SW 123 – FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK

PROF. Habib D. Pagilogon, RSW, MPA

Social Work Practice

o Refers to the activities carried out by the social worker economic exploitation and harmful work, from all
in the different institutional and community-based forms of sexual exploitation and abuse, and from
settings. The worker addresses the full range of physical or mental violence, as well as ensuring that
human problems involving individuals, families, children will not be separated from their family
groups, and communities (Serafica-De Guzman, against their will.
1992). o The DSWD is the government’s lead agency for the
Direct Practice implementation of the provisions of RA No. 7610
 is when the social worker works directly with an working alongside Council for the Welfare of
individual, family, group, or community types of Children (CWC).
clientele (Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008). o Work in this field engages in administration,
Indirect Practice management, supervision and case management
 is when the social worker works indirectly with work in residential as well as community-based child
clienteles and focuses on activities that consist of welfare programs and services.
facilitating change through programs and policies o Other agencies working with children are UNICEF,
(Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008). Child Protection Network (CPN), Children’s Legal
Primary Setting Bureau (CLB).
 are those agencies with a direct purview of social o Substitute child-caring services or Child Placements:
work (Serafica-De Guzman, 1992). A. Adoption – is a legal process whereby a child who is
Secondary Setting deprived of a birth family is provided with substitute
new ties.
 are those agencies with the primary mandate is to
B. Legal Guardianship – a process undertaken to
provide services other than social welfare but
provide substitute parental care through the
employs a social worker to support, strengthen, or appointment of a legal guardian for the child, including
complement their services (Serafica-De Guzman, his property, until the child reaches the age of
1992). majority.
Methods Of Social Work C. Foster Care – refers to a substitute temporary
parental care provided to a child by a licensed foster
Social work methods
family under the supervision of a social worker.
D. Residential/institutional care – this provides
Primary methods Secondary method
temporary 24-hour residential group care to children
•Social casework •Social action
•Social group work •Social welfare whose needs cannot, at the time, be adequately met
•Community administration by their biological parents and other alternative family
organization •Social work research care arrangements.
o Child Caring Agencies refers to duly licensed and
accredited agencies by the DSWD which provide
System Levels in Social Work
24-hour residential care services for abandoned,
orphaned, neglected, or voluntary committed
children.
o Child-Placing Agency refers to a private non-profit
charitable agency or a government agency both
duly licensed and accredited by the DSWD to
provide comprehensive child welfare services
including receiving and processing of petitions for
adoption and foster care; evaluating the prospective
adoptive parents (PAPs), or foster parents;
preparing the child case study report and home
study report
Family and Community Welfare
o This field centers on the improvement, strengthening
SETTINGS AND CONTEXTS and support of the family in meeting its needs. In the
CHILD WELFARE Philippines, this field concerns with the
o This field in concerned with the physical, social, and disadvantaged, marginalized families: those living in
psychological well-being of children and youth poverty and its usually accompanying problems of
through the provision of different programs and ignorance, health, nutrition, sanitation,
services designed for the care, protection, and unemployment, under-employment, family conflicts
rehabilitation of children and youth in difficult and destructive relationships, domestic violence and
situations. abuse, lack of parenting skills, solo parents; or no-
o UNCRC (1989) outlines the fundamental rights of parent families due to overseas employment,
children including the right to be protected from substance abuse and alcoholism, human rights
 violence, displacement due to armed conflict, o IPs have 36 specific rights with the 4 bundle of
housing problems, natural disasters, lack of access rights; right to ancestral domains, rights to self-
to community resources, and others. governance and empowerment; social justice and
o entire community where the families reside, whether human rights; and rights to cultural integrity.
in public housing projects, in relocation and o Social work practice with indigenous cultural
resettlement areas, or in work with cultural and communities and indigenous people is highly viable
indigenous communities. field of practice where both direct and indirect social
o Programs on communities intended to assist socially work interventions can be utilized with individuals,
disadvantaged communities in developing their families, and groups, and communities.
capability to define needs and formulate solutions as
Socially Disadvantaged Women
well as set up viable community structures which
o These are women who are victims of gender-based
bring about desired social changes.
violence, prostituted women, victims of trafficking or
o DSWD programs for these fields: KALAHI-CIDSS-
illegal recruitment, victims of armed conflicts and
KKB, 4Ps, PAMANA, and DSWD Centers and
militarization, and solo parents.
