

• Measures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to +257°F)

• ±0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°C

• Programmable Resolution from 9 Bits to 12 Bits

• No External Components Required

 Parasitic Power Mode Requires Only 2 Pins for Operation (DQ and
GND)
 Simplifies Distributed Temperature-Sensing Applications with Multidrop
Capability

• Each Device Has a Unique 64-Bit Serial Code Stored in On-Board

ROM

 Flexible User-Definable Nonvolatile (NV) Alarm Settings with Alarm

Search Command Identifies Devices with Temperatures Outside
Programmed Limits
 Available in 8-Pin SO (150 mils), 8-Pin µSOP, and 3-Pin TO-92
Packages.

Pin Configurations
Pin Description

PIN NAME Function

SO μSOP TO-92

1,2,6,7,8 2,3,5,6,7 - N.C. No Connection

3 8 3 VDD Optional VDD. VDD must be

grounded for operation in parasite
power mode

4 1 2 DQ Data Input/Output. Open-drain 1-

Wire interface pin. Also provides
power to the device when used in
parasite power mode (see the
Powering the DS18B20 section.)

5 4 1 GND Ground

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Voltage Range on Any Pin Relative to Ground....-0.5V to +6.0V

Operating Temperature Range......................... -55°C to +125°C

Storage Temperature Range............................ -55°C to +125°C

DC Electrical Characteristics

Parameter Symbol Conditions Min TYP Max Units

Supply Voltage VDD Local Power + 3.0 - + 5.5 V

(Note 1)

Pull-up Supply VPU Parasite + 3.0 - + 5.5 V

Voltage Power

Local power + 3.0 - VDD

Thermometer TErr -10°C to - -  0.5 °C

Error +85°C

-30°C to 1
+100°C

-55°C to 2
+125°C

Input Logic- VL -0.3 + 0.6 V

Low

Sink Current IL Vi/o 4.0 mA

Standby Current IDDS - 750 1000 nA

Active Current IDD VDD =5V - 1 1.5 mA

DQ Input IDD - 5 μA
Current

Drift - - - -  0.2 °C

Operation—Measuring Temperature

The core functionality of the DS18B20 is its direct-to digital temperature

sensor. The resolution of the temperature sensor is user-configurable to 9, 10,
11, or 12 bits, corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, and
0.0625°C, respectively. The default resolution at power-up is 12-bit. The
DS18B20 powers up in a low power idle state. To initiate a temperature
measurement and A-to-D conversion, the master must issue a Convert T [44h]
command. Following the conversion, the resulting thermal data is stored in the
2-byte temperature register in the scratchpad memory and the DS18B20 returns
to its idle state. If the DS18B20 is powered by an external supply, the master
can issue “read time slots” (see the 1-Wire Bus System section) after the
Convert T command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting 0 while the
temperature conversion is in progress and 1 when the conversion is done. If the
DS18B20 is powered with parasite power, this notification technique cannot be
used since the bus must be pulled high by a strong pull-up during the entire
temperature conversion.

The DS18B20 output temperature data is calibrated in degrees Celsius;

for Fahrenheit applications, a lookup table or conversion routine must be used.
The temperature data is stored as a 16-bit sign-extended two’s complement
number in the temperature register (see Figure 4). The sign bits (S) indicate if
the temperature is positive or negative: for positive numbers S = 0 and for
negative numbers S = 1. If the DS18B20 is configured for 12-bit resolution, all
bits in the temperature register will contain valid data. For 11-bit resolution, bit
0 is undefined. For 10-bit resolution, bits 1 and 0 are undefined, and for 9-bit
resolution bits 2, 1, and 0 are undefined.

1-Wire Bus System

The 1-Wire bus system uses a single bus master to control one or more slave
devices. The DS18B20 is always a slave. When there is only one slave on the
bus, the system is referred to as a “single-drop” system; the system is
“multidrop” if there are multiple slaves on the bus. All data and commands are
transmitted least significant bit first over the 1-Wire bus. The following
discussion of the 1-Wire bus system is broken down into three topics: hardware
configuration, transaction sequence, and 1-Wire signaling (signal types and
timing).

LCD DISPLAY
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the
properties of both liquid and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they
have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as
they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to
a crystal. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material
sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated
with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be
displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined
orientation angle. One each polarizer are pasted outside the two glass panels.
This polarizer would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite
angle, in a particular direction. When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are
rotated by the two polarizer and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come
out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules
would be aligned in a specific direction.

