CITING RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLES (American Psychological Association (APA), Modern

Language Association (MLA) OR CHICAGO MANUAL STYLE)

What is it

Acitation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information
from while writing your research paper. The way in which you document your sources depends on the writing style
manual your professor wants you to use for the class [e.g., (American Psychological Association (APA), Modem
Laguage Association (MLA), Chicago, Turabian, etc.). The act of citing sources is also your best defense against
allegations of plagiarism (Baraceros, 2016).

According to this author, the following are the purpose of citation.

1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field

2. Te give authority, validity and credibility to other people's claim, conclusions and

3. arguments

4. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic

5. To help readers find contact the sources of ideas easily

6. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work and

7. To save yourself from plagiarism

Ballenger in 2012 also added more important reasons why citation is important.

The following reasons are:

1. Citing other people's words and ideas indicates that you have conducted a thorough review of the literature on
your topic and therefore, you are reporting your research form an informed and critically engaged perspective.
This increases your credibility as the author of the work.

2. Other researcher's ideas can be used to reinforce your arguments. In many cases, ampther researchers'
argument can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize the significance of your study and to
provide supporting evidence about how you addressed the "So What?" question.

3. The ideas of other researchers can be used to explain reasons for alternative approaches. If
you disagree with researcher's ideas or you believe there is a gap in understanding the research
problem, your citationis can serve as sources from which to argue an alternative viewpoint or
the need to pursue a different course of actions.

4. Just as the ideas of other researchers can bolster your arguments, they can also detract from
your credibility if their research is challenged. Properly citing sources events your reputation
from being tarnished if the facts or ideas of those cited are proved to be inaccurate er off-base.
It prevents readers from concluding that you ed or dismissed the findings of others, even if they
are disputed.

5. are considered Intellectual property and there can be serious repercussions If you fail to cite
where you got an idea from. In the professional -world, failure to cite other people's intellectual
property ruins careers and reputations andican result in legal action. Citing sources during
college will help get you in the habit of acknowledging and properly citing the work of others.

NOTE: In any academic writing, you are required to identify for your reader which ideas, facts,
theories, concepts, etc., are yours and which are derived from the research and thoughts of
others. Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or use direct quotes, if it's not your original idea,
the source must be acknowledged. The only possible exception to this rule is information that is
considered to be a commonly known fact [e.g., President Duterte is the president of the
Philippines). Appreciate, however, that any "commonly known fact is culturally constructed and
shaped by social and aesthetical biases. If you are in doubt about whether a fact is common
knowledge or not, protect yourself from an allegation of plagiarism and provide a supporting
citation, or ask your teacher for clarification.

Styles in Related Literature Citations or References

In reviewing related literature, you come to read varieties of reading materials containing
knowledge related to your research. It is a fact that these ideas, including the language or
structures to express these ideas belong to other people. They are not yours. Copying the ideas
of other authors and citing them in your research is the good practice of being a researcher.
Doing this practice signals not just honesty and courtesy to learn people whose ideas lend
information to your paper, but also indicates your appreciation for their contribution to the
field (Harmmersely, 2013).

The following are the three terms used to express your appreciation for recognition of
people's ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp 2012) as cited by Baraceros (2016).

1. Acknowledgment-the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have
contributed something to produce the paper

2. References or Bibliography a complete list of all reading materials including books, journals,
periodical, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from.

3. Citation or In-Text-Cittation-references within the main body of the text, especially in Review
off Related Literature.

The third one, citation is the focus of this lesson. Citation is also called in-text citation. It has
many purposes and style which are as follows:
Patterns of Citation

Citing authors, websites and other research materials have its own styles or patterns. Read the
styles/ patterns of citation below and understand how they are distinct from each other. This is
needed in order for you to know what styles/patterns of citation are used by the researchers in
writing their research and in order for you to decide what styles /patterns you will adopt/use in
your review of related literature.

1.. Summary. The citation in this case is shortened version of the original text that is expressed
in your own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important
ideas or aspect of the text.

2.. Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the
form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, it is
possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words of the original
text (Baraceros, 2016).

Strategies in Paraphrasing:

a. Read the original text or abstract. Understand it as a whole, then, set aside.

b. Using your own memory, write down the main points on concepts.

c. In your own words, summarize the text/abstract that helps make your point (University of
Texas, 2016)

3. Short Direct quotation. Only a part of the author's sentence, the whole sentence, or several
sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this
citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that
you give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied words..