Residential Care Facilities
o Also referred to as Women in Especially Difficult
Circumstances, programs focused on their protection
Older Persons
and prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.
o Older persons are sixty and above.
o Establishment of PNP-WCPD.
o Young old are sixty to eighty.
o Older old are eighty and above. Persons With Disabilities
o In 2019, there were 703M persons aged 65 over o PWDs are those suffering from restriction of different
(predominantly female). In the Philippines, in 2015, abilities as a result of mental, physical, or sensory
7,548,769 were elderly of 100,981,437 Filipinos. impairment, to perform an activity in the manner or
o Life expectancy; 78 years for developed regions and within the range considered normal for a human
67 years for less developed regions. being (WHO).
o UN General Assembly declared 2021-2030 the o Involves functional and activity restrictions.
Decade of Healthy Ageing which supports the o Est. 10% of 112,512,729 have disabilities in the
realization of the United Nations Agenda 2030 on Philippines as of July 1, 2022
Sustainable Development and the SDG. o Rehabilitation is the helping process which aims to
o DSWD leading the developing of comprehensive restore a handicapped person to the highest possible
Long Term Care Program for Senior Citizens degree of physical, social, emotional, vocational, and
(LTCPSC). economic well-being.
o Gerontology is the branch of science dealing with o Programs for PWDS are Tuloy Aral Walang Sagabal
the phenomena and problems of old age which is a (TAWAG), Early Detection Prevention, and
field of study abroad that is attracting many students Intervention of Disability (EDPD), Comprehensive
including social workers. Program for Children/Persons with Disabilities, and
Substitute Family Care Service.
Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous People
o Social work practice: (1) administration and (2)
o IPs is defined as groups of people or homogenous
direct service.
societies identified by self-ascription by others, who
have continuously lived as an organized community Drug Dependents
on communally bounded and defined territory, and o Drug abuse is the use of any drug (legal or illegal)
who have, under claims of ownership since time when it is detrimental to the user’s physical,
immemorial, occupied, possessed, and utilized such emotional, social, intellectual, or spiritual well-being.
territories, sharing common bonds of language, Also known as substance abuse.
customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural o Drug dependents are persons who, as a result of
traits, or who have, through resistance to political, periodic or continuous use of drugs (usually in the
social, and cultural inroads of colonization, non- form of sedatives, stimulants, and hallucinogens)
indigenous religions, and cultures, became have developed physical and/or psychological need
historically differentiated from the majority of for/dependence on these drugs to the extent that
Filipinos. their denial produces adverse effects on themselves.
o The IPs have a close attachment to their ancestral o Drug addicts are persons occupied with the
land, territory, spirituality, and resources. acquisition and compulsive use of drugs despite its
o NCIP is the lead agency. negative consequences.
o In 2020, there were 101 ethnolinguistic groups o In 2021, there were 41,500 reported cases involving
clustered into 7 locations. illegal drugs.
 o The most abused drugs in the country is the reformation of criminal offenders and reduce the
methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu,” incidence of recidivism; and provide a cheaper
followed by marijuana or cannabis saliva. alternative to the institutional confinement of first-
o As of 2022, there are 73 (30 are public, and 43 are time offenders who are likely to respond to
private) DOH-Accredited Treatment and individualized, community-based treatment
Rehabilitation Centers nationwide (residential or non- programs. Carrying out these goals, the PPAs has to
residential). perform the following functions:
1. to administer the parole and probation system;
Courts 2. to exercise supervision over parolees,
o On October 28, 1997, The Family Courts Act was pardonees, and probationers; and
passed. This Act granted the Family Courts 3. to promote the correction and rehabilitation of
“exclusive original jurisdiction over child and family criminal offenders.
cases.” As of February 2022, there are 472 courts o As of March 31, 2022, 98 RSWs (Probation and
handling Family cases (183 of such are statutory Parole Officers) employed in the PPA.
Family Courts). o As of March 15, 2022, 39 RSWs (Corrections
o Today, there are 293 Social Welfare Officer II and III
Technical Officer
positions in various offices of the Clerks of Court
nationwide. Health
o As of 2021, there were more than 21,000 cases filed o This field centers with the interplay of economic,
nationwide. social, and psychological forces which directly or
o Duties of Social Welfare Officer per 2002 Manual indirectly cause, maintain, or aggravate the patient’s
of Clerks of Court: illness. The social workers working in the hospitals
1. conducts interviews and home visits. are considered in to be in this field where they are
2. contacts all possible informants. called medical social workers who directly work with
3. prepares case study/assessment reports. medical personnel and are considered members of
4. provides individual and group counseling and the health team. Moreover, social workers working in
other services. mental health, population, and family planning are
5. referrals. also under this field.
