1.

A certain grassland ecosystem consists of grasses that grow on the plains,

mice that eat the grains the grasses produce, weasels that eat both the
grass and the mice, and hawks that eat the weasels.

Which of these species will account for the smallest proportion of the
biomass of this ecosystem?

A. The bacteria in the soil

B. The hawks
C. C.The weasels
D. The grass
E. The mice

2.

Who of the following scientists would postulate that giraffes have long necks
because they wanted to eat the leaves of tall trees?

A. Lamarck
B. Leeuwenhoek
C. Darwin
D. Watson & Crick
E. Salk

3.

Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?

A. ATP
B. H2O
C. Pyruvate
D. NAD+
E. NADH

4.

Which of the following is not found on the central carbon of every amino
acid?
 A. All of these are found in every amino acid
B. A hydrogen
C. A methyl group
D. An amino group
E. A carboxyl group

5.

If the hydrogen bonds in a protein molecule were disturbed, which level of

structure would be most affected?

A. Tertiary
B. Primary and quaternary
C. Primary
D. Secondary
E. Quaternary

6.

What is the first step in photosynthesis?

A. Light causes oxygen to pair with hydrogen, forming water for the plant
B. Water is split by chlorophyll
C. Photons present in light strike and excite electrons in chlorophyll
D. Nutrients from the soil are turned into carbohydrates when combined
with water
E. Light reduces sugars present in the plant cells to energized derivatives

7.

The cell membrane has many functions. One of the most important is
facilitating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. Some molecules
can freely pass through the membrane, while others require a channel in
order to enter or leave.

Which of the following molecules will pass most freely through the cell
membrane?

A. Oxygen (O2)
 B. Glucose (C6H12O6)
C. Insulin
D. Water (H2O)
E. Sodium ions (Na+)

8.

Where would aspartic acid, an amino acid with a negatively charged side
chain, most likely be found in a transmembrane protein?

A. Outside or inside the cell

B. Within the membrane interior
C. Within the membrane interior, outside the cell, or inside the cell
D. Inside the cell
E. Outside the cell

9.

What is the purpose of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?

A. Receive substances entering the nucleus, and direct them to their

appropriate locations
B. Create mRNA and send it to the cytoplasm
C. Provide ATP for the nucleus
D. Modify pre-mRNA and send it to the cytoplasm
E. Create rRNA and the subunits of ribosomes

10.

Which cellular structure is least likely to bear a membrane protein that

moves hydrogen ions out of the organelle?

A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondria
C. Chloroplast
D. Golgi body
E. Nucleus

11.
The various species of Galapagos finches utilize their beaks to access food
resources in many ways. Those with longer beaks use their beaks to
penetrate cactus fruit and eat the inside, while those with short beaks tear
apart the base of the cactus and eat insect larvae and pupae.

Finches with medium beak size feed on seeds. These birds aren't specialized
to feed on insect larvae or cactus fruit like finches with short or long beaks.
What type of selection would be observed if deforestation removed all the
trees from the area where these birds obtained seeds?

A. Sexual selection
B. Multi-directional selection
C. Stabilizing selection
D. Directional selection
E. Disruptive selection

12.

12.

Which of the following is not an important characteristic of water in biology?

A. High density as a liquid, and low density as a solid

B. Low boiling point
C. High specific heat
D. Cohesion
E. Polarity

13.

Which of the following types of molecules has the most energy available per
unit of carbon?

A. Fats
B. Amino acids
C. Alcohols
D. Sugars
E. Proteins

14.
 Which of the following is not a part of the pathway of food through the
digestive tract?

A. Pharynx
B. Larynx
C. Mouth
D. Stomach
E. Esophagus

15.

Which compound is correctly matched to the type of cell that produces it?

A. Goblet cells secrete hydrochloric acid

B. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
C. Parietal cells secrete pepsinogen
D. Parietal cells secrete mucous
E. Chief cells secrete pepsin

16.

Which of the given circulatory system elements has the highest partial
pressure of oxygen?

A. Inferior vena cava

B. Pulmonary arteries
C. Right atrium
D. Superior vena cava
E. Left atrium

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls the concentration of urine by

manipulating the permeability of the collecting ducts.

