QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon with interior angles adding up to 360o

Properties of Quadrilaterals

Trapezium:

Definition: A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides

Properties:

1. One pair of opposite sides

Parallelogram:

Definition: A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides

Properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite sides

2. Both pairs of opposite sides are equal
3. Both pairs of opposite  's are equal
4. Diagonals bisect each other
5. Diagonals bisect the area

Rhombus:

Definition: A rhombus is a parallelogram with 2 adjacent sides equal

Properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite sides are

2. All the sides are equal
3. Both pairs of opposite angles are equal
4. Diagonals bisect each other at right angles
5. Diagonals bisect the angles
6. Diagonals bisect the area

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 1

Rectangle:

Definition: A rectangle is a parallelogram with one  equal to 90o

Properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite sides

2. Both pairs of opposite sides are equal
3. All  's are 90o
4. Diagonals bisect each other
5. Diagonals are equal in length (ie: PR = QS)
6. Diagonals bisect the area

Square:

Definition: A square is a rectangle with two adjacent sides equal OR

A square is a rhombus with one  equal to 90

Properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite sides are

2. All the sides are equal
3. All  's are 90o
4. Diagonals bisect each other at right angles
5. Diagonals are equal in length
6. Diagonals bisect the area
7. Diagonals bisect the angles

Kite:

Definition: A kite is a quadrilateral with 2 separate (distinct) pairs of adjacent sides

equal

Properties:
 AB = AD 
1. 2 separate (distinct) pairs of equal sides  
 BC = CD 
2. (
1 pair of opposite angles are equal Bˆ = Dˆ )
3. 1 diagonal is bisected ( BD is bi sec ted )
4. Diagonals intersect at right angles
5. Diagonal AC bisects angles A and C
6. Diagonal AC bisects the area

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 2

There are 5 methods that are used to prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
They are as follows:
1. Prove that the quadrilateral has both pairs of opposite side parallel.
2. Prove that the quadrilateral has both pairs of opposite side equal in length.
3. Prove that the quadrilateral has both pairs of opposite angles equal.
4. Prove that the diagonals in the quadrilateral bisect each other.
5. Prove that the quadrilateral has one pair of opposite sides equal in length and
parallel.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 3

 CIRCLE GEOMETRY

TERMS
arc

secant

radius

centre
sector

chor diameter
d

circumferenc
e

tangent
It is always useful to trace the origins of words, even in Maths! In this way words that
seem to be meaningless acquire a meaning.

arc: from the Latin arcus ‘a bow’

centre: from the Latin centrum ‘a sharp point’
chord: from the Greek chorde ‘a string’ (as in a harp)
circumference: from the Latin circum ‘around’ and ferre ‘to carry’
diameter: from the Greek dia ‘through, across’ and metron ‘a measure’
radius: from the Latin radius ‘a rod, spoke, ray’
secant and sector: from the Latin secare ‘to cut’
tangent: from the Latin tangere ‘to touch’

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 4

CIRCLE GEOMETRY

CENTRES
1. Given radii then isosceles triangles then  ' s opp = sides
2.  ' s at centre x x
x 2x
2x 2x 2x
x

The angle at the centre of the circle is double

the angle at the circumference.
3.  ' s in a semi − circle C
B If AB is a diameter;
Then Cˆ = 90
A

4a. Line from centre ⊥ chord C

B If OB ⊥ AC;
A O Then AB = BC

4b. Line from centre to C

mid − po int chord B If AB = BC;
A O Then OB ⊥ AC

CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
B C

 ' s in the same seg

Bˆ = Cˆ and Aˆ = Dˆ
1.
A
D

Corollary of E F
 ' s in the same seg : C
If EF = AB;
Then Cˆ = Dˆ
A

= chords ; =  ' s B D

Corollary of E F
 ' s in the same seg : If radii are =, and AB = EF;
A C
Then Cˆ = Dˆ
D
= radii ; = chords ; =  ' s B

