TOPIC

S
CHEMICAL
ENERGETICS
Enthalpy &
Enthalpy Change

During chemical reactions , energy can't be created or destroyed ,

it can be converted between stores

There are two main types of energy

: Chemical & Heat
energy

Chemical Energy

Made up of 2 components :

Kinetic of
-

: Measures the motion the particles in S ubstance

energy a

Potential energy :
-

Measures how strongly these particles interact with one another e .

g . attract or repel thom each other

Heat Energy

Heat energy is the portion of the potential & Kinetic energy of a substance that's responsible for the temperature of the substance

·
Heat is directly proportional its absolute temperature temperature of substance
energy to ; He a

Enthalpy is a measure of the total

energy of a
system

Enthalpy Change ( -
H) ist h e
change of energy in a reaction

Can be measured by the change of temperature in a reaction between the & e

system H surroundings at a constant pressure

Excothermic =
Transfer of heat from the system to the surroundings H-ve
energy ,

Endothermic =
Transfer of heat energy from the Surroundings to the
system ,
Have

The Standard enthalpy change & 298K He

·

Conditions 1 0o k Pa
are ,

Enthalpy Level Diagram

In an exothermic reaction the final enthalpy is less than the initial enthalpy

In an endothermic reaction the final enthalpy is more than the initial enthalpy

M
EXOTHERMIC M
ENDOTHERMIC

· Ea Product
Ea N

Reactants

T
+ H

o
-

Reactant

& Product

& &
Time Time
Progress Progress

Ear
1) (is) + 02(g) <
(O2(g) H= -
394k5mo F
C + 02
M

o -

394H CO2

S
Progress of Reaction
 Standard Enthalpy Change OfCombustion

The standard enthalpy change of combustion ( cH") is the

enthalpy change measured at 100kPa and at a Specific temperature (usually 298k) , when one mole of a substance is

completely burnt in oxygen

A reaction can be written as either :

Hag + z02(g) H20 , chix] for Hydrogen

2Hulg + O2(g) "2H201 ,

cHoX2 for Hydrogen

Constant (4 .
185g"k)

Tr Imperia as a

To hind of
change of
·
the combustion of & heat heat know of
enthalpy a
Liquid , you must know the mass the liquid you can use energy produced to a whe water

1) A Spirit burner contains the Liquid under test is weighed

2) A known volume of water is added to a copper can

3) The temperature of the water is measured

4) The burner is lit

5) The mixture is constantly stirred with the themometer

6) When the temperature of the water has reached approximately 20 c above its initial temperature the fame is extinguished & the burner is immediately reweighed

7) Final temperature is measured

1) Volume of water heated : 100 c

Mass of ethanol burned = 0 .

429

Temperature Change (H)

=
+ 24 5 .
k

Q =
mc T

assurisdesitudes
sa : Mas o a

moles of CHsOn = =
0 . 00 all moles

+ 10 . 24 = - 1120k5 mol
9 13 X10 3
.
-
Errors And Assumptions Made :

Some
·

of heat energy produced in burning is

transferred to the air & not the water

Some ethand may not burn completely to form CO & water , incomplete combustion has occured

Some of the heat energy produced in burning is transferred to the copper can & not the water

The
·

conditions are not standard

As the experiment takes a

long time , not all of the heat
energy transferred from the water to the surroundings is compensated for

Standard Enthalpy Change Of Neutralisation

The
enthalpy change of (neut H) is standard conditions of neutralisation of
·

Standard Neutralisation the enthalpy change measured at ,

when one mole water is produced by the an acid with an alkali

·
A reaction can be written as either :

-
HC) (aql + NaOHiaal <NaCI(aq) + HzOC

-
EH , Son laq) + Naonaqs St Na ,
Son cal + H20(

To hind the
enthalpy change of neutralisation can :
·
you

1) Wear
safety glasses&n a lab Coat

2) Use a pipette litted with a safety litter , place 25cm of Imoldm' acid into an expanded polystyrene Cup

3) Measure the temperature of the acid

4) Using a pipettedfitted with safety filter , place 25cm of the alkali into a beaker

3) Measure the temperature of the alkali

6) Add the alkali to the acid , Stir with themometer& measure the maximum temperature reached

1) Mean initial temperature 18 6

+18 18 7 291 7 k
:
=
. . 8 =
.
c = .