4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract. Named in many ways, this citation
pattern mane you copy the author's exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words. Under
APAA, the limit is eight (8) lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the
copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.

Group 13

Lesson 3: SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

of Research and Thesis Writing, the sources of related literature and studies
may include the following:

1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references.

2. Articles published inprofessional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers,

and other publications.

3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries.

4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.

5. The constitution, and laws and statures of the land.

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and

departments, especially from the office of the Presidents of the Philippines and
the Department of Education (DepEd).

7. Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities.

8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.

9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific,

technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities.

The said sources can be categorized as:

1. Primary Sources: artifacts, autobiographies, court records, diaries, Emails,

speeches, letters interviews, letters, official reports, drawings, maps,
photographs, speeches,

2. Secondary Sources: biographies, critical studies of an author's work,

dictionaries, journal articles, handbooks, magazines, newspapers, reports,
textbooks,

Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, inquiries, or investigations already
conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or
similarity. They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses and
dissertations (Calderon& Gonzales, 2015).
They may be classified as:

1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines and

2. Foreign/international, if they are conducted in foreign lands.

Locating the Sources of Related Literature and Studies

Generally, the sources of related literature and studies according to Calderon &
Gonzales (2015) can be accessed from the following:

1. Libraries, either government or schools (private or public)

2. Government and private offices

3. The National Library and

4. Oriline websites (Aparejo, 2018)

Since students like you are mostly technologically savvy and exposed to
computens And the internet websites, you can utilize online websites for your
related review of literature and studies. Feel the value of the internet, search
engines and websites in writing Chapter 2 of your research - Review of Related
Literature.

Here's how you are going to do it. Just follow these simple steps.

1. In your desktop, laptep, or high-tech cellphone, click apen the Google Chrome.
A window will pop up like the ome shown below

2. Type on this space, the title of your study or the key words of your research
title. For example, type here "Sample study on the Effect of Video Games on
Academic Performance of Senior High School Students". After encoding the title,
click eater. What will pop up from the window are the website links to choose
from. This will be how the window will look like.

.3. Be sure to click the websites that are scientifically and scholarly relisible. Blogs
and Wikipedia are net considered the best sources for research studies because in
most cases, they contain mere opinions only.
4. Choose the website that reflects author's name and year of publication (found
below the website). When you are going to write related literature and studies,
you need to cite the authors, year, and the link. This is what you have to open or
click.

5. Upon clicking, you will be brought to another window where you can personally
access the website and the research study itself. This is the time where you can
take note information from the study and cite the author/s. Here it is:

You can also browse through search engines such as Yahoo/search. In the box of
Yahoo.com, follow the same precedure stated in searching studies shown in steps
1 to 5. Type the title of your study or key, words and click enter.

You can also log on to Google Scholar. This is one of the most reliable sources of
research studies, journals, books, and other materials needed in writing related
literature and studies. Most of the researchers do their literature search in this
website because of its unique features. You can access to different abstracts and
full research in PDF itoo which means you can also down load the research or
abstract since there are icons which will notify us that it can be downloaded for
free. You can even choose the authors (local or International) and trim your
searches to the latest studies, journals and books. So, enjoy your research and
choose the latest sources: which are needed in your study.

Follow these simple steps in finding research abstracts or studies using google
scholar.

1. Log in to google chrome: Then in its search engine of google chrome, type
google scholar. Then, a window will pop up showing the website of google
scholar. Click the geogle scholar

2 What appears after clicking the google scholar is another window for google
saholar search engine. Here you can encode the title of your research or the
keyword.
3. Encode the title of your study or the key words of your study here. Example: if
you encode "Lived Experiences of Teenage Mothers" Then, here's the abstracts or
studies in relation to your title study. Just click the study or abstract you want.

Group 14

Lesson 4: ORGANIZING RELATED LITERATURE

1. Through Chronological Order (date/year)

In organizing your related literature using chronological method, you could write
your research paper review according to when they were published. If this
approach be used, it has to be ensured that clear development of the way,
location or place of where such research are to be noted following the flow of
years or specific dates.

This is considered the easiest way in organizing coherent literature reviews, and
studies. It features how the topic is changed according to yean or time and hew
such topic is thought of totiay (Cronin, Ryan& Coughlan, 2008).

