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Ch. 27 Subsection Summaries (19 subsections in the chapter)

The document outlines the expansion of the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, detailing events such as the annexation of Hawaii, the Spanish-American War, and the establishment of American influence in the Philippines and Cuba. It discusses the complexities of U.S. imperialism, including the reactions of the territories involved and the political climate in America during this period. Key figures like Theodore Roosevelt and events like the construction of the Panama Canal are highlighted as pivotal moments in shaping U.S. foreign policy.

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Ch. 27 Subsection Summaries (19 subsections in the chapter)

The document outlines the expansion of the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, detailing events such as the annexation of Hawaii, the Spanish-American War, and the establishment of American influence in the Philippines and Cuba. It discusses the complexities of U.S. imperialism, including the reactions of the territories involved and the political climate in America during this period. Key figures like Theodore Roosevelt and events like the construction of the Panama Canal are highlighted as pivotal moments in shaping U.S. foreign policy.

Uploaded by

14606
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch.

27 Subsection Summaries: Empire and Expansion

1.​ America Turns Outward


The US was growing in population and wealth, leading many to call for expansion to
overseas markets, books like Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis,
The Influence of Sea Power upon History, and the "Big Sister" policy spread their
thinking to many nations; the US was also more aggressive in foreign disputes,
resolving a dispute between Venezuela and Britain with war (the Great
Rapprochement).
2.​ Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Hawaii began to attract US attention with the first missionaries in 1820 and a naval-base
treaty at Pearl Harbor (1887), and as more US and Asian settlers went to Hawaii (who
wanted to overcome tariff through annexation), Queen Liliuokalani kept the rule of
Hawaii in the natives’ hands, leading to her overthrow and annexation of Hawaii
(delayed by Cleveland).
3.​ Cubans Rise in Revolt
The Cuban insurrectos revolted against Spanish rule in 1895, burning sugar canefields
and destroying Cuba in hopes of gaining independence; the Spanish put Cubans in
reconstruction camps and Congress (with the US investment in Cuba) recognized the
insurrectos, but Cleveland opposed war with Spain.
4.​ The Mystery of the Maine Explosion
People like William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer used "yellow journalism" to get
Americans to support a war in Cuba, so when the American ship Maine blew up, the
American people wanted war, and even though Spain agreed to US’ demands to stop
the reconstruction camps and an armistice with rebels, Congress declared war and
adopted the Teller Amendment.
5.​ Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Even though the Spanish military outnumbered the US army, the US naval strength was
greater, leading to Commodore George Dewey's victory at Manila on May 1, 1898 and
its capture. After German threats to attack Dewey in Manila, Hawaii was annexed (as a
supply base for Dewey).
6.​ The Confused Invasion of Cuba
After war broke out (during which more Americans were killed by diseases than bullets),
the Spanish sent a fleet of warships to Cuba (led by Admiral Cervera), but they were
blockaded and beaten in the Santiago harbor by the "Rough Riders," and the advancing
American army, leading to the takeover of Puerto Rico and an armistice with Spain.
7.​ America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
After discussing a treaty after the end of war, the US gained Guam and Puerto Rico, but
as for the Philippines, President McKinley paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines
(captured after end of war); treaty was controversial in US due to expansionist moves,
but the expansionists argued for the treaty and Senate eventually approved it.
8.​ Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
Ever since the claiming of Puerto Rico for Spain by Columbus, Puerto Ricans natives
and later, imported slaves, struggled against Spanish rule and called for independence,
but after the US gained them as a territory, many Puerto Ricans became citizens
looking for jobs.
9.​ Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Although, the Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico popular government and later on
they gained U.S. citizenship, the Constitution didn’t extend to the Philippines and Puerto
Rico (Insular Cases); meanwhile, the US withdraw from Cuba, but the US forced the
Cubans to write the Platt Amendment, which didn’t benefit the Cubans as much as help
the Americans.
10.​ New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
Thanks to the Spanish-American War (which only lasted 113 days), the US gained more
worldwide prestige and helped to bond the North and the South.
11.​ "Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
The Filipinos wanted independence, but as occupying US forces stopped that from
happening, Emilio Aguinaldo led an insurrection (which later ended with his capture);
later on, the Philippine Commission (1899, led by Taft) set up a Filipino government and
the US tried to assimilate the Filipinos, but the liberty-wanting natives hated it.
12.​ Hinging the Open Door in China
After China's defeat (by Japan), several European powers moved to take advantage of
China, but the US made the Open Door note to respect Chinese rights (Russia was the
only one to not accept it), and after the Boxer Rebellion (stopped by multinational
rescue force), the Open Door note would also respect Chinese territory.
13.​ Makers of America: The Filipinos
When the US took over the Philippines, they migrated to the Hawaiian Islands and the
USA to look for work, but with much discrimination and persecution against them, they
didn’t gain citizenship rights until much later.
14.​ Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
Americans faced a hard choice in the election of 1900: Republican Pres. McKinley, who
supported the gold standard and imperialism (Teddy Roosevelt was vice president), or
Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who advocated for the silver standard and
anti-imperialism; the Republicans and McKinley won the election.
15.​ TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
When President McKinley was assassinated (September 1901), Theodore Roosevelt
became president; Roosevelt believed in the president being assertive and able to do
almost anything, and he didn’t care about the 3 branches of government.
16.​ Building the Panama Canal
As the US wanted a canal in Central America, it signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with
Britain and Panama successfully revolted against Columbian rule, allowing
Bunau-Varilla to sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, giving the US control of the Panama
Canal and letting them build it for $400 million (completed in 1914); although
relationships with Latin America grew worse.
17.​ TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Due to Latin American countries’ debt to European countries, Roosevelt created the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to allow the US to get involved in Latin
America and pay off debts, preventing European involvement (although Latin American
countries hated it as the US had intervened multiple times in Latin America).
18.​ Roosevelt on the World Stage
Roosevelt helped to make a peace treaty with warring Japan and Russia (which started
due to Russian refusal to withdraw troops) in 1905, but both sides were unsatisfied (the
Japanese got no compensation and lost the southern half of Sakhalin) and in turn had a
worse relationship with the US.
19.​ Japanese Laborers in California
After lifting the emigration ban, Japan had tons of Japanese go to the US to work, only
to find hostility and segregation there, making Japan threaten war; this led to the
"Gentlemen's Agreement" (stop immigration in return for repealed segregation) and the
Root-Takahira agreement (respect territorial possessions).

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