CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH DESIGN AND

PROCEDURES
▪ Research Design
▪ Population and Locale
▪ Data Gathering Tool
▪ Data Gathering Procedures
▪ Treatment of Data
 RESEARCH DESIGN/METHOD OF
RESEARCH USED

● The method of research /

research design used should
be explained briefly
○ Why is the study descriptive?
○ Why is the study experimental?
Descriptive Design.

Descriptive research focuses on the present condition.

The purpose is to find new truth that may have different forms such as:

● increased quantity of knowledge

● an increased insight into factors which are operating
● the discovery of a new causal relationship
● more accurate formulation of the problem

Descriptive studies provide essential knowledge about the nature of objects and
persons.

Descriptive studies play a large part in the in the development of instruments for
the measurement of many things.

Test papers, questionnaires, interview, schedules, observation schedules, check

lists, score cards, and rating scales are some of the tools used in descriptive
studies.
 Experimental Design.

Experimental design is a problem-solving study that describes the future.

Experimental research is one of the most powerful research methodologies

that researchers can use. It is unique in two very important respects: it is the
only type of research that directly attempts to influence a particular variable,
and it is the only type of research that can really test hypotheses about cause
and effect relationships.

In experimental study, researchers look at the effect(s) of at least one

independent variable on one or more dependent variables.

The independent variable in experimental research is also referred to as

experimental or treatment variable.

The dependent variable, also known as the criterion or outcome

variable, refers to the results or outcomes of the study.
 Types of Experimental Design

1. Single-group design involves a single treatment with two or more levels.

2. Two-group design involves two comparable groups which are employed
as experimental and control groups.
3. Two-pair group design is an elaboration of the two-group design wherein
there are two experimental groups and two control groups.
4. Parallel-group design is a design in which two or more groups are used at
the same time with only one single variable (control group) manipulated or
changed. The experimental group varies while the parallel group serves as
control for comparative purposes.
5. Pretest-Posttest group involves the experimental group and the control
group which are carefully selected through randomization procedures.

6. Counterbalanced or Latin square design is also called “rotation

design.” It involves an exchange of two or more treatments taken by the
subjects during the experiment. This is also called quasi-experimental
design.

7. Correlational design is used to determine the relationship of two

dependent variables (X and Y) on how they are manipulated by the
independent variable.
POPULATION AND LOCALE
● Describe subjects of the study
● Computation of sample size
● Sampling method
● Describe the place where the study
was conducted
Locale of the Study
The slum family dwellers are concentrated on
salvage zones in eight coastal barangays:
Poro, Ilocanos Sur, Ilocanos Norte,
Catbangen, Carlatan, Lingsat, San Francisco
and San Agustin. All these eight barangays
are classified as urban and all are bounded by
the South China Sea. Most of the families are
informal settlers and have been residents
since the seventies.
 This discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes
in brief the place where the study is conducted. Only important
features which have the bearing on the present study are
included.
It will include a brief description about the place,
geographical location, target population and other important
information about the place.
Population
● The research subjects were the zero to five (0 –
5) years old children with “below normal low” and
“below normal very low” nutritional status in the
slum settlements along the coastal barangays of
San Fernando City, La Union. In this study, the
children with these nutritional classifications are
considered as underweight malnourished or
suffering from protein – energy malnutrition.
 This describes the target population and the sample frame. It specifies
the sampling technique used and how the sample size is determined.
Research subjects are the elements being studied. For example in
determining the teaching performance, the teachers are the research
subjects.
Research respondents are the elements or group who will provide the data.
In the same example, the data on teaching performance can be taken from
the students’ evaluation or principal’s observation. The group who will
answer the questionnaire or research instrument are considered research
respondents.
Research participants refer to the elements involved in the study. Research
subjects who are also respondents in the study are considered participants.
Other units involved in data collection and experimentation are also
considered participants.
Sampling Method

● This study made use of purposive sampling.

This design is based on choosing individuals as
samples according to the purposes of the
researcher as his controls. An individual is
chosen as part of the sample because of good
evidence that he is a representative of the total
population (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2009).
SAMPLING
Generally, there is no hard and fast rule in determining the
sample size to be taken from a population of size N.
One popular method is using the Sloven’s (sometimes,
Slovin or Slovene) formula.
Importance of Sampling:
● Biased sampling or poor methodology will get erroneous
results.
● Wrong sampling will result to wrong conclusion.
Computation of Sample Size

n= N
2
Where:
1 + Ne
n= sample size
N= size of the population
e = margin of error (not > 9%)
1. Find the sample size if the population size is 250
at 95% accuracy.