According to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) related materials may also be cited
chronologically, that is, according to the year they were written. Materials which
were written earlier should be cited first before those which were written later.
This can be done especially when citation is by author or writer.

Chronology of Events. The circled years tell the chronological arrangement of

events.

The earliest recognized case of LD occurred in 1802 when Franz Joseph Gall a
German Franch anatomist and physiologist recognized an association between
brain injury in soldiers and subsequent expressive language disorders. In 1822,
Gall published a book entitled Sur les: Fonctions, in which he outlined his belief
that the brain was divided into twenty-seven separate "organs, each corresponds
 to a discrete human faculty. He believed one of those separate organs controlled
the memory of things; the memory of facts; educability, perfectibilky.

In the year 1867, a German teacher for the deaf named Heinrich Stotzner had
founded the school for slow leamers. This was done because he discovered that
there were children though without problem on mental retardation exhibit
difficulty to read and write because of poor motor coordination.

In 1877 Adolph Kassmaul-a German physician-coined the phrase word blindness

for loss of ability to read (Hagvi& Silver, 1990). The phrase, which is still used
today to describe a form of dyslexia, refers to a neurological disorder
characterized by loss of the ability to read or understand the written word, either
totally or partially. Partial word blindness permits the individual to recognize
letters, but read only certain types of words (Miller, 2002).

2. Through broad-to-specific topic

According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan (2008), you can also organize your related
review of literature and studies by starting it from a general issue of topic, then
lower it down to specific issues in the literature until it reaches and links to your
research title, question, research keywords, thesis statement and hypethesis.

An example of this is when you start the problem of teenage pregnancy

internationally of globally. Start by establishing the trend of such problem
globally, then at national level, to your province, city or locality and to your own
barangay (Aparejo, 2010).

3. Through majon models or major theories

Another approach in writing coherent and organized review of related literature:

and studies is by arranging it according to its significant models or major theories.
When various medels or theories emerge in your studies, it is better to arrange
them according to their importance in your research. Group the articles you read
and researched by models and theories to get coherent view of your review of
related literature and studies (Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan, 2008).
4. Through prominent authom

If a certain author, writer or researcher had developed a certain innevation,

model, theory, or education breakthrough and then other authors or researchers
continue studying and developing it, it is good to arrange such authors by their
popularity or fame. It is also better if authors be organized according to whose
famous authors they agreed upon. With this organization, coherence of author's
view on specific issues from one author to another is vividly followed (Cronin,
Ryan& Coughlan, 2006).

5. Through contrasting schools of thought

By this approach of organizing your related literature and study, you can group
together major arguments of contrasting differences that came up in your
research with researchers stressing, their agreement and disagreement in their
approaches and ideas.

6. Through thematic concept or by tapic

The thematic concept of tapic reviews refers to the related reviews that are
organized on specific topic or a concept, an issue or trend of the time. It is
different form chronological and by publication because it focuses on concept or
topic rather than time and year of publication.

For instance, a review of the impact of internet to Philippine pelitical system.

Although in this type of organization the chronological and thematic organization
can still be present in its development, the focus in the thematic approach is not
the year nor the theme but the role of the internet in political system of
government. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break
away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift
between time periods within each section according to the point made.
If different authors or writers, have the same opinien about the same topic, it is
discussed and cited under the names of the authors, or writers. This, is a summary
of their opinions or findings. This is done to avoid separate and long discussions of
the same topic.

Example:

There have been several researchers of web-based applications in different

disciplines such as in engineering (Lam, n.d.), clinical and medical services
(Chakravorty, 2006, Holzinger, 2007, Njiland, et. al., 2011, Sahoo, 2012,
Maymone, et. al. 2018, business and organizations (Zia, 2015), e-learning and in
Science (Malavolta, 2016, Xu & Ming, 2012, Yaldir, 2016, Eaglesa, et. al. 2017,
Abriata, 2018).

Source: Aparejo, Calipusan & Brandina (2018)) titled "improving Data

Management System of Senior High School Through: E-form Web Applicaiton"

In the example, it shows that there are several authors whe confirmed that web-
applications are used in clinical and medical services and in business and
organizations. Note that clinical and medical services is considered one theme
and business and organization is another theme.

7. Through Methodological approach

In the methodological approach, the focus is on the method the researcher used.
For example, the litensture raview focuses on the method used by the graduating
Senior High School students to raise funds for their entrepreneurship proposal or
method used to increase agricultural yields among agriculture students. It can
also be the method used by the STEM students in their researches on the
preservation of our nature using the innovation brought by:technology.