6. appears to court as witness. o Duties of a medical social worker:
7. other related work. 1. eligibility study;
o Forensic Social Work: forensic means the 2. interpretation to patient and his family of
application of scientific knowledge to legal matters or hospital policies and regulations;
in adjudicatory proceedings. 3. data gathering to arrive at a more accurate
diagnosis;
Corrections 4. use of appropriate forms;
o It is defined as the administration of penalty in such a 5. mobilize resources; and
way that the offender is corrected, that is, his current 6. performing coordinating and liaison activities
behavior is kept within acceptable limits at the same Business and Industry
time his general life adjustment is modified. o This field centers on the efforts of establishing and
o Involves control and rehabilitation which are carried improving security, health, and general welfare of
out by probation institutions and parole employees and their families; the use of social
organizations. workers to assist employees and their families with
o Probation is the process of treatment, prescribed by personal, health, and financial problems; and the
the court for persons convicted of offenses against development and maintenance of community welfare
the law, during which the individual on probation services.
lives in the community and regulates his own life o Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as an
under conditions imposed by the court (or other integrated, systematic approach by business that
constituted authority) and is subject to supervision by builds, rather than erodes or destroys, economic,
probation officer. social, human, and natural capital.
o Parole is the release of prisoner under supervision o CSR is an initiative of companies to integrate social,
before the expiration of his sentence, with the economic, and environmental concerns as part of
provision that he might be returned to the their core/social values.
correctional institution if he violates the conditions of o CSR is a powerful tool for making business to
his parole. flourish.
o Amnesty is the official pardon for people who have o Corporate Social Responsibility elements:
been convicted of political offenses. 1. Beyond profits, beyond shareholders.
o Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) 2. Stakeholders.
programs set to achieve the following goals: promote
 3. Responsibility to society. 3. Preventing severe physical and mental
4. Addressing the social and environmental problems.
issues. 4. Preventing individuals, families, groups,
5. Responsible governance. organizations, and communities from breaking
6. Employee empowerment. down.
o History of Corporate Social Responsibility: 5. Intervening to change micro and macro systems
 started in 1960s to improve client well-being.
o According to the United Nations Disaster Risk
 1970s, PBSP (composed of 50 businessmen) Reduction (UNDRR), the following are the specific
was established promoting CSR. tasks for social workers in disaster:
 PBSP led the creation of League of Corporate 1. Assessing Vulnerabilities and Risks
Foundations in 1991. They are composed of 2. Reducing existing risks and preventing new
companies in food and manufacturing (SMC, risks
Jollibee, etc.), retail and distribution (SM, 7/11, 3. Strengthening resilience
etc.), technology and services (Cherry Mobile, 4. Improve disaster preparedness
Insular Life, etc.), Real Estate and Construction 5. Ensure risk-sensitive recovery and
Mega World, DMCI, etc.) reconstruction
o Companies hire social workers to perform roles and 6. Promote stronger accountability networks
functions which may relate to the branding or o Agencies supporting DRRM:
marketing of products, or to facilitate smooth 1. DSWD
business geographic operations. 2. LGUs
o Among their functions are conceptualizing and 3. Assistance and Cooperation for Community
managing programs, developing policies, building Resilience and Development, Inc. (ACCORD)
networks, resource mobilization, and capability 4. Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation
building. (PDRF)
o Social workers play vital roles in the following
Social Planning
business operations: workplace, corporate, social o Planning in social work was originally used to refer to
investment, environmental stewardship.
a process a social worker engages in as part of the
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management problem-solving activities with particular clients,
o This field is concerned about reducing risk and since social work efforts in the past were usually
vulnerabilities of every person and communities, not associated only with helping individuals with special
just preventing disasters that destroy properties and needs and problems.
making risk-informed investment – social, economic, o Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done
and environmental, by the whole society. in order to achieve objectives with the resources
o Resilience as building back better. available.
o Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a o National planning refers to the formulation of over-
community or a society involving widespread human, all goals and objectives, and reconciling them with a
material, economic, and environmental losses and country available resources, laying down broad
impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected strategies and guidelines, setting up priorities, and
community or society to cope using its own activating the necessary machinery for
resources. implementation.
