Engineering Mathematics (III)

Computer and Control Engineering Dep. (PME2211)

Lecture #5

Dr. Eng. Ali Abdelmotaal Mehrez

[email protected]

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II. Functions of complex variables

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❑ Complex numbers

A complex number 𝑧 is a number in the form

𝒛=𝒙+𝒊𝒚

Real part Imaginary unit Imaginary part

𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) 𝑖 = −1 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers

For example; 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖 𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 3, 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 4

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❑ Complex numbers
Ex #1 Evaluate 𝒊𝟒 , 𝒊𝟗 , 𝒊𝟐𝟐

Solution

𝒊𝟒 = 𝑖 2 2 = −1 2 =1

𝒊𝟗 = 𝑖 𝑖 8 = 𝑖 𝑖 2 4 = 𝑖 −1 4 =𝑖

𝒊𝟐𝟐 = 𝑖 2 11 = −1 11 = −1

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❑ Complex numbers
Arithmetic operations …

For the two complex numbers 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒊𝒚𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚𝟐

(1) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

(2) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑖 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )

(3) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑖 (𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 )

𝑧1 𝑥1 𝑥2 +𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦1 −𝑥1 𝑦2 , z2 ≠ 0
(4) = +𝑖
𝑧2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

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❑ Complex numbers
Arithmetic operations …

For the complex numbers 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟑

(1) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑧1

Commutative law

(2) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

Associative law

(3) 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3

Distributive law
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❑ Complex numbers
Complex conjugate…

For the complex number 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 , the complex

conjugate is defined as 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒚

For example; 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖 𝑧ҧ = 3 − 4 𝑖 is its conjugate

For 𝑧1 and 𝑧2

(1) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2 (2) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 − 𝑧ഥ2

(3) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧ഥ2 𝑧1 𝑧1

(4) = ,z ≠0
𝑧2 𝑧2 2

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❑ Complex numbers
Complex conjugate…
Remark

For 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒚

𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝒛 + 𝒛ത
𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆 𝒛 =
𝟐

𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 2𝑦𝑖
𝒛 − 𝒛ത
𝒚 = 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 =
𝟐𝒊

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❑ Complex numbers
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
Ex #2 For 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊, 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝒊, 𝒛𝟑 = −𝟔𝒊 Find
𝒛𝟏
𝒛𝟏 + 𝟒𝒛𝟐 , 𝟑𝒛𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛𝟐 , , 𝟐𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟏 (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 )
𝒛𝟐
Solution

𝒛𝟏 + 𝟒𝒛𝟐 = 2 + 4𝑖 + 4 3 − 𝑖 = 2 + 4𝑖 + 12 − 4𝑖

= 14 − 0𝑖 = 14

𝟑𝒛𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛𝟐 = 3 2 + 4𝑖 − 2 3 − 𝑖 = 6 + 12𝑖 + −6 + 2𝑖

= 0 + 14𝑖 = 14𝑖

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❑ Complex numbers
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
Ex #2 (cont.)

𝒛𝟏 2 + 4𝑖 2 + 4𝑖 3 + 𝑖 6 − 4 + 𝑖 2 + 12
= = =
𝒛𝟐 3−𝑖 3−𝑖 3+𝑖 9+1

2 + 14𝑖 1 7
= = + 𝑖
10 5 5

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑 = 2 + 4𝑖 3 − 𝑖 − −6𝑖

= 2 + 4𝑖 3 + 5𝑖 = 6 − 20 + 𝑖 12 + 10

= −14 + 22𝑖
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❑ Complex numbers
Complex plane …

The complex number can be represented by a point or a

vector in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane, 𝒛 plane, where 𝑥 −axis represents
the real part and 𝑦 −axis represents the imaginary part.
𝑦 𝑦
𝑧 =𝑥+𝑖𝑦

𝑦
Real axis
𝑥 𝑥
Imaginary axis

𝑥
Vector representation Point representation

Complex plane or 𝒛 plane

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or Argand plane
❑ Complex numbers
Complex plane …