The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since
the LCD’s consume power, they are compatible with low power electronic
circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The LCD does don’t generate
light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is
possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating temperature
range. Changing the display size of the layout size is relatively simple which
makes the LCD’s more customers friendly. The LCD’s used exclusively in
watches, calculators and measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment
displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in
technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying
capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs
being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics.
The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for
the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
LCD module 16×4
It has 16 pins and can be operated in 4-bit mode or 8-bit mode. Here we
are using the LCD module in 4-bit mode. Before going in to the details of the
project, let’s have a look at the JHD162A LCD module.

Pin of the JHD162A LCD module is given below.

Pin1 (Vss): Ground pin of the LCD module.
Pin2 (Vcc):+5V supply is given to this pin.
Pin3 (VEE): Contrast adjustment pin. This is done by connecting the ends of a
10K potentiometer to +5V and ground and then connecting the slider pin to the
VEE pin. The voltage at the VEE pin defines the contrast. The normal setting is
between 0.4 and 0.9V.
Pin4 (RS): Register select pin. The JHD162A has two registers namely
command register and data register. Logic HIGH at RS pin selects data register
and logic LOW at RS pin will select command register. If we make the RS pin
HIGH and put a data on the data lines (DB0 to DB7) it will be recognized as a
data. If we make the RS pin LOW and put a data on the data lines, then it will
be taken as a command.
Pin5 (R/W): Read/Write modes. This pin is used for selecting between read and
write modes. Logic HIGH at this pin activates read mode and logic LOW at this
pin activates write mode.
Pin6 (E): This pin is meant for enabling the LCD module. A HIGH to LOW
signal at this pin will enable the module.
Pin7 (DB0) to Pin14 (DB7): These are data pins. The commands and data are
put on these pins.
Pin15 (LED+): Anode of the back light LED. When operated on 5V, a 560 ohm
resistor should be connected in series to this pin. In arduino based projects the
back light LED can be powered from the 3.3V source on the arduino board.
Pin16 (LED-): Cathode of the back light LED.

SINGLE POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply gives supply to all components. It is used to convert AC
voltage into DC voltage. Transformer used to convert 230V into 12V AC.12V
AC is given to diode. Diode range is 1N4007, which is used to convert AC
voltage into DC voltage. AC capacitor used to charge AC components and
discharge on ground. LM 7805 regulator is used to maintain voltage as constant.
Then signal will be given to next capacitor, which is used to filter unwanted AC
component. Load will be LED and resister. LED voltage is 1.75V.if voltage is
above level beyond the limit, and then it will be dropped on resister.
POWER SUPPLY
Most electronic circuits require DC voltage sources or power supplies. If
the electronic device is to be portable, then one or more batteries are usually
needed to provide the DC voltage required by electronic circuits. But batteries
have a limited life span and cannot be recharged. The solution is to convert the
alternating current lose hold line voltage to a DC voltage source.
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR POWER SUPPLY