Temperature Change (H) = 298 5- 291 7

.
.
= + 6 . 7k

Volume of
Solution 50cms Assume density 1gams
= 25 + 25 =
,
=
: mass =
Sog

Q =
So x 4 18x
. 6 7 .
= 1 4k]
.

HC + NaOH 9 Nall + 120 ,

1 : 1 mole ratio : / moldon' x 0 025
. am" = 0 . 025 Mo

-
1 . 4k5
= -

56kJma-
0 025 Mol
.
 Errors And Assumptions Made :

Answer 2 significant ligures T

only 1st
·

should only be in as is
given to

Uncertainties of measurements involved with pipettes & thermometer

Heat energy maybe transfered to the thermometer & the polystyrene cup

Standard Enthalpy Change Of Formation & Hess's Law

·
The standard enthalpy change of formation (fH") is the
enthalpy change measured at lookpa & a Specific temperature , usually 298k , when one mole of a Substance is formed how its elements

in

Heir Standard States

Occurs at Specific temperature 289k & at 100kpa

C + O2(g) <(O2(g) H = -
394kJmd

2) + 3H2 (g) + =0(g) >CHOHlI rH =

-278k5 mol

Hess's Law

Hess's law is an
application of the 1st law of thermodynamics (he law of conservation of energy

Mess's law States that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the path taken in
converting reactants into products , provided initial & linal conditions are the same in each case

change of formation ) #H )
%
used calculate the standard
to enthalpy experimentally
·

#Ho
Compound Elements Compound

Sum
Sum of 10
of of Ho of
elements Umpand

combustionProducts

40
1)
=

C + z0 , (g)
>
(Olgi 3) CuSO4 . SH20(s) + agCu2 191 + Soy "caal + SH20(1) ~
H = + 11 3 . kJmd

1 rHo malt
50(9)(4 am Cutlal
+
-

283) = -
394 CuSOy(s) + + Soy "laal :
-67k5
394 283
202(g)
+
- -

i .

~
Ho = -
394 + 283 = - 111 k5 mat

Co is
CuSon . SH20(s) + ag Hi sCuSOy(s) + am rHo + 11 3 .
= -

67

2) CaCOg(s) + 2Hzlaal >Callical + MyO( + (O2(g) rH" = -

17k5 mot - 67
& I
+ 11 . 3 rHo = -
67 11 . 3 = -
78 3 k5 mol
.
+

CaO(s) + 2H(l Cal >

CaCIzlaal + H20(1) r
40 = -195 k5 mol+ Cu2(aal + Son "caal SH20(1)

40
CaCOy (s) ~ CaOis) + CO2 1g)

+ 2HC)
(aa)
-
17 -
195 -Hi + ( 195)
- = -
17

I
Ca(ly(aq) + H20() +
(02(g) ↑
Ho = -
17 + 195 :
178k5mol
+
 Bond Enthalpy & Mean Bond Enthalpy

Bond enthalpy (gH ish e of

·

enthalpy change when one mole bond in state is broken

a a
gaseous

(g) (g) + Y(g) BH =... KJma

Mean bond enthalpy is the enthalpy change when one mole of a bord , averaged out over
many different molecules , is broken

It's likely due to be different to the actual bond enthalpy due to being a mean , Or when its 2 moves created

Using Mean Bond Enthalpies

1) Calculate Sum
the of the mean bond enthalpies of He bonds broken

2) Calculate Sum
the of the mean bond enthalpies of the bonds made

3)C alculate the enthalpy change of reaction using the equation :

H Eilbonds a di n
Eilbondsbukenl
= -

Cregative)

436 + 244 -
72x432) = -
184kJMo

-
: ~H = -184kJ mol

2)
n -
0 -
0 - H

463 + 146 + 463 -

(2x463 + 2x496) = - 102

: rH = - 102k5mol

Limitation due
·

could be caused to reactants & products not being gases causing a different value for the
enthalpy change

Can rearrange the expression to find out the unknown bond enthalpy

13 2)

7) + 413x4 + 436 -
(347 + 6x413) = -
147 713 + 2x436 -
(4xx) = -
ES

(2 + 2088 -
2825 =
-
147 1587 -
4x = -
75

x
-

737 = - 147
-

4x =
-
1662

x =
590 : E(( = 2) =
590KTmol + x
=
415 5 . : E(( H)-
= 415 5 KJmol "
.