For example; 𝑧 = 4 + 3𝑖 can be represented as

3
Real axis 𝑥

Imaginary axis
4

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number … 𝑦
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑧 =𝑥+𝑖𝑦
The complex number can also be
𝑟
expressed in the polar form (𝑟, 𝜃), 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
where 𝜃 𝑥

𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒓 𝒆𝒊𝜽

𝒓 is called the modulus of 𝜽 is called the argument

the complex number 𝒛 of the complex number 𝒛
𝒚
𝒓 = 𝒛 = 𝒛ത𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝜽 = 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙
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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number … 𝑦
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑧 =𝑥+𝑖𝑦
It is easy to convert from
𝑟
rectangular to polar coordinates, and 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
vice versa 𝜃 𝑥

𝑦
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝜃= tan−1
𝑥
(𝒙, 𝒚) (𝒓, 𝜽)
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Properties of modulus 𝒛

(1) 𝑧 = 0 if 𝑧 = 0 + 0𝑖 (2) 𝑧 = 𝑧ҧ = −𝑧

(3) 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧ҧ (4) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1
(5) = , 𝑧2 ≠ 0 (6) 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑛
𝑧2 𝑧2

(7) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 Triangle inequality I

(8) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≥ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 Triangle inequality II

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
𝑦
Properties of argument 𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛)
𝒛

For 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝑟
𝜃
𝑥
Since 𝜃 is periodic with a period of 2𝜋,
then 𝜃 in the interval −𝝅 < 𝜽 ≤ 𝝅 is
the called the principal argument.

𝒚
𝜽 = 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Properties of argument 𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛) 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝒚
𝜽= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛)? ! 𝒙

−𝒙 +𝒙
𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝝅 − 𝜽 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝜽
+𝒚 +𝒚
𝑥
−𝒙 +𝒙
𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = −𝝅 + 𝜽 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = −𝜽
−𝒚 −𝒚

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #4 Express in polar form

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒊

𝒛𝟐 = −𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊 𝒛𝟒 = −𝟐 − 𝟐𝒊
Solution

The polar form is 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽

𝒚
𝒓= 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝜽= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #4(cont.) 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊:

𝒓 = 𝒛𝟏 = 2 2 + 2 2
= 8
𝑦
2
𝜽= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝜽
2
𝜋 +𝒙
= First quarter
4 +𝒚
𝜋
𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛) = 𝑥
4
𝝅
𝒊
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟖 𝒆𝟒

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #4(cont.) 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊:

𝒓 = 𝒛𝟐 = 2 2 + 2 2
= 8
𝑦
2
𝜽= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝝅 − 𝜽
2
𝜋 −𝒙
= Second quarter
4 +𝒚
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛) = 𝜋 − = 𝑥
4 4

𝟑𝝅
𝒊𝟒
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟖𝒆
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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #4(cont.) 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒊:

𝒓 = 𝒛𝟒 = 2 2 + 2 2
= 8
𝑦
2
𝜽= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1
2
𝜋 Fourth quarter
=
4
𝜋
𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛) = − 𝑥
4 +𝒙
𝝅
−𝒊 𝟒
−𝒚
𝒛𝟑 = 𝟖 𝒆
𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = −𝜽
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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #4(cont.) 𝒛𝟒 = −𝟐 − 𝟐𝒊:

𝒓 = 𝒛𝟒 = 2 2 + 2 2
= 8
𝑦
2
𝜽= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1
2
𝜋 Third quarter
=
4
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛) = −𝝅 + =− −𝒙 𝑥
4 4
−𝒚
𝟑𝝅
−𝒊 𝟒
𝒛𝟒 = 𝟖𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = −𝝅 + 𝜽
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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #4(cont.)