B C
Aˆ + Cˆ = 180  and
2. Opp  ' s cyclic quad
A
D
Bˆ + Dˆ = 180 

B C
Dˆ 1 = Bˆ
3. Ext  of a cyclic quad
A 2 1
D

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 5

TANGENTS
B
Aˆ 1 = Cˆ and
1. Tan / chord Th. 1 2
C
Aˆ 3 = Bˆ
A 3

B
C If AC and BC are tangents;
Then AC = BC
2. Tangs from same point
A

C
If AC is a radius and AB is a tangent;
3. Tan ⊥ rad A
1
2 Then Aˆ 1 = 90  = Aˆ 2
B

COMMON CONVERSE THEOREMS

C
B If Cˆ = 90 ;
1. Conv.  ' s in a semi − circle Then AB is a diameter
A

B C
If Bˆ = Cˆ OR Aˆ = Dˆ ;
2. Conv.  ' s in the same seg. Then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
A
D

B C
If Aˆ + Cˆ = 180  OR Bˆ + Dˆ = 180  ;
3. Conv. opp  ' s cyclic quad . Then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
A
D

B C
If Dˆ 1 = Bˆ ;
4. Conv. ext  ' s cyclic quad Then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
A 2 1
D

B
If Aˆ 1 = Cˆ OR Aˆ 3 = Bˆ ;
1 Then AD is a tangent to the
5. Conv. Tan / chord Th. 2
C
A 3 circle ABC.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 6

Exercise 1.
A. Study the following figures. Determine the magnitude of the angles marked
with letters. O indicates, in each figure, the centre of the circle.
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 7

10 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 8

B. Study the following figures. Determine the value of the letters. O is always the
centre of the circle.
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 9

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 10

C. Study the following figures. Determine the value of the letters. O indicates the
centre of the circle and AB and AC are tangents.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 11

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 12

Exercise 2.

1. O is the centre of the circle. A, B, C, D and E are points on the circumference

ˆ = 100 . Determine, with reasons,
of the circle. CEO
a. Â
b. B̂
c. D̂

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 13

2. O is the centre of the circle. A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of
the circle. Eˆ1 = 110  and Bˆ1 = 20  . Determine, with reasons, BOA
ˆ

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 14

3. O is the centre of the circle. A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of
the circle. Bˆ = 65  and Aˆ1 = 20  .
Determine, with reasons,

a. Ô1
b. Ĉ
c. Ê1
d. BEC ˆ
e. D̂2

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 15

4. In the diagram alongside, O is the centre of the circle with A, B, C and D points
on the circumference of the circle. BOD is the diameter. Determine, with
reasons, the sizes of:
a. BCDˆ
b. D̂1
c. B̂2
d. Ĉ1
e. Ĉ2

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 16

5. In the diagram, O is the circle centre with A, D, P and R on the circle.
Rˆ 2 = 40 and Dˆ1 = 10 . Determine, with reasons, the sizes of:

a. R̂1
b. Ô1
c ADRˆ

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 17

6. In the diagram, Q, R, P and T lie on the circle. Eˆ = 110 , Tˆ = 70 
3 2
ˆ
and P = 40  . With reasons, determine the sizes of:
2

a. P̂1
b. R̂1
c. Q̂1
d. R̂2
e. Tˆ1

f. Q̂2

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 18

7. In the diagram alongside, O is the centre of the circle, with Q, R, P and T on
the circle. AQ is produced to E. Determine, with reasons:

a. P̂2
b. Tˆ
1

c. R̂2
d. Q̂1

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 19

8. In the diagram, ABC is a tangent to the circle at B and CE is a tangent to the
circle at E. DOE is a diameter and Eˆ 2 = 20 . Determine, with reasons:

a. Ê3
b. B̂3
c. B̂2
d. B̂1

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 20

9. • PDQ is a tangent at D
• O is the circle centre.
• B, C and D lie on the circle.
• Bˆ = 60 
• Dˆ1 = 80 

Determine, with reasons:

a. D̂4
b. D̂3
c. Ĉ2

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 21

Exercise 3.

