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NAVAL SHIP DESIGN CONCEPT AND PHYLOSOPHY

Presentation · September 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15255.50085

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‫‪NAVAL SHIP DESIGN‬‬
‫‪CONCEPT‬‬
‫‪AND‬‬
‫‪PHYLOSOPHY‬‬
‫ناخدایکم مهندس حمید معیری‬
‫عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه دریائی امام خمینی(س) نوشهر‬
‫مدیر گروه سازه و رانش سازمان تحقیقات و جهاد خودکفائی‬
‫نیروی دریائی ارتش جمهوری اسالمی ایران‬
‫هدف عمده یک شناور تجاری ‪ ,‬سود آوری مالی میباشد‪.‬‬
‫اهداف وجودی یک شناور نظامی‬
‫‪SURVEILLANCE‬‬ ‫ديد بانى و مراقبت از منطقه‬
‫‪NATURAL DISASTER‬‬ ‫بالياى طبيعى‬
‫‪TERRORISM‬‬ ‫تروريسم دريائی‬
‫‪SHOW OF FORCE‬‬ ‫قدرت نمائی‬
‫‪STRIKES AND RAIDS‬‬ ‫ضربه زدن به دشمن و تاخت و تاز‬
‫‪INSURGENCY‬‬ ‫شورش و تمرد‬
‫‪REVOLUTION‬‬ ‫انقالب‬
‫‪CIVIL WAR‬‬ ‫جنگ داخلی‬
‫‪LIMITED WAR‬‬ ‫جنگ محدود وموضعى‬
‫‪THEATER WAR‬‬ ‫تهديدات جنگی‬
‫‪GENERAL WAR‬‬ ‫جنگ جهانی‬
 description of the naval ship’s role

Destroyer
Cruiser
Helicopter Carrier Replenishment Ship
Aircraft Carrier Oil Supply Ship
Frigate Landing Ship Dock
Corvette Survey Ship
Amphibious Assault Ship Stores Replenishment Ship
Amphibious Transport Dock Transport Dock
Landing Craft Ro-Ro Ship
Landing Ship Dock Troop Carrier
Mine-hunter Vehicle Carrier
Mine-layer Landing Craft
Mine-sweeper Air Cushioned Support
Patrol ship Vehicle.
Fast Attack Craft
Fast Strike Craft
Fast Patrol Craft
Offshore Patrol Vessel.
‫است‬ ‫ارجحیت با قابلیت رزم و حفظ آن‬
 DESIGN
APPROACH
The design spiral approach is a Point Based Design technique.
At the end of each cycle around the spiral, design convergence is tested.
If not converged, then another cycle at the same fidelity is repeated.
If converged, then the next stage of design is entered where the steps are
repeated at higher levels of fidelity.
1 · CSEA Combat System Engineering Agent
2 · OPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

· SUPSHIP SUPSHIP Major Programs:New Construction ,Nuclear

3 Submarines,Maintenance/Repair/Modernization
are: recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training,
mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the
· SECNAV
construction, outfitting, and repair of naval ships, equipment and
4 facilities
5 · VENDORS
to provide full life-cycle support of naval aviation aircraft,
weapons and systems operated by Sailors and Marines . This
support includes research, design, development and systems
· NAVAIR
engineering; acquisition; test and evaluation; training facilities and
equipment; repair and modification; and in-service engineering and
6 logistics support.
develops, delivers and sustains communications and information
· SPAWAR capabilities for warfighters, keeping them connected anytime,
7 anywhere

· NAVSEA primary objective is to engineer, build and support the U.S. Navy's
8 fleet of ships and combat systems
9 · CONGRESS
a command of the United States Navy. Its primary mission is to deliver
· NAVSUP sustained global logistics and Quality-of-Life Support to the Navy
10 and Joint warfighter.
Programmed Approval, Review and Modification (Project
· PARMS
11 Management)
12 · FLEET
13 · TRAINING CENTERS
14 · FIELD ACTIVITY size and budget were classified

· NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command ,engineering command,

15 committed to the Marine Corps combat readiness.
16 · SHIPBUILDERS
17 · INSURV Board of Inspection and Survey
Office of the Secretary of Defense,is the principal staff element of the
Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning,
· OSD
resource management, fiscal, and program evaluation
18 responsibilities
Essential Navy warship acquisition
–Ordnance
–Surveillance
–HM&E
–Auxiliaries
–Arrangements
–Weights
–Cost
–Stability
–Damage Control
–Hydrodynamics
–Communications
–Aircraft interfaces
–Systems engineering and integration
… and many more
Synthesis Model Based Design Optimization techniques are used extensively in the early stages
of design to gain insight on the cost – performance trade-offs between requirements and the
feasible material solutions.
These methods include response surface methodologies, Design of Experiments, genetic algorithms,
and other multi-objective optimization techniques. These methods are generally characterized by the
use of many point designs, typically generated by a computer based synthesis program. Because
of the need to generate large number of ship concepts, the fidelity of the designs is generally only at
the concept level. As the design matures and the required design fidelity increases, the ability to create
large number of synthesized ship designs becomes too difficult to employ this method. The use of high
performance computing environments with high fidelity synthesis programs and physics based analysis
may extend the use of these optimization methods into Pre-Preliminary Design.
 Set-Based Design
design flexibility through three basic tenets:
1. Understand the design space
• – Define feasible regions
• – Explore trade-offs by designing multiple alternatives
• – Communicate sets of possibilities
2. Integrate by intersection
• – Look for intersection of feasible sets
• – Impose minimum (maximum) constraint
• – Seek conceptual robustness
3. Establish feasibility before commitment
• – Narrow sets gradually while increasing detail
• – Stay within set once committed
• – Control by managing uncertainty at process gates”
 In a Set-Based Design process, engineers of different systems (i.e.,
electrical systems, combat systems, hull design, etc.) communicate ranges
of solutions with associated derived requirements on other systems
and levels of performance

A marine engineering example of SBD would be:

the interaction of hull shape, propeller selection, and propulsion motor
selection.
For a range of required displacements and deck area,
• the hull designer would provide the range of speed – Effective Horsepower
(EHP) curves and propeller size limitations.
• For this range, the propeller designer would provide the marine engineer
with achievable propeller efficiencies, associated shaft speed – shaft
power – ship speed curves along with maximum shaft speeds to preclude
cavitation.
• The propulsion engineer would look at the range of powers and shaft
speed required, and identify a motor architecture that could cover that
region.
• The cost engineer would identify the cost and cost uncertainty that would
apply to the different design spaces.
 NAVAL SHIP CATEGORIES

• Aircraft carrier – ships that serve as mobile seaborne airfields, designed primarily for the purpose of
conducting combat operations by aircraft which engage in attacks against airborne, surface, sub-
surface and shore targets.
• Surface combatant – large, heavily armed surface ships which are designed primarily to engage
enemy forces on the high seas, including various types of battleship, battlecruiser, cruiser,
destroyer, and frigate.
• Submarine – self-propelled submersible types regardless of whether they are employed as
combatant, auxiliary, or research and development vehicles which have at least a residual combat
capability.
• Patrol combatant – combatants whose mission may extend beyond coastal duties and whose
characteristics include adequate endurance and sea keeping providing a capability for
operations exceeding 48 hours on the high seas without support.
• Amphibious warfare – ships having organic capability for amphibious assault and which have
characteristics enabling long duration operations on the high seas.
• Combat logistics – ships that have the capability to provide underway replenishment to fleet units.
• Mine warfare – ships whose primary function is mine warfare on the high seas.
• Coastal defense – ships whose primary function is coastal patrol and interdiction.
• Mobile logistics – ships that have the capability to provide direct material support to other
deployed units operating far from home base.
• Support – ships, such as oilers, designed to operate in the open ocean in a variety of sea states to
provide general support to either combatant forces or shore based establishments. (Includes smaller
auxiliaries which, by the nature of their duties, leave inshore waters).
• Service type craft – navy-subordinated craft (including non-self-propelled) designed to provide
general support to either combatant forces or shore-based establishments.
Complexity deals with functions and the way they interact and
interfere with each other to prevent achieving the
overall objectives. With this definition, complexity is a function of process, not
product. It can also exist in
multiple dimensions such as:

· Design Complexity
· Acquisition Complexity
· Production Complexity
· Testing Complexity
· Operations Complexity
· Maintenance Complexity
· Modernization Complexity
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT STUDY
‫برای ورود به طراحی در یک سیستم پیچیده ‪ ,‬نیاز است تا‬
‫گامهای اولیه مشخص گردند‪.‬‬
‫برای این منظور بایستی مراحل زیر انجام پذیرد‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬مشخص نمودن تمامی سیستمها و زیر سیستم ها‬
‫‪ .2‬مشخص نمودن تمامی ورودی و خروجی ها برای بند ‪1‬‬
‫‪ .3‬مشخص نمودن تمامی ارتباطات مربوط به بند ‪1‬‬
‫‪ .4‬تهیه ماتریس وابستگی برای کل سیستم و زیر سیستمها‬
 ‫ماتریس وابستگی‬

Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and Multi Domain Matrix

compactly represent the relationships between design activities
 ‫تعیین ساختار سیستمها و زیر سیستمها‬

Specifications shall normally be structured in

accordance with ESWBS as follows:
· 000 General Guidance and Administration
· 100 Hull Structure
· 200 Propulsion Plant
· 300 Electrical Plant
· 400 Command and Surveillance
· 500 Auxiliary Systems
· 600 Outfit and Furnishings
· 700 Armament
Assessment process for engineering systems
 The following aspects are to be considered for
machinery and engineering systems where military
requirements are defined:

Acoustic tiling and other noise reduction • Manoeuvring capabilities.

techniques. • CBRN capability.
• Action damage repairs. • Noise and vibration for machinery derived noise and
• Alternative/back-up supplies. vibration signatures.
• Chocking and securing of machinery. • Operation of equipment at high ambient temperatures
• Design and installation of machinery to associated with closedown situations.
withstand shock. • Operation of machinery under excessive list and trim
• Electromagnetic compatibility. conditions.
• Electromagnetic hazards to personnel. • Operation of machinery under partial flooding or
• Electromagnetic hazards to fuel storage. damage
• Electromagnetic hazards to ammunition storage. conditions.
• Equipment in magazine spaces. • Radar cross-section.
• IR emission. • Reversionary modes of operation.
• Laser hazards. • Ruggedness of installation and equipment.
• Magnetic restrictions. • Shut-down and isolation of HVAC systems.
• Smoke clearance requirements.
Noise and vibration for machinery derived noise and
vibration signatures.
‫نمونه ای از پیوستگی فعالیتهای طراحی در یک شناور پشتیبانی نظامی‬
 Naval and Industry Design Criteria
•Shock/Vibration
•Survivability/Vulnerability
•Reliability/Maintainability/Availability
•Research and Technology Protection
•Design for Export
•Human Systems Integration (HSI)
•Structure
•Maneuvering & Handling
•Mass Properties Policy
•Margin Policy
•Information Assurance (IA)
•Interoperability
•Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
•Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO)
•Statutory & Regulatory Requirements
•Environmental Safety Occupational Health (ESOH) Requirements
•Force Protection Requirements
•National Security Systems (NSS) Supportability – Bandwidth/Quality of Service Requirements
•Open System Architecture Design
•Naval Enterprise Architecture Standards
•Wartime Reserve Mode (WARM) Requirements
•International Sales Requirements and Constraints
•System Safety
 LINES