𝑦 𝑦
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟏

𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟏

𝑥 𝑥
𝒛𝟒 𝒛𝟑

𝒛𝟒 𝒛𝟑

Point representation Vector representation

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Multiplication and Division
For 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒆𝒊𝜽𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝒊𝜽𝟐

(1) 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2) 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2

𝒛𝟏 𝑟1 𝒛𝟏
(2) = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 −𝜃2 ) , 𝑧2 ≠0 𝑨𝒓𝒈 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝒛𝟐 𝑟2 𝒛𝟐

(3) 𝒛𝒏 = 𝑟𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑛 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛𝒏 = 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛)

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #5 Use the polar form to put in the form of 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏

𝟏+𝒊 𝟐
𝟒 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟓 −𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒊 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟏−𝒊 𝟑

Solution

𝟒 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟓 −𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒊
𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝑧1 = 4 + 4𝑖 𝑟1 = 4 2, 𝜃1 =
4
𝑧1 = 4 2𝑒 4 𝑖

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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #5(cont.)
𝜋
𝜋
Let 𝑧1 = 4 + 4𝑖 𝑟1 = 4 2, 𝜃1 = 𝑧1 = 4 2𝑒 4 𝑖
4

−1 𝜋
𝑧2 = −2 + 2 3𝑖 𝑟2 = 4, 𝜃2 = tan 3=
3
𝜋 2𝜋
=𝝅− = 2nd Quarter
3 3
2𝜋
𝑧2 = 4𝑒 3 𝑖
𝜋 5 2𝜋
𝟓
𝟒 + 𝟒𝒊 −𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒊 = 4 2𝑒 4 𝑖 4𝑒 3 𝑖

5 (5𝜋+2𝜋)𝑖
=4 4 2 𝑒 4 3
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❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #5(cont.)

𝜋 5 2𝜋
𝟓
𝟒 + 𝟒𝒊 −𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟑𝒊 = 4 2𝑒 4 𝑖 4𝑒 3 𝑖

5 (5𝜋+2𝜋)𝑖
=4 4 2 𝑒 4 3

5 23𝜋𝑖
=4 4 2 𝑒 12
𝟓 𝟐𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝟑𝝅
=𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟓
=𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝒊
=⋯ 27
❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
𝟐
Ex #5(cont.) 𝟏+𝒊
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟏−𝒊 𝟑

𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑟1 = 2, 𝜃1 =
4
𝑧1 = 2𝑒 4 𝑖
𝜋
𝑧2 = 1 + 3𝑖 𝑟2 = 2, 𝜃2 = tan−1 3=
3
𝜋
𝑧2 = 2𝑒 3 𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧3 = 1 − 𝑖 𝑟3 = 2, 𝜃3 = tan−1 1 = =−
4 4
𝜋 4th Quarter
−4𝑖
𝑧3 = 2𝑒
28
❑ Complex numbers
Polar Form of complex number …
Ex #5(cont.)
𝜋 2
𝟏+𝒊 𝟐
2𝑒 4 𝑖
𝟐
= 𝜋 2 𝜋 3
𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟑𝒊 𝟏−𝒊 2𝑒 3 𝑖 − 𝑖
2𝑒 4
𝜋
2𝑒 2 𝑖 1 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
( 2 − 3 + 4 )𝑖
= 2𝜋 3𝜋 = 𝑒
4𝑒 3 𝑖 2 2𝑒 −4𝑖 4 2

1 7𝜋
= 𝑒 12 𝑖
4 2
𝟏 𝟕𝝅 𝟕𝝅
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
=⋯ 29
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #3 Show that
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒛𝟏 + 𝟐 𝒛𝟐
Solution

𝟐 𝟐
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐

= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ1 − 𝑧ഥ2

= 2 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ1 + 2 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ2
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐 𝒛𝟏 + 𝟐 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺

30
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #3 Prove graphically and analytically the triangle inequality

𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 ≤ 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐
Solution
Graphical proof For any triangle: length of any leg of a triangle
≤
𝑦
sum of the legs of the other two sides

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑧1

𝑧1
𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑥
𝑧2

31
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #3(cont.) Analytical proof

𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑧ҧ
Note
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
= 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2
= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑥1 − 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
= 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑖 −𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1
+ 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
= 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2
+ (𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 ) + 𝑖 −𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 𝑦2

= 2 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
2 2
= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 = 2 𝑅𝑒(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )

32
= 2 𝑅𝑒(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #3(cont.) Analytical proof

𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2

Note
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 2 2 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2
𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧
≤ 𝟐 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
≤ 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
= 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑧1 | |𝑧ഥ2
2 2 𝒛 = 𝒛ത = −𝒛
= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2 𝑧1 | |𝑧2
2
= 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 ≤ 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐
33
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #4 Prove that for all 𝑧 = 2,

𝟐≤ 𝒛−𝟒 ≤𝟔
Solution

𝒛−𝟒 = 4−𝑧 ≥ 4 − 𝑧 =4−2 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≥ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

=2
(1)

𝒛 − 𝟒 = 𝑧 + (−4) ≤ 𝑧 + −4 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

= 𝑧 +4 =2+4 =6
(2)

From (1) and (2) 𝟐≤ 𝒛−𝟒 ≤𝟔

34
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #5 Prove that for all 𝑧 = 3,

𝟖 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
≤ 𝟐 ≤
𝟏𝟏 𝒛 +𝟐 𝟕
Solution
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≥ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
Try …

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

35
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
De Moiver’s theorem

𝒏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝜽) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏𝜽)

Roots of the complex number

𝟏
𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝒛𝒏 =? !
𝟏 1 1 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
𝑖
𝒛𝒏 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 𝑒 𝑛

𝟏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
= 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏 − 𝟏
36
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number… 𝑦
𝒛𝟐
𝑘=1
𝒛𝟏
𝟐𝝅 𝑘=0
𝟐𝝅 𝒏
𝒏 𝟐𝝅
𝒛𝟑 … 𝒏 𝑥
Roots of the complex number
𝑘 = 2 ….
𝟏 𝒛𝒏
𝒛=𝒓 𝒆𝒊𝜽 𝒛𝒏 =? ! 𝑘 =𝑛−1
1 𝟏
𝟏 1 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
𝑖 𝒛𝒏
𝒛𝒏 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 𝑒 𝑛

𝟏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
= 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏 − 𝟏
37
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #6 For 𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒊, evaluate 𝒛𝟏/𝟐 1
𝑧𝑛
Solution

𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒆𝒊𝜽
𝟏 𝟏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏 − 𝟏

𝜋 𝜋
𝒛=𝟏+𝒊 𝑧= 2𝑒 4 𝑖 𝑟 = 2, 𝜃 = 𝑛=2
4
𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
38
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number… 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏
Ex #6(cont.) 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
First root 𝒌=𝟎
𝜋 𝜋
1
4 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
𝑧1 = 2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝟐 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏
2 2 𝟖 𝟖
=⋯
Second root 𝒌=𝟏
𝜋 𝜋
1 + 2𝜋 + 2𝜋
𝑧2 = 2 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
2 2
𝟏 𝟗𝝅 𝟗𝝅
= 𝟐 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟖 𝟖
=⋯ 39
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #6(cont.)

𝑦 𝑦

𝒛
𝒛𝟏 𝑘=0
𝝅/𝟒 𝝅
𝝅/𝟖

𝑥 𝒛𝟐 𝑥
𝑘=1

𝒛=𝟏+𝒊 𝟏
𝒛𝟐

40
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #7 Solve 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝒊 𝒛 + 𝟓𝒊 = 𝟎

Solution The roots of the equation are given by

− 1+𝑖 ± 1+𝑖 2 − 4(1)(5𝑖) Remember

𝑧=
2 (1) 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
− 1 + 𝑖 ± 1 + 2𝑖 − 1 − 20𝑖 −𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
= 𝒙=
2 𝟐𝒃