2. A researcher is conducting an investigation

regarding the level of efficacy of a new
anti-obesity drug. If the researcher wants to
have a margin of error of 3%, then how many of
the total 185 volunteers be taken as part of the
study?
Determine the sample size of each of the following
population with the corresponding margin of error.
1) N = 350; e = 10%
2) N = 1,000; e = 1%
1.N = 350; e = 10%
2. N = 1,000; e = 1%
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Probability Sampling
○ Every unit has an equal chance to be selected in a
study

2. Non-Probability Sampling
○ Members do not have an equal chance to be selected
in a study

○ Selection depends upon the situation

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Simple Random Sampling
Easiest and most common type of probability
sampling.
Every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. This can be achieved
using random number generators or drawing
names from a hat.
Example: Using a random number table to
select participants from a list of student names.

▪ Examples:
Lottery
Fishbowl Technique
Table of Random Samples
2. Systematic Random Sampling

▪ Members of the population are arranged in a

specific manner (alphabetically or numbered)
▪ For instance, if you have a list of 1000
people and need a sample of 100, you might
select every 10th person.
Example: Choosing every 5th customer who
enters a store to participate in a survey.

▪ Every nth member will be selected

3. Stratified Random Sampling

▪ The population is divided into mutually exclusive

subgroups (strata) based on a characteristic (e.g.,
age, gender), and random samples are taken from
each stratum.
▪
Example: Dividing a population of students by
year (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) and
then randomly sampling from each year.
4. Cluster Sampling
▪ The population is divided into clusters
(often geographically), and a random
sample of clusters is selected. All members
within the chosen clusters are then
sampled.
▪ “AREA SAMPLING” – frequently applied on
a geographical basis
▪ Example: Selecting several schools at
random and surveying all students within
those schools.
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
1. Accidental Sampling

● There is no system in the selection but only those whom the

researcher meet by chance are included in the sample

● Disadvantage: lack of representativeness, sample may be

biased

● This is only applied when there is no other alternative

sampling technique possible
2. Quota Sampling

● The researcher ensures the sample represents

certain characteristics of the population but does not
use random sampling. The sample is collected to
meet specific quotas for different subgroups.
● Example: Sampling 50 males and 50 females to
ensure balanced representation without randomly
selecting individuals.
3. Convenience Sampling

● Samples are selected based on ease of access or

availability. This method is often used for its
simplicity but can lead to significant bias.

● Example: Surveying people who are easily

accessible, such as friends, family, or passersby in a
location.
4. Purposive Sampling

● based on choosing individuals as

samples according to the purposes of
the researcher as his controls.

● An individual is chosen as part of the

sample because of good evidence that
he is a representative of the total
population
DATA GATHERING TOOL
● The method of collecting data and the development
of the instrument for gathering data must be
explained

● Describe validation process of instrument

● Specific parts of the instrument (eg questionnaire)

must be described
Research Instrument

This explains the specific type or research instrument used such as

questionnaire, checklist, questionnaire-checklists, structured
interview, teacher-made tests, standardized instrument which are
adopted or borrowed with permission from the author or from other
sources.
Specific and appropriate statistical test used should be given and the
computed values derived.
Interpretation should be included in the discussion. If the instrument is
standardized, it’s important to indicate its description as to its items,
scoring and qualification.
For scientific and experimental researches the materials and equipment
to be used in the experiment must be specified.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

● Describe briefly how the data-gathering

instrument was administered, collected and
tabulated
TREATMENT OF DATA
● Describe the statistical treatment of data
employed per sub-problem

● The explicit hypothesis/ses particularly

determine the kind of statistics used

● Statistical software/s may be used to process

data (eg SPSS, STATA etc)
Overview of the key steps in data treatment

Data Collection: Develop questionnaires, surveys, or other tools that

will be used to collect data. Ensure they are reliable and valid.
Choose a representative sample if using quantitative methods or
select cases purposively if using qualitative methods.
Data Analysis:
Inferential Statistics: Apply statistical tests to make inferences
about the population based on sample data. This can include
hypothesis testing (t-tests, chi-square tests) and confidence intervals.
Data Interpretation: Relate the findings to the research questions
and objectives, and discuss how they fit within the broader context of
the study.
Data Presentation: Prepare a detailed report including tables,
figures, and charts to present the findings clearly.
Ethical Considerations

● Protect the privacy and confidentiality of

participants.

● Ensure that consent has been obtained for the

use of data.

● By following these steps, researchers can

ensure that their data is handled properly,
which is crucial for obtaining accurate and
reliable results.