1. • PR and QS intersect at T.

Prove that Tˆ2 = Qˆ + Sˆ

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 22

2. • PR and QS intersect at T.
• PQ // SR

Prove that TS = TR.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 23

3. In the diagram, GD is produced to C. GE and DF intersect at H.

Prove that Dˆ 2 = Hˆ 3 + Fˆ .

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 24

4. • O is the centre of the circle.
• DF and GE intersect at O.

Prove that Cˆ1 = Cˆ 3 .

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 25

5. In the diagram below:
• BTP is a tangent to the circle at T.
• BC // TQ.

Prove that B̂ = Cˆ1 .

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 26

6. In the diagram:
• PQS is a tangent to circle RQT.
• RTU is a tangent to circle PQT.

Prove that RQ // TP.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 27

7. In the diagram below, TER is a tangent to the circle ESU at E. SU is
ˆ cuts SU at P.
produced to meet the tangent at T. The bisector of SEU

Prove that TP = TE.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 28

8. Refer to the diagram below:
• TP = TQ = QR
• PQ and TS, both produced, meet at R.
• PS and TQ intersect at U.

Prove that:

a. Sˆ 2 = Tˆ2 + Rˆ
b. Pˆ1 = Pˆ2

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 29

Exercise 4.

1. In the diagram below, E is the centre of the circle and AC ⊥ BE . BD = x

units, AC = 12 units and CE = 10 units.

Determine the value of x. (Show all working and reasons.)

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 30

2. P, Q and R are points on a circle. SP and SR are tangents to the circle
ˆ = 40o
at P and R respectively. PSR

ˆ , giving reasons for each stage of your working.

Determine the size of PQR

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 31

3. In the figure, ABCF is a cyclic quadrilateral with AB = BF. AF and BC, both
produced, meet at E. The tangent to the circle at F meets BE at D.
Fˆ2 = 52  and Bˆ 2 = 24  .

a. Determine the value of: (show all reasons)

i. Â ii. Ĉ2

iii. F̂5 iv. Ê

b. Hence, prove that FB is a tangent at F to the circle passing through

the points F, C and E .

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 32

4. In the diagram, PQ is a tangent to the circle at Q. SR is produced to P. RW
cuts SQ at K and cuts QT at L. PS // QT and RS = TW.

R 3
1
2

3 K
4
2 1

L4
1
3 2
2
1
W

2 3 4
1
P
Q
With reasons, prove that:
a. Qˆ 3 = Wˆ 1

b. KQ is a tangent to the circle through L, Q and W.

c. PRKQ is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 33

5. The figure shows the circle centre S. P, R and U are concyclic. T lies outside
the circle. Q is on the chord PR such that SQ ⊥ PR . TUS is a straight line.
TP = 24 cm, PR = TU = 16 cm and SQ = 6 cm.

Prove that TP is a tangent to the circle at P.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 34

6. XY is a tangent at Y
to the circle with
centre O.
XPQ , YOR and YST
are straight lines and
PX = PY .

a. Prove that Tˆ2 = 2 Tˆ1 .

b. Hence deduce that SORT is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 35

7. The time shown on the clock is exactly twelve minutes past ten or 10h12.

The clock is now represented in the figure below.

a. Find the size of B̂ in terms of x, no reasons.

b. Hence find the size of B̂ in degrees. Show all working.

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 36

8. In the figure, TD is a tangent to circle ABCD at D. AD BC . AB and DC
produced meet at W. TBS is a straight line.

If Bˆ 1 = Bˆ 3 , prove that:

a. TBS is a tangent to circle ABCD.

b. BWTD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
c. TW BC .

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 37

Grade 11 Core Mathematics: Geometry Page 38