1
− 1 + 𝑖 ± −18𝑖 − 1 + 𝑖 ± −18𝑖 2
= = 1
2 2
𝑤

41
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #7(cont.) 𝜋
− 𝑖
𝜋
𝑤 = −18𝑖 𝑤= 18𝑒 2 𝑟 = 18, 𝜃 = −
𝟏 2
𝒘:𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 𝜽 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒘𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝝅 𝝅 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 − + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 − + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒘𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟎
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 − −
𝑤2 = 18 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2 2
1 𝜋 𝜋
= 18 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − = 𝟑 − 𝟑𝒊
4 4
42
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #7(cont.)
𝝅 𝝅 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 − + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 − + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒘𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 − + 2𝜋 − + 2𝜋
𝑤2 = 18 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
2 2
1 3𝜋 3𝜋
= 18 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = −𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊
4 4
− 1 + 𝑖 + (3 − 3𝑖)
From (1) 1
− 1 + 𝑖 ± −18𝑖 2 2
𝑧= =
2 − 1 + 𝑖 + (−3 + 3𝑖)
43 2
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #7(cont.) From (1)
− 1 + 𝑖 + (3 − 3𝑖)
1 = 1 − 2𝑖
− 1 + 𝑖 ± −18𝑖 2 2
𝑧= =
2 − 1 + 𝑖 + (−3 + 3𝑖)
= −2 + 𝑖
2

Then, the two roots are 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 and −𝟐 + 𝒊

44
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
𝟑
Ex #9
Find the solution to 𝒛 = 𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟒 𝟐 𝒊
𝟐

Solution
3 Polar form 3 𝜋
𝑧2 =4 2+4 2𝑖 𝑧2 =8 𝑒 4𝑖

𝜋 1/3 𝜋 2/3
𝑧 = 64 𝑒 2𝑖 𝑧= 8 𝑒 4𝑖

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒 …

45
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝜽
Ex #8 Use De Moiver’s theorem to obtain 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜽 and in terms
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
of powers of 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Solution De Moiver’s theorem

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝜽) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏𝜽)

𝒏=𝟑

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝜃)

Use binomial theorem

46
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #8(cont.) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝜃)

Use binomial theorem Remember

1 1

cos 𝜃 3 + 3 cos 𝜃 2 𝑖 sin 𝜃 1 2 1

+ 3 𝑖 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 3
1 3 3 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝜃) 𝒙+𝒚 𝟏 =𝒙+𝒚

cos 𝜃 3 − 3 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 𝒙+𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐

+ 𝑖 3 cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 3
𝒙+𝒚 𝟑
= 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝜃)

47
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #8(cont.)
3 2 2 3
cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝜃)
Equate real and imaginary parts in both sides

Real part

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 = cos 𝜃 3 − 3 sin 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃

= cos 𝜃 3 − 3 1 − cos2 𝜃 cos 𝜃

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝜽 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

48
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #8(cont.) Imaginary part

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 3

= 3 cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃

= 3 cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 − 1 − cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 2
= 3 cos 𝜃 − 1 − cos 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝜽 𝟐
= 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 −𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
49
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #6 Show that, for 𝛼 in the first quadrant,
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝜶 𝒏𝜶 𝒏𝜶
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Solution

𝒓= 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 2 + sin2 𝛼
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
Real Imaginary = 2 + 2 cos 𝛼 = 2(1 + cos 𝛼)
𝛼
= 2 (1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 1)
2
Remember: cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1

𝜶
= 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐

50
❑ Complex numbers
Ex #6 (cont.)
sin 𝛼
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝜽 = tan −1
1 + cos 𝛼
Real Imaginary
𝛼 𝛼
2 sin cos
= tan−1 2 2
2 𝛼
2 cos
2
𝛼
sin 𝛼 𝜶
−1 2 −1 =
= tan 𝛼 = tan tan
2 𝟐
cos
2
𝒏 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 2 cos 𝑒 2 𝒊
2
𝛼 𝛼 𝑛 𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 𝑛 De Moiver’s
= 2𝑛 cos 𝑛 𝑒 𝒊 2 = 2𝑛 cos 𝑛 cos + 𝒊 sin theorem
2 2 2 2
𝑛 𝑛
𝛼 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼
= 2 cos cos + 𝒊 sin = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺
2 2 51 2
❑ Complex numbers
Curves and regions in complex plane…
𝑦