o RA 10121, Disaster Risk Reduction and o Social planning (social sector) is the evolvement
Management Act of 2010: of plans to meet the welfare requirements of
o DRRM is defined as the systematic process of using development. It is the integration of social aims and
administrative directives, organizations, and programs into the (development) plan with specific
operational skills and capacities to implement reference to the human aspects.
strategies, policies and improved coping capacities o Social welfare planning (sub-sector) refer only to
in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards planning for various sectors, the social services
and the possibility of disaster. sector.
o Allocation of not less than 5% of funds. o Establishment of LDC to formulate plans.
o Social workers play roles in prevention, mitigation, o Any government and non-government projects and
response, recovery, and rehabilitation. programs hire social workers to help formulate plans,
o According to Yueh, the following are social work modules, manuals, etc.
functions during disaster: International Social Welfare
1. supporting individuals and families o Means the engagement of social workers in
2. Linking individual needs with resources and international and inter-governmental agencies and
helping people to access resources.
 organizations with programs and services meant to or work with veterans’ services. Job duties include
address the needs of poor, disadvantaged, providing direct services, such as counseling, crisis
marginalized populations, mostly in underdeveloped intervention and debriefing after critical events
or developing countries.
Few Sample Programs and Services
o International social work is a discrete field of practice
 Issuances of Documents
within social work that seeks to improve the social
 Social Case Study Reports
and material well-being of people everywhere. It is
 Certificate of Eligibilities
practiced across geopolitical borders and at all levels
 Government Social IDs
of social and economic organization. International
 Capability Building Trainings
social work also is development-focused and, as
 Emotional Management Trainings
such, much of international social work practice
 Life Skills Training
occurs at the local, state, and provincial levels within
 Productivity Skills Capacity Building
individual countries (Estes, Richard).
 Unlad Kabataan Program
o Agencies and Organizations Employing Social
 ERPAT
Workers
 EnPes
o UN Organizations: UN Economic and Social
 Spiritual Enhancement Services
Commission for Asia and Pacific, UNICEF, UNHCR,  Surveillance and Rescue
United Nations Development Fund for Women  Counseling or Psychological First Aid
(UNIFEM)  Referral Services
o Non-government Organizations: Care International,  Child Care and Placements Services
Child Fund International, Community and Family  Livelihood Programs
Services International (CFSI), International  Employment Services
Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent,  Monitoring and evaluation services
Kindernothlife, Plan International, Save the Children  Feeding Programs
Foundation, Save the Children, USA, World Vision  Financial Assistance
International.
o Agencies/Organizations working with Governments
SECTOR-BASED CLIENT POPULATION
of Developing Countries by providing Loans and/or
Farmers
Grants for Development and Related Projects: ADB,
o A farmer is someone who works under umbrella of
WB, AUSAID, JICA, Government of Korea’s EDCF,
agriculture, producing a variety of food products for
European Bank for Reconstruction and
human and animal consumption. There are several
Development, CIDA, KOICA, and USAID
kinds of farmers ranging from farmers who raise
Education and Training animals to farmers who grow crops
o Also called the facilitative instructional method of (Careerexplorer.com)
Social Work Practice performed by social work Fishermen
teachers and trainers. This is not a field of practice in o A fisherman is someone who catches fish either for a
the traditional sense but involves the transfer of job or a sport (Cambridge Dictionary).
Social Work knowledge and skills through classroom Peasants
instruction and field practice supervision of students o A person who owns or rents a small piece of land
(Lee-Mendoza, 2008). and grows crops, keeps animals, etc. on it,
especially one who has low income, very little
Schools
education, and a low social position. This is usually
o This field centers with the social and emotional
used of someone who lived in the past or someone
factors which caused students’ problems in school
in a poor country (Cambridge Dictionary).
and interface with their adjustment and potential
Laborers
academic achievement. The school social worker’s
o A laborer is a person (usually a male) who works in
functions is to add, as a non-instructional specialist,
one of the construction trades, traditionally
to the efforts of teachers, administrators, etc. in
considered unskilled manual labor, as opposed to
assisting individual students in achieving expected
skilled labor. Laborers are also employed outside of
educational goals. The activities focuses on
the construction industry, in fields such as road
particular children and children in general (Lee-
paving, shoveling snow, digging graves, chain
Mendoza, 2008).