PERFORMANCE
GOALS:
• RESISTANCE
• SEAKEEPING
• MANUVER
• WAKE
• BUILT
• STRENGTH
• SPACE AND AREA
LINES
 LINES

INTACT
HYDROSTATIC MODELING
DAMAGE

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING

PROPULSION MODELING
MANUVERING MODELING

SEAKEEPING MODELING

DRYDOCKING MODELING

MOORING,TOWING AND BERTHING HULL OPTIMIZATION

MODELING and
HULL EXTERIOR LOADING
MODEL TEST
MODELING AND CALCULATION
ABOVE SURFACE
EXPLOSION MODELING
UNDERWATER
RCS
IR SIGNATURE MODELING
NOISE

TABLE OFFSET
BODYLINE
LINES OPTIMIZATION
SHEER LINE

SKEG
CFD simulation of ships in extreme waves;
frigate
MAIN MACHINERY
MAIN MACHINERY
MAIN MACHINERY
MAIN MACHINERY
materials
materials
Asbestos and Navy
materials
LOADS
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
UNDEX
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
Wind Loading
Ice Loading
Structure pressure
Structure-borne noise computation
for Blohm&Voss cruiseship
Structure-borne noise computation
for mine hunter
HYDRODYNAMIC(CFD)
HYDRODYNAMIC(CFD)
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
(MACH ROOM)
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
(MAIN MACH. ROOM)
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT(AUX.
ROOM)
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT(TANKS)
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT(TANKS)
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT(TANKS)
 GENERAL
ARRANGEMENT(EXTERNAL)
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING-
POWER DIST.

ELAECTRICAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS

• Device Coordination
• Load Flow Analysis
• HarmonicAnalysis
• cable pull ing
• Battery S izi ng and D ischarge
• Motor Acceleration
• rel iabi l ity assessment
• Short-Circuit ANSI & IEC
• Tr a n s i e n t S t a b i l i t y
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
-COMMUNICATION
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
-ALIGNMENT AND TOLERANCES
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
-TARGET DATA WEAPON SYS.
SIGNATURE- IR
SIGNATURE- RCS
SIGNATURE- MAG
SIGNATURE- WAKE
SIGNATURE : NOISE
 STACK HOLDERS

1 · CSEA Combat System Engineering Agent

2 · OPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
SUPSHIP Major Programs:New Construction ,Nuclear
3
· SUPSHIP Submarines,Maintenance/Repair/Modernization
are: recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and
· SECNAV demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair
4 of naval ships, equipment and facilities
5 · VENDORS
to provide full life-cycle support of naval aviation aircraft, weapons and systems
operated by Sailors and Marines. This support includes research, design,
· NAVAIR development and systems engineering; acquisition; test and evaluation; training
facilities and equipment; repair and modification; and in-service engineering and
6 logistics support.
develops, delivers and sustains communications and information capabilities for
7
· SPAWAR warfighters, keeping them connected anytime, anywhere
primary objective is to engineer, build and support the U.S. Navy's fleet of ships
8
· NAVSEA
and combat systems
9 · CONGRESS
a command of the United States Navy. Its primary mission is to deliver sustained
· NAVSUP
global logistics and Quality-of-Life Support to the Navy and Joint warfighter.
10
11 · PARMS Programmed Approval, Review and Modification (Project Management)
12 · FLEET
13 · TRAINING CENTERS
14 · FIELD ACTIVITY size and budget were classified
Naval Facilities Engineering Command ,engineering command, committed to the
15
· NAVFAC Marine Corps combat readiness.
16 · SHIPBUILDERS
17 · INSURV Board of Inspection and Survey
Office of the Secretary of Defense,is the principal staff element of the Secretary of
· OSD Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management,
18 fiscal, and program evaluation responsibilities
 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
(FMEA)

