Experiment 1: Start Raspberry Pi and Try Various Linux Commands

Objective:
Familiarize yourself with basic Linux commands on the Raspberry Pi.

Materials Needed:
• Raspberry Pi with Raspbian OS installed
• Monitor
• Keyboard and mouse

Steps:
1. Booting Up the Raspberry Pi:
• Connect your Raspberry Pi to the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
• Power on the Raspberry Pi.
• Log in with your username and password.
2. Opening the Terminal:
• Open the Terminal application from the desktop environment.
3. Executing Basic Commands:
• ls: List directory contents
sh
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ls

This command lists all files and directories in the current directory.
• cd: Change directory
sh
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cd /path/to/directory

Use this command to navigate to a different directory.

• touch: Create an empty file
sh
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touch myfile.txt

This command creates a new, empty file named myfile.txt.

• mv: Move or rename a file or directory

sh
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mv myfile.txt mynewfile.txt

This renames myfile.txt to mynewfile.txt.

• rm: Remove a file
 sh
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rm mynewfile.txt

This command deletes mynewfile.txt.

• man: Display the manual for a command
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man ls

This shows the manual page for the ls command.

• mkdir: Create a directory
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mkdir mydirectory

This creates a new directory named mydirectory.

• rmdir: Remove an empty directory
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rmdir mydirectory

This removes the directory named mydirectory.

• tar: Archive files
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tar -cvf archive.tar /path/to/directory

This creates an archive of the specified directory.

• gzip: Compress a file
sh
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gzip archive.tar

This compresses the archive.tar file into archive.tar.gz.

• cat: Concatenate and display file content
sh
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cat myfile.txt

This displays the contents of myfile.txt.

• more: View file content one screen at a time
sh
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more myfile.txt
 This lets you view myfile.txt content page by page.
• less: View file content with backward movement
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less myfile.txt

This is similar to more, but with the ability to scroll backwards.

• ps: Display current processes
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ps aux

This shows a detailed list of all running processes.

• sudo: Execute a command as the superuser
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sudo apt-get update

This runs the apt-get update command with superuser privileges.

• cron: Schedule tasks to run at specific intervals
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crontab -e

This opens the cron table for editing, allowing you to schedule tasks.
• chown: Change file owner
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sudo chown newuser myfile.txt

This changes the owner of myfile.txt to newuser.

• chgrp: Change file group
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sudo chgrp newgroup myfile.txt

This changes the group ownership of myfile.txt to newgroup.

• ping: Check network connectivity
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ping google.com

This sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to google.com to check

connectivity.
Experiment 2: Run Some Python Programs on Raspberry Pi
Objective:
Run basic Python programs on the Raspberry Pi to familiarize yourself with Python scripting and
input/output operations.

Materials Needed:
• Raspberry Pi with Raspbian OS installed
• Monitor
• Keyboard and mouse

Steps:
1. Boot Up the Raspberry Pi and Open Terminal:
• Power on your Raspberry Pi.
• Open the Terminal application.
2. Run the Python Programs:
• a) Read your name and print Hello message with name
python
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# hello_name.py
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 hello_name.py

• b) Read two numbers and print their sum, difference, product, and division
python
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# arithmetic_operations.py
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

sum_result = num1 + num2

diff_result = num1 - num2
prod_result = num1 * num2
div_result = num1 / num2 if num2 != 0 else "undefined"

print(f"Sum: {sum_result}")
print(f"Difference: {diff_result}")
print(f"Product: {prod_result}")
print(f"Division: {div_result}")

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 arithmetic_operations.py

• c) Word and character count of a given string

 python
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# word_char_count.py
input_string = input("Enter a string: ")

word_count = len(input_string.split())
char_count = len(input_string)

print(f"Word count: {word_count}")

print(f"Character count: {char_count}")

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 word_char_count.py

• d) Area of a given shape (rectangle, triangle, and circle) reading shape and
appropriate values from standard input
python
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# area_of_shapes.py
import math

shape = input("Enter the shape (rectangle, triangle, circle):

").lower()

if shape == "rectangle":
length = float(input("Enter the length: "))
width = float(input("Enter the width: "))
area = length * width
elif shape == "triangle":
base = float(input("Enter the base: "))
height = float(input("Enter the height: "))
area = 0.5 * base * height
elif shape == "circle":
radius = float(input("Enter the radius: "))
area = math.pi * (radius ** 2)
else:
area = None
print("Invalid shape entered.")

if area is not None:

print(f"The area of the {shape} is: {area}")

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 area_of_shapes.py
Experiment 3: Run Some Advanced Python Programs on Raspberry Pi
Objective:
Run advanced Python programs on the Raspberry Pi to familiarize yourself with loops, exception
handling, time operations, and file handling.