gangs, and picking up leaves. In the division of labor,
Military laborers have all blasting, hand tools, power tools,
o A Military social work is a specialized field of practice air tools, and small heavy equipment, and act as
that provides support and interventions to military assistants to other trades, e.g., operators or cement
personnel, retirees, their spouses and their masons (DBpedia.org).
dependents through private practice, active service,
Migrant Worker o Meanwhile, the government maintains a varied and
o A migrant worker refers to a person who is to be comprehensive program of social welfare services
engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a under such departments as the Department of Social
remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is Welfare and Development, Department of Health
not a legal resident to be used interchangeably with and Department of Interior and Local Government.
overseas Filipino worker (RA 8042). o The Department of Social Welfare and
Urban Poor Development (DSWD) is mandated by law to
o They refer to individuals or families in urban areas develop, administer and implement comprehensive
with incomes below the poverty line as defined by social welfare programs designed to uplift the living
the National Statistical Coordinating Board (NSCB). conditions and empower the disadvantaged children,
They are the underprivileged or homeless sector of youth, women, older persons, person with
society - the unemployed, underemployed and the disabilities, families in crisis or at-risk and
irregularly employed, or who are incapable of communities needing assistance.
meeting the minimum basic needs, and who live in o Mendoza (2008) also identified several government
slums, squatter and resettlement areas, sidewalks, organizations/agencies which is a home to social
dumpsites, road right-of-way, cemeteries, workers such as:
unoccupied government or private lands or along 1. The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
danger zones like railroad tracks, esteros, 2. The National Housing Authority
riverbanks, high tension wires, or other places in 3. Public Attorney’s Office
urban areas (PCUP.gov.ph).
Non-Government Organizations
o All over our country today, countless social agencies,
Different Types of Organizations
organizations and institutions under private
Social Work Organizations
sponsorship are engaged in the provision of many
o Social work organizations are also referred to as
different social services to meet a great variety of
Social Welfare Agencies. Social welfare agencies human needs. With our scarce resources, NGOs
are instruments of society, established through supplement government efforts especially for the
government initiative or through voluntary efforts to poor and disadvantages sectors in the society.
achieve a social goal. o NEDA defined NGOs as private, non-profit, voluntary
o Three Main Types Of Social Welfare Agencies
organizations that are committed to the task of
1. Government agencies or public agencies – voluntary socio-economic development and
organizations supported by public funds or established primarily for service.
taxes. Classification of NGOs According To Their Levels of
2. Private or voluntary – organizations supported Operation
by private contributions or donations or Primary NGOs Direct (e.g. CALARIZ, an
income from services. (also called organizations of the organization of
3. Semi-government or quasi-government people’s people themselves fisherfolk in the
organizations provinces of Cavite,
organizations – receive some form of subsidy,
and self-help Laguna and Rizal.)
either in cash or kind, from the government. groups)
Secondary/ Agencies e.g. the Catholic
Government Organizations Intermediate composed of Charities and the
o Social workers are key employees in the national NGOs different Philippine Rural
and local government agencies. Governments are professions Reconstruction
providing services Movement)
one of the major providers of social work, with
to the beneficiaries
government-employed social workers attempting to Tertiary NGOs Network of NGOs e.g. the National
address issues such as child abuse, poverty and established for Council for Social
other issues. mutual assistance Development
or for special Foundation)
o The range of government settings in which social purposes
workers practice include but not limited to:
a. Agencies serving children and families, such as o Mendoza (2008) recognized some private social welfare
foster care agencies; agencies and non-government organizations:
b. Health care settings, including community- 1. The Philippine Business for Social Progress
based clinics and hospitals 2. The SOS Children’s Village
c. Schools 3. The Women’s Crisis Center
4. The Center for the Prevention and Treatment of
d. Correctional facilities
Child Sexual Abuse
o The Republic Act No. 9433 or An Act Providing for
5. The Cribs Philippines, Inc.
a Magna Carta for Public Social Workers covers all 6. The Norfil Foundation, Inc.
registered social workers employed in government 7. The Tribal Development Foundation in the
service. Philippines
 o As of September 2020, there are approximately 1,700 process that have caused the breakdown or
Non-Government Organizations all over the country with impairment of social relationships.
different scope and target clienteles. b. Rehabilitative – is when it attempts to
reconstruct and/or organize the pattern of
Roles, Functions, and Skills of a Social interaction that has been broken down, been
Worker changed, or build new ones.