17.

Alcohol consumption generally leads to greater urine volume. How does

alcohol affect urine concentration in the body?

A. Alcohol inhibits ADH, which results in the movement of ions from the
collecting duct into the renal medulla.
 B. Alcohol inhibits ADH, and prevents water from leaving the collecting
duct and entering the renal medulla.
C. Alcohol stimulates ADH, which causes an increase in renin secretion
D. Alcohol stimulates ADH and causes the urine to become very
concentrated.
E. Alcohol inhibits ADH, and causes water to diffuse into the renal medulla
from the collecting duct.

18.

During embryonic development, which stage begins after the formation of

128 cells and terminates with germ layer differentiation?

A. Cleavage stage
B. Zygote stage
C. Blastula stage
D. Somitogenesis stage
E. Gastrula stage

19.

Which body part would you not expect to develop from the ectoderm?

A. The cerebellum
B. The spinal cord
C. The eyes
D. The intestinal lining
E. The skin

20.

The relative refractory period is a period during the generation of an action

potential during which __________.

A. the cell will create an action potential by even the smallest stimulus
B. a normal stimulus can create another action potential
C. the cell is depolarized
D. the cell cannot create another action potential
E. only an abnormally large stimulus will create an action potential
21.

When stimulated, the vagus nerve slows down heart rate. We can assume
that the vagus nerve is classified under which branch of the nervous system?

A. Central nervous system

B. Neuroglia
C. Parasympathetic nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
E. Sympathetic nervous system

22.

Which of the following is not true of hormones?

A. Hormones are released directly into body fluids and tissues.

B. Hormones affect only one specific tissue at a time.
C. Hormones are relatively slow acting compared to neurotransmitters.
D. All of these are true of hormones.
E. Hormones affect a wider range of the body compared to
neurotransmitters.

23.

Which of the following is true about alleles?

A. Alleles are different forms of a given gene

B. Every organism of a given species has a different set of alleles from
every other individual of that species
C. Alleles are always dominant or recessive
D. All genes have two alleles
E. Alleles are only inherited from the mother

24.

Colorblindness is a recessive X-linked disorder. A genotypically normal man

and a colorblind woman have two sons and one daughter. What is the
probability that one son is colorblind and the other two children are
phenotypically normal?
 A. 75%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
E. 0%

25.

What type of cell creates free antibodies that then circulate in the
bloodstream?

Plasma cells

Monocytes

Memory B-cells

Cytotoxic T-cells

Helper T-cells

26.

In order to pump blood efficiently, cardiac muscle cells on both the left and
the right side of the heart must be stimulated simultaneously. Which of the
following cellular junctions is credited with allowing cardiac muscle cells to
pump simultaneously?

Tight junctions

Actin filaments
Desmosomes

Adherens junctions

Gap junctions

27.

Which of the following occurs in a sarcomere during muscle contraction?

The Z lines get closer to each other

The I band retains its length

All of these occur during muscle contraction

The thick filaments move closer to one another

The A band shortens

28.

Which of the following is not a function of connective tissue?

Communicating pain sensation to the brain

Transfer force between structures

Protecting the body's internal organs

Transporting molecules to muscle and other parts of the body

Providing framework for the body

29.

Which of the following is not composed of epithelial cells?

Alveoli

Lining of the chambers of the heart

Nephron tubules

Skin

Lining of intestinal tracts

30.

During what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the

equatorial plate?

Anaphase

Prophase
Telophase

Interphase

Metaphase

31.

Which of the following statements is true concerning meiosis?

Cells are diploid at the end of meiosis I

Recombination occurs only during metaphase I

Daughter cells are still genetically equivalent after meiosis I

During metaphase II, tetrads align at the equator of the cell

Daughter cells are haploid at the conclusion of both meiosis I and meiosis II

32.

A DNA template is composed of the following nucleotide sequence:

5'-TACGCATT-3'

What is the mRNA transcript for this template?

5'-AATGCGTA-3'
5'-TTACGCAT-3'

5'-UACGCAUU-3'

5'-AUGCGUAA-3'

5'-AAUGCGUA-3'

33.