(1) 𝒛 = 𝒓 Circle 𝑟
𝑥

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2

𝑦
𝑟

𝑧0

𝑥
𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 = 𝒓

52
❑ Complex numbers
Curves and regions in complex plane… 𝑦

2𝑎 2 𝑎2 − 𝑧0 2

(2) 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 + 𝒛 + 𝒛𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂
𝑧0
𝑥
Ellipse
−𝑧0
Length of major−axis=2a

Length of minor−axis=2 𝑎2 − 𝑧0 2 𝑦

(3) 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 − 𝒛 + 𝒛𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂 2𝑎
𝑧0 𝑥

Hyperbola −𝑧0

53
❑ Complex numbers
Curves and regions in complex plane…

(4) 𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛) = 𝜶 𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 ) = 𝜶 𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 ) ≤ 𝜶

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝛼 𝛼
𝑧0 𝑧0 −𝛼
𝛼
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Line

Notes…
(1) In case of < or >, we draw the line dashed.
(2) In case of a curve equation different from the above, substitute
with 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 and deduce the curve equation.

54
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #10 Describe and graph each of the following

(1) 𝒛 − 𝟏 + 𝒊 = 𝟐 (2) 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟔

(3)
𝒛−𝒊
=𝟏 (4) 𝐈𝐦(𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟒
𝒛+𝒊

𝝅 𝟐
(5) < 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 + 𝟏 − 𝒊 ≤𝝅 (6) 𝒛 + 𝑹𝒆 𝒛 ≤ 𝟏
𝟐
𝑦
Solution

(1) 𝒛 − 𝟏 + 𝒊 = 𝟐 2
𝑥

𝒛− 𝟏−𝒊 =𝟐 1−𝑖
Circle centered at 1 − 𝑖 with a radius of 2
55
❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
𝑦
Ex #10(cont.) (2) 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟔
2𝑖
6
Ellipse with two foci at −2𝑖 and 2𝑖 𝑥
− 7 7
−2𝑖
Major axis of length 6

Minor axis of length= 2 9 − 2𝒊

𝑦
=2 9−2 =2 7
2𝑎 2 𝑎2 − 𝑧0 2

𝑧0
𝒛 − 𝒛𝟎 + 𝒛 + 𝒛𝟎 = 𝟐𝒂 𝑥

−𝑧0
Length of major−axis=2a
Length of minor−axis=2 𝑎2 − 𝑧0 2
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❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number…
Ex #10(cont.)

𝒛−𝒊 𝑧−𝑖
(3) =𝟏 =1
𝒛+𝒊 𝑧+𝑖

Substitute with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)
=1 =1
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1)
𝑥

𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 1 2
=1 𝒚=𝟎
𝑥2 + 𝑦+1 2
𝑥 axis

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❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number… 𝑦

Ex #10(cont.) (4) 𝐈𝐦(𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟒

Substitute with 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑥
𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦
Im(𝑧 2 )
𝟐
2𝑥𝑦 = 4 𝒚=
𝒙

𝝅 𝟐
(5) < 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 + 𝟏 − 𝒊 ≤𝝅
𝟐

𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛𝒏 = 𝑛 𝑨𝒓𝒈(𝒛)

𝜋
< 2 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖 ≤ 𝜋 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2
2
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❑ Complex numbers
Roots of the complex number… 𝑦
Ex #10(cont.)

𝜋
< 2 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖 ≤ 𝜋
2 𝜋/2
𝜋/4
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2
−1 + 𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
< 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖 ≤ 𝑥
4 2
𝜋 𝜋
< 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 − (−1 + 𝑖) ≤
4 2

Region between two lines

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Thanks for today

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