In an example cited by Practical Research 24 book published by Rex Bookstore,

methodological organization is evident in this scenario, ki states for instance the

Internet in American presidential politics projects. One methodological approach
would be to lock at cultural difference between the portrayal of American
presidents on American, British, and French websites or their view might focus on
the fundraising impact of the internet on a particular political party. A
methodological scope will influence either the types off documents in the review
or the way in which these documents are discussed.

Any methad used in research by researchers or by respondents that would

become a phenomenon of innovation, breakthrough, success or failure will
become the subject of disqussion,, focus and interest on researchers' world.

To help you understand what is method, let us try to ansaver this first.

1. Enumerate the methods used in communication or in sending ideas. Possible

answers are: language, letters, using technology, verbal and written or oral
communication.

2. Enumerate the method used in order to become professional or educated

Possible answers are: schooling, salf-study, online study, etc.

Example

It is concluded that using differentiated instructions is considered an effective way

of addressing the diverse classrooms. This confirmed the study of Robinson,
Maldonado& Whaley (2014) stating that if teachers are provided with the
knowledge and tools to differentiate in their classrooms it may increase test
scores and help low-achieving students find success and Mc Cullough (2012) while
expanding the leaming growth of gifted and talented students.

Source: Aparejo (2015) titled "Using Differentiated Instruction Designs Through

Multiple Intelligence Theory to Improve the Academic Performance of Students at
Risk with LD

This example uses methodological approach considering that the method used in
increasing academic performance is the differentiated instructions inspired by the
Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

If you can already decide what method or organization you will be using in your
review of related literature,, it will become easy for you to fill up the blank space
of your Chapter 2 since you have now the idea of what to do and where to go.
Using chronological organization and thematic deal on concepts or others, this
does not mean you are to limit your organization on what is being discussed here.
You can still add whatever type of organization you think you can use provided it
is necessary.

What's More

Directions: Look at this example from the study of Ghamrawi (2013) titled "The
Reladonship between the Leadership Styles of Lebanese Public-School Principals:
and Their Attitudes towards ICT versus the Level of ICT Use by Their Teachers".
Using other sections of related literature such as: Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) in Educational Leadership and ICT and Attitudes
and Level of Use of ICT in Scheols, what do yosuthink is the type of organizatiomin
writing the review of related literature used by the author?

GROUP 15

Lesson 5: Making Links Between Studies

What is it
Making links between studies is another skill in writing research or particularly in
writing review of related literature. This skill needs a thorough analysis from the
research articles, literature, abstracts and studies. After reading the literature
reviews, abstracts and studies comprehending and analyzing them are the next
steps in order to decide whether the findings of those materials have linked to
your studies.

Here are the Effective Transitions in Research Manuscripts Writing introduced by

Panter, M. (2020)

Introductory words or phrases

The transitional devices written below are frequently used to linked one istudy to
another, one finding to another, one theory to another. However, these are also
 transitional devices that would help to emphasize disagreement or in opposition
thereto.

I want to Informal Transition Formal transition

Adid And, besides, also In addition, additionally;

moreover, furthermore

Compare In comparison, similarly

Contrast But, yet In contrast, conversely

however, nevertheless on
the one hand/on the
other hand

Provide an alternative: Or Alternatively, on the one

hand/on the other hand

Provide an example For example, for instance

Specify Especially In particular, more

specifically

Emphasize In fact, indeed, in other

words

Conclude So In sum, in summary, in

conclusion, thus,
therefore, consequently,
taken together

Here are the examples of the transitional words used to link ene study to another
by Mahmood (2016).

Agreements

 Similarly, author B points to...

 Likewise, author C makes the case that...
 Author D also makes this point...
  Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D...

Disagreements
 However, author B points to...
 On the other hand, author C makes the case
 that...
 Conversely, Author Dargues...
 Nevertheless, what author E suggests argues the study of...

GROUP 16

Lesson 6: CONTENT OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

What is It

Writing review of related literature has its own structure. Researcher has to
follow the structure for its guided format. Like building a house, a carperiter or
the engineer hass to design a structure of a heuse before he has to build it.
Writing neview of related literature follows the same procedure too. The
researcher will make or follow the procedural structure in writing review such as
an introduction, body and conclusion.