Which of the following statements is false concerning post-transcriptional

modification?

A 5' cap is added in order to provide an attachment site for ribosomes during
translation

A poly A tail is attached to the 3' end of the transcript

Methylation is not part of post-transcriptional modification

Both the 5' cap and poly A tail protect the transcript from degradation

Spliceosomes remove exons from the transcript and splice together the
introns

34.

Which of the following is not involved in the process of translation?

hnRNA
rRNA

mRNA

tRNA

All of these are involved in the process of translation

35.

Which of the following proteins is responsible for the fusing of Okazaki

fragments?

Helicase

Primase

DNA ligase

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

36.

Frameshift mutations _________.

affect multiple codons

only affect the codon in which the mutation occurred

often extend the length of the resulting polypeptide

can lead to degeneracy, and have no effect on phenotype

None of the other choices are correct

37.

Leukocytes are classified as either granulocytes or agranulocytes. Which of

the following are granulocytes?

Eosinophils and basophils

T-cells and B-cells

Macrophages and lymphocytes

Basophils

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

38.

Which of the following nucleic acids codes for viral genomes?

Any of the other answer choices

Single-stranded DNA

Double-stranded DNA

Single-stranded RNA

Double-stranded RNA

39.

Which of the following would not be considered an organism?

An archaebacterium

A bacterium

A fungus

A plant

A prion

40.

In a population of fruit flies, the allele for red eyes is dominant to the allele
for white eyes. If 50% the population is heterozygous and 25% is
homozygous for white eyes, what is the frequency of the allele for red eyes?
0.50

0.25

0.33

0.75

0.0

41.

An ecologist observes a population of snakes on an island for one month

every year. After the eleventh month, he sees that the snake population has
been decimated, and decides to wait for the snakes to repopulate before
coming back for further observation. When he returns five years later, he
finds a very homogenous looking population of snakes. What is the name of
the effect he observed?

Genetic drift

The bottleneck effect

The disaster effect

Extinction

The founder effect

42.

The most prevalent negative charge on DNA can be found on which of the
following molecular components?

Hydroxyl residues

Phosphate backbone

Ribose sugar ring

Hydrogen bonds between base pairs

Phosphodiester linkage

43.

Which of the following DNA primers has the lowest melting point?

CATGCGTAGATC

GCGGATGTGTCC

AGGTGGACACCG

GCCACAGGTGGA

TGACAAACTTGT
44.

A section of double-stranded DNA is composed of 35% adenine bases. What

is the percentage of cytosine bases in the section of DNA?

30%

65%

15%

More information is needed in order to answer the question

20%

45.

What element would you NOT find in either DNA, or RNA?

Hydrogen

Potassium

Nitrogen

Carbon

Phosphorus

46.

A patient is taken to the hospital after suffering severe head trauma. He is

unconscious for two days before waking up. Upon standing, the patient finds
he has moderate trouble walking straight and has difficulty maintaining his
balance.
Based on these symptoms, what part of the patient's brain do you suspect
was damaged in the accident?

The medulla oblongata

The hypothalamus

The cerebrum

The amygdala

The cerebellum

47.

Which of these hormones stimulates secretion of cortisol?

Human growth hormone (hGH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Cortisone
48.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide hormone responsible for increasing

the concentration of calcium in the blood. This is accomplished by
stimulating the activity of osteoclasts and removing calcium from the bones.

If a person has low blood calcium levels, what would you expect the level of
PTH to be in the body?

Parathyroid hormone would be higher than normal in the blood.

Parathyroid levels will fluctuate until normal calcium levels are restored.

Normal levels of parathyroid hormone would be seen as it works to restore

normal calcium levels.

Normal levels of parathyroid hormone would be seen as a different hormone

works to restore normal calcium levels.

Parathyroid hormone would be lower than normal in the blood.

49.

What do somites, formed from mesoderm during somitogenesis, go on to

form?

The dermis

All of these structures

None of these structures

Skeletal muscle

Vertebrae

50.

Which of the following would not be expected during pregnancy?

Formation of the placenta

Blastocyst implantation

Maintenance of the corpus luteum

Secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Formation of the corpus albicans