Block diagram of AC to DC power Supply consists,

1. Transformer: Steps the household line voltage up or down as required.
2. Rectifier: Converts ac voltage into dc voltage.
3. Filter: Smooth the pulsating DC voltage to a varying DC voltage.
4. Regulator: Fix the output voltage to constant value.
Brief Introduction to an Electrical Transformer
A Transformer is an electrical device that takes electricity of one voltage and
changes it into another voltage. In AC circuits, AC voltage, current and
waveform can be transformed with the help of Transformers. Transformer plays
an important role in electronic equipment. AC and DC voltage in Power supply
equipment are almost achieved by transformer’s transformation and
commutation. Figure 1 shows the Transformer.
Basically, a Transformer changes electricity from high to low voltage or low to
high voltage using two properties of electricity. In an electric circuit, there is
magnetism around it. Second, whenever a magnetic field changes (by moving or
by changing strength) a voltage is made.
A Transformer takes in electricity at a higher voltage and lets it run
through lots of coils wound around an iron core. “. A single-phase Transformer
can operate to either increase or decrease the voltage applied to the primary
winding. Because the current is alternating, the magnetism in the core is also
alternating. Also around the core is an output wire with fewer coils.
 The magnetism changing back and forth makes a current in the wire.
Having fewer coils means less voltage. When it is used to “decrease” the
voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the primary it is called a Step-
down Transformer. When a Transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on
its secondary winding with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up
Transformer.
However, a third condition exists in which a transformer produces the
same voltage on its secondary as is applied to its primary winding. In other
words, its output is identical with respect to input. This type of Transformer is
called an “Impedance Transformer” and is mainly used for impedance
matching or the isolation of adjoining electrical circuits.
Rectifiers
A rectifier circuit converts an AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage.
This is accomplished by using one or more diodes because diodes conduct
current in only one direction.
Filters:
The 121% ripple in the output of the half-wave rectifier and 48% in the
full-wave rectifier is more than can be normally tolerated. In the full wave
filtering, wherein the frequency of the ripple is 100Hz for a 50Hz ac line
voltage. This is an advantage where either an inductor is used to prevent the
passage of the ripple current(due to its high inductive reactance to ac but quite
low resistance to dc), or a capacitor is used to ‘short’ the ripple to ground but
leave the dc to appear at the output. Various combinations of L and C are also
used.
Regulators:
The simplest regulator is a large capacitor in parallel with the load. The
capacitor stores DC voltage while the load voltage increases to its peak value.
The capacitor converts the pulsating DC voltage of a rectifier into a smooth Dc
load voltage.
Two important parameters of a capacitor regulator are its working voltage
and its capacitance. The working voltage must be at least equal to no-load
output voltage of power supply. The capacitance determines the amount of
ripple that appears on the Dc output when current is drawn from the circuit. The
amount of ripple decreases with increase in capacitance.
Capacitance regulator circuit
L-regulator circuit
This circuit consists of a series inductor and a capacitance in parallel with
load. The L-regulator is often used in high-power DC supplies.
MC 7800 and 7900 Regulators standard application circuit:
The Mc 7800 is a 3 terminal, positive, fixed voltage integrated circuit
regulator. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown
and safe area compensation. The Mc 7900 is a 3 terminal, negative, fixed
voltage integrated circuit regulator. Mc 7800 and Mc 7900 series requires no
external components.
The input voltage must be at least two volts higher than the output
voltage capacitor c1 is required if the regulator is located far from the power
supply. Capacitor c2 improve the transient response. Both series available in
To-220 plastic package and T01-3 metal package.
POWER SUPPLY:
PIN DETAILS:
IC 7805:

FEATURES:
 Suitable for TTL, DTL, HTL, C-MOS Power supply.
 Internal short-circuit current limiting.
 Internal Thermal Overload Protection.
 Maximum Output Current of 150mA.
 Packaged in TO-92.
OTHER COMPONENTS
CAPACITORS:

Features:
 Enabled high ripple current by a reduction of impedance at high
frequency range.
 Load Life : 105°C 2000~5000hours.
 Operating Temperature Range :-40~+105°C
  Rated Voltage Range :6.3~100V.DC
 Capacitance Tolerance :±20%(20°C, 120Hz).
RESISTORS:

1st 2nd 3rd band 4th band Temp.

Color
band band (multiplier) (tolerance) Coefficient
Black 0 0 ×100
Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm
Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm
Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm
Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm
Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)
Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)
Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)
Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)
White 9 9 ×109
Gold ×10−1 ±5% (J)
Silver ×10−2 ±10% (K)
None ±20% (M)
Features:
 Temperature Range -55°C ~ +155°C
 ±5% tolerance
  High quality performance at economical prices
 Compatible with automatic insertion equipment
 Flame retardant type available
 Tin coated annealed copper wire.

LIGHT EMITTIND DIODE (LED):

Features:
 Choice of various viewing angles
 Available on tape and reel.
 Reliable and robust
 Consumes very power.
Electrical characteristics:
 Forward Current (IF) : 15 mA
 Operating Temperature (Topr) : -40 to +85 ℃
 Storage Temperature (Tstg) : -40 to +100 ℃
 Soldering Temperature( Tsol) : 260 ± 5 ℃
 Power Dissipation (Pd) : 45 mW
 Peak Forward Current (IF Peak) :50 mA
 Reverse Voltage (VR) :5 V
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE DETAILS

ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE

The software that is used to program the microcontroller, is open-source-
software and canbe downloaded for free on www.arduino.cc. With this
“Arduino software” you can write littleprograms witch the microcontroller
should perform. This programs are called “Sketch”.
In the end the sketches are transferred to the microcontroller by USB cable.
More on that later on the subject “programing”.
Installation
Now one after another the Arduino software and the USB driver for the
board have to beinstalled.
Installation and setup of the Arduino software
Download the Arduino software on www.arduino.cc and install it on the
computer (Themicrocontroller NOT connected to the PC). After that you open
the software file and startthe program named arduino.exe.