1. Introduction

The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject.
It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies: any
controversies within the field or any recent research which has raised questions
about earlier assumptions.

The introduction can be seen as the beginning paragraph of Chapter 2, or the

beginning paragraph of the body of related literature. Example: If the topic under
consideration is SHS students under Pres. Duterte's declaration off Martial law,
the introduction can be like this: "This, review will not explore the accounts of SHS
students in Visayas and Luzon but only in Mindanao (Martial Law is only
implemented in Mindanao 2017-2019).
When you write an introduction, you have to bear in mind that it must have a
focus:and has to emphasize an the subject on topic on problem of the study.
Itiexplains what kind of study or research has been done and its purpose too. It
also describes on any controversies

encompassing the previous and recent studies incorporating the present

problems under Investigation. It also provides the background of the study or
research. Sometimes an Introduction will summarize or evaluate the kind of
research the researcher would like to undertake or may suggest how the findings
of research will lead to further researches.

Read the examples of the introduction of review of related literature and learn
how to write it on your own to avoid plagiarism.

Examples of introduction in Chapter 2 - Related Literature

Related Literature

Example 1. An introduction that expresses opposing views

There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of learning by
students. On one hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality
leaming. This is supported by studies from several parts of the globe such as
Ghamrawi (2011), Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006), Wongetal
(2006), Becta (2003), Yeiland (2001), Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000).

Source: Aparejo, Brandino & Calipusan (2020)

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This study is designed to explore the lived experiences of street children in

2. Gingoeg City who are enrolled in Open High School Program (CHSP). To give the
comprehensive view of this research, review of related literature and studies are
presented below (Lloren, 2016).

Source Lloren (2016)

Body of Review of Related Literature

The second content of the review of related literature is the boty. The body of
related review of literature is oftentimes divided into major headings and
subheadings. In mosticases to, the body of related iterature and studies will
summarize, evaluate and assess the field of knowledge under study in current
stage. It gives reports and findings on themes, issues, topics, trends fon
researchers to confirm or negate. Note that ifi review is about a preliminary ef a
research project, then the body will focus on the argument in order to justify the
issues, topics of problems under investigation.

Example of Body of Review of Related Literature in Chronological Order

Several researchers confirmed that more module authors have developed

different modules in their specified field. Thorton (1971) reported in detail about
a project where programmed instructions were used in a module on "Callular
Respiration". The modular format contained instructional objectives, necessary
pre-requisites and time required, diagnostic pre-test, key for the test, required
materials for the program, instructions for the use of the program and self-scored
post-test. Collagan (1972) as cited by KK John ( 2010) constructed certain modules
of a programmed course in Astronomy. Wilkerson (1973) developed and validated
modules utilizing five stages of which the first four may be identified as the stages
of planning and development. These stages were: (1) exploratory reading and
research into the area of the Instructional system and attitude; (i) completion of
rough draft and collection of revision data from researchers and reviewers; (ii)
revision of the modules and (iv) informal field test. Cohan (1973) developed, and
field tested a module to instruct student teacher with respect to critical thinking
and the teacher behavior which promote critical thinking. Girard & Pinan (2011)
research study advances the understanding of the usability of marketing case
study modules in the area of interactive web-based technologies through the
assignment of seven interactive case modules in a Principles of Marketing course
and in same year Teaching Modules for nanotechnology were developed,
implemented and evaluated in the research study of Shabani, et al. (2011)

Source: Camocamo, R. (2014) DEVELOPING LOGALIZED ECONOMICS MULTIMEDIA

MODULES

3. Conclusion
The conclusion will give the summary of all the evidences that are being
presented from introduction to the body of related literature and studies. Aside
from that, the conclusion will also give the precise key findings of other studies of
the review in general concepts.

The conclusion for review of related literature is different from the conclusion of
the entire research findings of your study. This conclusion here is specifically for
the review of related literature only. It consists of one paragraph only
summarizing the main points of all the research findings from abstracts, theories
and models used in the study or in your research.

Exarsple in Concluding the Review of Related Literature and Studies using

Summary

To sum up, the literature and studies mentioned above give the strong evidence
of what the researchers

Exareple in Concluding the: Review of Related Literature and Studies using

Evaluation

Different views on the lived experiences of teenage mothers have been

presented from different findings of various researches and different
perspective from prominent social theorists. Each view is supported by
experiences of emotidinal and psychological joumey into a knowledge of an
early motherhood.