An FMEA is to be carried out for the

• propulsion systems
• Electrical power
• Supply systems
• Steering systems
to demonstrate that a single failure in active equipment or loss of an associated subsystem,will
not cause loss of all propulsion and/or steering capability as required by a class notation.
Typical sub-systems include associated control and monitoring arrangements, data
communications, power supplies (electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic), fuel, lubricating,
cooling,etc.
INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS
REF.
REF.
 REF.
· Def Stan 02-128: "Furniture and Associated Equipment
Requirements for Ships " Issue 2 dated: 2008-04-11
· Def Stan 02-141: "Requirements and Organizations for
1. MOD Standards the Management of Access to and Within Compartments
· Def Stan 02-41: "Requirements for Configuration Management of Surface Warships " (Surface ships) " Issue 1 dated: 2000-04-01
o Issue 2 dated: 2000-11-10 Amendment 1 dated: 2004-09-01 · Def Stan 02-148: "Requirements for Life Saving
· Def Stan 02-101: "Requirements for Design and Fitting Out of Workshops, Appliances on Military and Non-Military Surface Vessels "
Maintenance Spaces and Engineering Stores for Surface Ships " Issue 2 dated: 2005-12-05 Issue 2 dated: 2005-12-19
· Def Stan 02-101: "Requirements for Design and Fitting Out of Workshops, · Def Stan 02-150: "Guide for the Design of Auxiliary
Maintenance Spaces and Engineering Stores for Surface Ships " Issue 2 dated: 2005-12-05 Machinery Seatings " Issue 1 dated: 2000-04-01
· Def Stan 02-102: "Requirements for Air Conditioning & Ventilation" Issue 3 dated: · Def Stan 02-179: "Requirements for Lockers (Magazine,
2005-08-22 Amendment 1 dated: 2007-03-26 RU Magazine and Detonator) used for Storage of Explosive
· Def Stan 02-102: "Requirements for Air-Conditioning and Ventilation " Stores in Surface Ships and Submarines" Issue 1 dated: 2002-
· Def Stan 02-105: "Requirements for Fitting Out of Offices in Surface Ships and 04-10
Submarines" · Def Stan 02-303: "Lubricating Oil Systems for Propulsion
· Def Stan 02-111: "Requirements for the Construction, Fitting Out and Testing of and Generation in Surface Ships & Submarines " Issue 2
Refrigeration Spaces in Surface Ships and Submarines " Issue 2 dated: 2001-02-02 dated: 2010-02-12
· Def Stan 02-117: "Requirements for Anchoring, Berthing, Towing, Securing to a Buoy " · Def Stan 02-304: "Shafting Systems & Propulsors " Part
Issue 2 dated: 2002-05-01 No: 1: Design Requirements for Main Propulsion Shafting
· Def Stan 02-121: "Requirements for Galley & Associated Spaces " Issue 2 dated: 2006- Issue 2 dated: 2002-08-19
01-06 · Def Stan 02-304: "Shafting Systems & Propulsors " Part
· Def Stan 02-121: "Requirements for Galley & Associated Spaces " Issue 2 dated: 2006- No: 2: Design Requirements for Main Propulsion Shafting
01-06 Auxiliaries Issue 2 dated: 2002-08-19
· Def Stan 02-305: "Requirements for Gearing - Main
Propulsion " Issue 3 dated: 2010-02-12
· Def Stan 02-313: "Diesel Engines for Marine Propulsion &
Auxillary Machinery " Issue 1 dated: 2000-04-01
· Def Stan 02-314: "Compressed Air Systems " Issue 3
dated: 2005-10-07
· Def Stan 02-315: "Air Compressors " Issue 3 dated: 2005-
10-24
· Def Stan 02-316: "Requirements for Compressed Air
Purification Equipment " Issue 2 dated: 2003-03-05
· Def Stan 02-320: "Requirements for the Design and
Installation of Fuel Systems for Gas Turbine Engines and
Diesel Engines in Surface Ships and Submarines" Issue 3
dated: 2009-12-18
· Def Stan 02-322: "Oil and Bilge Water Shipboard
Processing Arrangements " Issue 3 dated: 2010-01-22
 REF.