Two set ups on the program are important and should be considered.
a) The board that you want to connect, has to be selected on the arduino
software.
The “Funduino Uno” is here known as “Arduino / Genuino Uno”.
b) You have to choose the right “Serial-Port”, to let the Computer know to
which port theboard has been connected. That is only possible if the USB driver
has been installedcorrectly. It can be checked this way:
At the moment the Arduino isn't connected to the PC. If you now choose “Port”,
under thefield “Tool”, you will already see one or more ports here (COM1/
COM2/ COM3…).
The quantity of the shown ports doesn't depend on the quantity of the USB ports
on thecomputer. When the board gets connected to the computer, YOU WILL
FIND ONE MOREPORT.
Installation of the USB driver
How it should be:
1. You connect the board to the computer.
2. The Computer recognizes the board and suggests to install a driver
automatically.
ATTENTION: Wait a second! Most of the time the computer can't find the
driverautomatically to install it. You might choose the driver by your own to
install it. It can befound in the Arduino file under “Drivers”.
Control: At the control panel of the Computer you can find the “Device
manager”. If theboard has been installed successfully, it should appear here.
When the installation hasfailed, there is either nothing special to find or you will
find an unknown USB device with ayellow exclamation mark. In this case:
Click on the unknown device and choose “updateUSB driver”. Now you can
start over with the manual installation.
Programming
Now we can start properly. Without to much theoretical information we
start directly withprogramming. Learning by doing. On the left side you can
find the “sketches”, on the rightthe accompanying explanation for the
commands in grey. If you work through the tutorials with this system, you will
soon understand the code and be able to use it by yourself. Lateron you can
familiarize yourself with other features. These tutorials are only meant as
firststeps to the Arduino world. All possible program features and codes are
referred onwww.arduino.cc under „reference“.
First of all a short explanation for possible error reports that can appear while
working withthe Arduino software. The two most common ones are:
1) The board is not installed right or the wrong board is selected. After
uploading the sketch, there will appear an error report underneath the sketch. It
looks like the one in the picture on the right. The note“not in sync” shows up in
the error report.

2.) There is a mistake in the sketch.

For example, a word is misspelled or a bracket is missing. In the example on the
left the last semicolon in the sketch is missing. In this Case the error report often
starts with “excepted..”. This means that the program is still expecting
something that is missing.
Basic structure of a sketch:
A sketch can be divided in three parts.
1. Name variable
In the first part elements of the program are named. This part is not
absolutely necessary.
2. Setup (absolutely necessary for the program)
The setup will be performed only once. Here you are telling the program
for example what Pin (slot for cables) should be an input and what should be an
output on the boards.
Defined as Output: The pin should put out a voltage. For example: With this pin
a LED ismeant to light up.
Defined as an Input: The board should read out a voltage. For example: A
switch is actuated. The board recognized this, because it gets a voltage on the
Input pin.
3. Loop (absolutely necessary for the program)
This loop part will be continuously repeated by the board. It assimilates
the sketch from beginning to end and starts again from the beginning and so on.
 CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

Advantages:

1. Accurate
2. Real-time
 3. Reliable
4. Efficient
5. Portable

Applications:

1. Healthcare
2. Home
3. Industry
4. Environment
5. Automation

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

The digital thermometer project successfully demonstrated the practical

application of microcontroller-based systems in temperature measurement and
monitoring. By utilizing an ATMEGA 328p microcontroller, a DS18B20
temperature sensor, and an LCD display, the project achieved accurate and real-
time temperature readings, providing a reliable and efficient solution for various
applications. The project not only enhanced the understanding of sensor
interfacing, data processing, and display management but also highlighted the
advantages of digital technology over traditional thermometers. The digital
thermometer has potential applications in healthcare, home automation,
industrial processes, environmental monitoring, and more. Overall, this project
showcased the effectiveness and versatility of digital thermometers in diverse
fields, paving the way for further innovations and improvements in temperature
measurement technology.

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