General Roles 2. Preventive function – is when it goes through the
1. Catalyst or catalyzer – a worker is expected to early discovery, control and elimination of those
enhance the client’s psychosocial functioning by conditions which may impair psychosocial
inducing or facilitating some change in his attitudes functioning.
and behavior, or in his environment or both. 3. Developmental function – refers to the provision
2. Enabler – the worker supplies, provides or links the of social assistance and services which will lead to
client with the means, the knowledge or the the optimum development and fulfilment of the
opportunity to be or do something. client’s potential.
3. Change agent – the worker becomes the Popple and Leighninger in Social Work, Social Welfare,
instrument of some transformation that has been American Society; Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2011 pointed
planned at a higher or national level. out that there are seven core functions, to wit:
4. Activist – the worker empowers through the 1. Engagement: “The social worker must first engage
transfer or sharing of power and the equitable the client in early meetings to promote a
allocation of resources to a disadvantaged group. collaborative relationship”.
Specific Roles 2. Assessment: “Data must be gathered that will
1. Direct provider of resources – the worker guide and direct a plan of action to help the client”
provides the tangible aid that may be needed by the 3. Planning: “Negotiate and formulate an action
client to eliminate or reduce situational deficiencies. plan”.
2. Case manager – the worker is responsible for 4. Implementation: “Promote resource acquisition
overseeing the delivery of social services such as and enhance role performance”.
linking the client with the provider of the resources 5. Monitor/Evaluation: “On-going documentation
that he needs. through short-term goal attainment of extent to
3. Mediator or broker or intercessor – the worker which client is following through”.
acts on behalf of the client scouting for the 6. Supportive Counseling: “Affirming, challenging,
resources that he needs, procuring for him, and encouraging, informing, and exploring options”.
interceding for him if need be. 7. Graduated Disengagement: “Seeking to replace
4. Facilitator – the worker helps remove the obstacles the social worker with a naturally occurring
to the exercise of rational thinking or learning by the resource”.
use of non-formal adult teaching and learning Skills
strategies and methodologies. 1. Differential diagnosis – this refers to the ability of
5. Therapist – the worker is concerned with the the worker to understand the uniqueness of the
treatment of client’s illness, disability or some person in his situation and to adopt his techniques
disorder, usually a pathological condition. to him.
6. Clinician – the worker seeks to restore, maintain or 2. Timing – this may refer to the worker’s own tempo
enhance the client’s adaptive capacity and or pace – whether it is too fast or too slow for the
facilitates his optional adjustment to current social person or people he is working with or the worker’s
reality. ability to take action at some pertinent point in line
7. Mobilizer – the worker assembles and energizes when it would be most effective.
existing groups, organizations, and resources or 3. Focusing – this refers to the worker’s ability to
create new ones so as to bring them to bear on a concentrate both his and the client’s efforts on the
current or incipient problem. significant aspects of the situation that require work
8. Advocate – the worker seeks some change in a and retaining that focus until some conclusions or
policy or program for the benefit of his clients. progress has been reached.
9. Role model – the worker takes advantage of his 4. Partialization – this refers to the ability of the
client’s admiration towards him by using it for the worker to assess the totality of the problem,
latter’s benefit. breaking it down into manageable parts, and
Functions helping the client think about it and decide where to
1. Restorative function – is aimed at rehabilitating start.
clients whose functioning has been impaired by 5. Structuring – this refers to the worker’s ability to
physical, mental or social difficulties. determine the setting and the boundaries that will
a. Curative – is when it identifies, controls and/or be most conducive to the work to be done.
eliminates the factors in the interactional
6. Case Management – is manner and timing in the
delivery of so
7. Skills in establishing rapport:
a. Engagement – is the period during which the
worker begins to relate himself to the task at
hand.
b. Empathy – is the worker’s ability to put
himself in the shoes of the client so that he
can understand what the latter is thinking of
and feeling about his problem or situation.
c. Communication – is the process by which an
idea is transferred from its source to a
receiver with the intent to change the latter’s
behavior, or between the worker and the
client. It has two types:
i. Verbal – is transmitted in word which
may be spoken or written.
ii. Nonverbal – is communication
without words.
d. Observation – is noticing it and paying
attention to what is being verbally said or
nonverbally communicated. social services.