· Def Stan 02-324: "Requirements for Hydraulic Systems " Issue 1 dated: 2000-04-01

· Def Stan 02-327: "Requirements and Guidance for the Procurement of Pumps for Auxiliary Systems " Issue 3 dated: 2006-11-10

· Def Stan 02-329: "Requirements for Heat Exchangers for Surface Ships and Submarines " Issue 3 dated: 2010-04-09

· Def Stan 02-339: "Requirements for Steering and Stabilizer Systems for Surface Ships and Royal Fleet Auxiliaries " Issue 3 dated: 2006-08-18

· Def Stan 02-357: "Requirements for Gaseous Fire Fighting Systems for Machinery Compartments in Surface Ships "

· Def Stan 02-510: "Requirements for Cable Glands in Bulkheads and Decks of Surface Ships " Issue 1 dated: 2006-11-14

· Def Stan 02-512: "Guide to Cables, Electrical & Associated Items " Issue 2 dated: 2002-09-16

· Def Stan 02-514: "Guide to Cable Entry, Termination and Junction Components for Equipment " Issue 2 dated: 2008-02-15

· Def Stan 02-520: "Guide to Design Procedures for Versatile Console System " Issue 2 dated: 2003-07-04

· Def Stan 02-521: "Guide to Versatile Console System Units " Issue 2 dated: 2004-04-13

· Def Stan 02-530: "Requirements for Main and Distribution Switchgear " Issue 2 dated: 2004-02-17

· Def Stan 02-535: "Requirements for Transformers for Power Services " Issue 2 dated: 2003-05-15

· Def Stan 02-536: "Requirements for Static Conversion Equipment for Power Services " Issue 2 dated: 2003-05-15

· Def Stan 02-587: "Requirements for Lighting Systems " Issue 3 dated: 2008-12-19

· Def Stan 02-603: "Requirements for the Policy, Design and Installation of Fire Detection Systems in Ships " Issue 2 dated: 2001-06-01

· Def Stan 02-632: "Requirements for AC and DC Motors " Issue 2 dated: 2004-08-05

· Def Stan 02-704: "Requirements for Cathodic Protection " Issue 1 dated: 2009-08-07
 REF.

· Def Stan 02-718: "Requirements for Sewage Plant and Ancillary Equipment in Surface Ships and Submarines" Issue 1 dated:
2002-08-19

· Def Stan 02-719: "Sea Water Systems for Surface Ships " Issue 1 dated: 2000-04-01Def Stan 02-728: "Requirements for
Domestic Hot and Cold Fresh Water Systems " Issue 3 dated: 2010-09-03

2. LR Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Naval Ships, January 2012

3. ESWBS (Expanded Ship Work Breakdown Structure):

a. www.navy.mi.th/logis/ils/data_files/ESWBS.xls,

b. www.navsea.navy.mil/NAVINST/04790-001B.pdf
 VIRTUAL TOOLS

DECISION: HULL LINES: DATABASE:(TRIBON,

EXPERT CHOICE ANSYS SHIPCONSTRACTOR,…)
FLOW 3D STRUCTURE:
XFLOW MAESTRO,
ARRANGEMENT: MSC.Patran
AUTOCAD MAXSURF ELECTRICAL:
NAPA ABAQUSE
SOLIDWORKS ANSYS ETAP
CATIA PARAMARINE
RHINO, LSDYNA ….
+ CADMATIC…
OPTIMIZATION TOOLS DEFCAR,
NAPA, +OPT. TOOLS
LIKE AS
FREE SHIP AS SIGNATURE:
GENETIC ALGORITM MATLAB… BAZTAB,
ShipIR/NTCS,
ANSYS,
MANAGE..: CADRCS,
HYDRODYNAMIC: MSP, OPERA FEM,
FLO3D,COMSOL,FLUENT,ANSYS, PRIMAVERA,
… WBS
 FOR NEXT PRESENTATION?

1. NAVAL SHIP DESIGN MANAGEMENT

2. NAVAL SHIP CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3. NAVAL SHIP HULL DESIGN TOPICT
4. NAVAL SHIP STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5. NAVAL SHIP HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
6. NAVAL SHIP WARFARE ANALYSIS
7. NAVAL SHIP SYSTEMS
8. NAVY AND MATERIALS
 ANY QUESTIONS??!!

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