1. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS 1.1 Characteristics of living organisms Characteristics all living organisms show - Movement - Respiration - Sensitivity = Growth - Reproduction - Excretion = Nutrition Define movement = Action by all (or part) of an organism - Causes change in position or place Define respiration = Chemical reactions in cells - Nutrient molecules broken down, - Eneray released for metabolism Define sensitivity = Ability to detect and respond to changes in internal or external environment Define growth = Permanent increase in size and dry mass Define reproduction - Processes that make more of the same kind of organism Define excretion - Removal of waste products of metabclism and substances in excess of requirements Define nutrition - Taking in materials for energy, growth and development 1.2 Concepts and uses of classification systems What is a classification system? - System to classify organisms into groups by the features they share What is a species? + Group of organisms that can reproduce - Produce fertile offspring Whats the binomial systern? Internationally agreed system to classify organisms ‘Two-part scientific names showing genus and species (e.9. Canis lupus) = Canis = genus = lupus = species1 a| Leaf has smooth outline Goto2 | Leaf has jagged outline ‘Acer pseudoplatanus 2| a Leaf divided into more than two distinct parts Gotos bb | Leaf not divided into more than two distinct parts | Magnolia grandifiora 3] a [Leaf has variegated regions Trifolium repens bb | Leaf does not have variegated regions Pleridium aquilinum Leaf A: Smooth outline, not dividec into two distinct parts + M. grandiflora Leaf B: Smooth outline, dividec into many distinct parts, no variegation -* P. aquilinum Leaf C: Jagged outline -+ A. pseudoplatanus Leaf D: Smooth outline, dividec into three distinct parts, variegatior - T. repens How are traditional classification systems designed? ~ Reflect evolutionary relationships - Based on morphology and anatomy Wihat is a more accurate way to classify organisms? - Sequence of bases in DNA + Sequences of amino acids in proteins Explain how DNA sequence and ancestry are related - More recent ancestors share more similar base sequences in DNA 1.3 Features of organisms List the 5 Kingdoms = Animals = Plants ~ Fungi + Prokaryotes + ProtostistsWhat does eukaryotic mean? - Has membrane bound organelles = eg. animal cell has mitochondria and a nucleus What does prokaryotic mean? - No membrane bound organelles - eg. bacteria Outline the main features of all animals - Multicellular - Cells contain a nucleus = Do not have celll walls - Feed on organic substances made by other organisms ~ Internal digestion process Outline the main features of all olants - Multicellular - Cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts (photosynthesising cells only’, cel wall = Cell wall made from cellulose - Produce food by photosynthesis 's a vertebrate? = Animal with a backbone omens Bicds = far-covered skin = dings fare suates and Sins = Hemmer] glands = Feathers Gills Ser lorencthing = fuse w placenta - Geox watered bine canting > exkermel cars (pinne! Seales on legs and feet Sense erguas = Dry, seal sin = Lay soFtskelled eggs Aueplibinas > Suarth, sist skin aad = Advts eswuly five om land haute lungs = Lerace Uwe in deter - hase gills= Antennae, = Hany body segments = Exch Nnodf. segues stains oA Ueaet sae pair of legs Main Features OF tuvertebrates = cagonnd efes = “Theee body segments head, Aberar, ahdewen) = betemnne Arachaids = War beds sequents = Simple eles = Grae pice of lege = Ns entennee = Qeaerba seas Crastecenas = cles ath bard serraked edges Siren as spurs 6 it = Gills under shell Ainls = fined exvsteletn = Three quire of lege = Tae puis of untenaue Outline the common features of microorganisms Bacteria j Protoctist Fungi (Prokaryotes) B = Cell wall made of = Coll wall chitin Variable = Ndi | Cee marto | ~ Govan um 7 - imal cell Se chromosomes (protozse) or plant | Sytoplasm, cell (nucteoie) and often | reece) S membrane etc) plasmids = Made of strands called hyphae , 0 hor Unicellular or Can be either (most | ~ Can be eit ‘multicellular | ~ Unicellular are unicellular) aaa nee navel Da nuclei Pathogenic? | - Sometimes ‘Sometimes = Sometimes Chlorella (have = Pnoumococeus chloroplasts, plant- (causes like) pneumonia) Plasmodium - Mushrooms Examples | _ | actobacillus (causes malaria) | - Mucor bulgaricus (used in | - Algae yoghurt making) Amoeba (more animat-like) = Use saprotrophic Extra notes nutrition (feed by external digestion}Give two different plant groups - Ferns = Angiosperms (flowering plants) Outline the features used to classify a plant as a fern = Leaves called fronds ~ Fronds carry sporangia = Sporangia release spores = Reproduction ocours through spores + Have underground rhizomes = Simple, true roots Outline the features used to classify a plant as an angiosperm - Produce flowers = Produce fruit + Reproduce sexually through pollen and stigma/ovaries = Can be monocotyledons or dicotyledons - Extensive root systems Describe the differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons = Monocotyledons = Petals are in multiples of 3 + Leaves have parallel veins = eg. wheat plants = Dicotyledons ~ Petals in multiples of 4 or 5 + Have reticulated leaf veins What is a virus made up of? - Protein coat ~ Genetic material = Either DNA or RNA Why isa virus non-living? - Does not excrete, respire, move etc. + Requires host cell to replicate