Materials Needed:
• Raspberry Pi with Raspbian OS installed
• Monitor
• Keyboard and mouse

Steps:
1. Boot Up the Raspberry Pi and Open Terminal:
• Power on your Raspberry Pi.
• Open the Terminal application.
2. Run the Python Programs:
• a) Print a name 'n' times, where name and n are read from standard input,
using for and while loops
Using For Loop:
python
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# print_name_for.py
name = input("Enter your name: ")
n = int(input("Enter the number of times to print your name: "))

for i in range(n):
print(name)

Using While Loop:

python
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# print_name_while.py
name = input("Enter your name: ")
n = int(input("Enter the number of times to print your name: "))

count = 0
while count < n:
print(name)
count += 1

Running the Programs:

sh
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python3 print_name_for.py
python3 print_name_while.py

• b) Handle Division by Zero Exception

python
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# handle_division_by_zero.py
 try:
num1 = float(input("Enter the numerator: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the denominator: "))
result = num1 / num2
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
else:
print(f"The result of the division is: {result}")

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 handle_division_by_zero.py

• c) Print current time for 10 times with an interval of 10 seconds

python
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# print_current_time.py
import time
from datetime import datetime

for i in range(10):
current_time = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
print(f"Current time: {current_time}")
time.sleep(10)

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 print_current_time.py

• d) Read a file line by line and print the word count of each line
Creating a Sample File: Create a file named sample.txt with some text in it.
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echo "Hello world\nThis is a sample file\nIt has multiple lines\
nEach with words" > sample.txt

Reading the File and Printing Word Count:

python
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# word_count_per_line.py
with open("sample.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:
word_count = len(line.split())
print(f"Line: {line.strip()} - Word count: {word_count}")

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 word_count_per_line.py
Experiment 4: Control LEDs and Switches with Raspberry Pi
Objective:
Use the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi to control LEDs and read input from switches using Python
programs.

Materials Needed:
• Raspberry Pi with Raspbian OS installed
• Monitor
• Keyboard and mouse
• Breadboard
• Jumper wires
• LEDs (at least 2)
• Resistors (220Ω)
• Push-button switches (at least 2)

Steps:
1. Boot Up the Raspberry Pi and Open Terminal:
• Power on your Raspberry Pi.
• Open the Terminal application.
2. Install Required Python Library:
• Ensure the RPi.GPIO library is installed. You can install it using:
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sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python3-rpi.gpio

3. Run the Python Programs:

• a) Light an LED through Python program
Circuit Setup:
• Connect the longer leg (anode) of the LED to a GPIO pin (e.g., GPIO17).
• Connect the shorter leg (cathode) of the LED to a resistor, and then to the
ground (GND).
Python Program:
python
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# light_led.py
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.output(17, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn on the LED

time.sleep(5) # Keep the LED on for 5 seconds
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.LOW) # Turn off the LED
 GPIO.cleanup()

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 light_led.py

• b) Get input from two switches and switch on corresponding LEDs

Circuit Setup:
• Connect two push-button switches to GPIO pins (e.g., GPIO18 and GPIO23)
and ground.
• Connect two LEDs to GPIO pins (e.g., GPIO24 and GPIO25) and ground via
resistors.
Python Program:
python
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# switch_control_leds.py
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

# Setup switches
GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_DOWN)
GPIO.setup(23, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_DOWN)

# Setup LEDs
GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.OUT)

try:
while True:
if GPIO.input(18) == GPIO.HIGH:
GPIO.output(24, GPIO.HIGH)
else:
GPIO.output(24, GPIO.LOW)

if GPIO.input(23) == GPIO.HIGH:
GPIO.output(25, GPIO.HIGH)
else:
GPIO.output(25, GPIO.LOW)

time.sleep(0.1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass

GPIO.cleanup()

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 switch_control_leds.py
• c) Flash an LED at a given on time and off time cycle, where the two times are
taken from a file
Circuit Setup:
• Connect an LED to a GPIO pin (e.g., GPIO17) and ground via a resistor.
Create the Configuration File:
• Create a file named led_config.txt with the following content (example
values):
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1 # On time in seconds
2 # Off time in seconds

Python Program:
python
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# flash_led_from_file.py
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.OUT)

with open("led_config.txt", "r") as file:

on_time = float(file.readline().strip())
off_time = float(file.readline().strip())

try:
while True:
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(on_time)
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(off_time)

except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass

GPIO.cleanup()

Running the Program:

sh
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python3 flash_led_from_file.py