Calculus BC Review Sheet

LIMITS CONTINUITY
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 exists if and only if lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 A function is continuous at “a” if
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
L’HOPITAL’S RULE
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
or
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ±∞ and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ±∞
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
then lim = lim = 𝐿. Jump
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔′(𝑥) Infinte or Asymptote
Point or Removable
DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE NOT DIFFERENTIABLE

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Corner Cusp

**If a function has a derivative in its domain, then the function is DIFFERENTIABLE in
its given domain Discontinuity Vertical Tangent

DERIVATIVE RULES TRIG DERIVATIVES

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
CONSTANT:
𝑑
[𝑐] = 0 [sin 𝑢] = cos 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
CONSTANT MULTIPLIER: [cos 𝑢] = − sin 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
POWER RULE: [𝑥 𝑛 ] = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 [tan 𝑢] = sec 2 𝑢 ∙
PRODUCT RULE 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) [cot 𝑢] = − csc 2 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[sec 𝑢] = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 ∙
QUOTIENT RULE 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[csc 𝑢] = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 ∙
[ ]= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2 INVERSE TRIG DERIVATIVES
′
𝑑 𝑢
Lo(dHi) – Hi(dLo) [sin−1 𝑢] =
" " 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2
Lo2 𝑑 𝑢′
CHAIN RULE [tan−1 𝑢] =
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2
[𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))] = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥) LOG, EXPONENTIAL DERIVATIVES
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑 [𝑒 ] = 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥)
[𝑓(9 − 3𝑥)] = 𝑓′(9 − 3𝑥) ∙ (−3) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
[ln 𝑔(𝑥)] = ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
DERIVATIVE OF INVERSES
𝑑 −1 1
[𝑓 (𝑥)] = ′ −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 [𝑓 (𝑥)]
THEOREMS
MEAN VALUE THM ROLLE’S THM INTERMEDIATE VALUE THM EXTREME VALUE THM
If f is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable If f is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], If f is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and there is a If f is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏],
on (𝑎, 𝑏), then there exists a c on the differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏), and 𝑓(𝑎) = value of k between 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏), then then f has an absolute
interval (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓(𝑏), then there exists a c on the there exists at least on value of c on (𝑎, 𝑏) maximum and an absolute
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) interval (𝑎, 𝑏) such that such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑘. minimum value at 𝑥 = 𝑎,
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑏−𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏, or when
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = =0
𝑏−𝑎 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is
undefined.

GRAPH ANALYSIS
If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) … Then 𝑓(𝑥) … If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) … Then 𝑓(𝑥) …
… is 0 or undefined at 𝑥 = 𝑎 has critical points and has a … is 0 or undefined at 𝑥 = 𝑎 …has a potential point of inflection
potential relative extrema at 𝑥 = 𝑎 … is positive … is concave up
… is positive … is increasing … in negative … is concave down
… is negative … is decreasing … changes from signs … (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) is a point of inflection
… changes from positive to negative … 𝑓(𝑎) is a relative maximum
2nd DERIVATIVE TEST
… changes from negative to positive … 𝑓(𝑎) is a relative minimum
Let f be a function such that the second derivative of f exists on an open
interval containing c.
1) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) is a relative minimum.
2) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) is a relative maximum
SPEED Displacement: Total Distance:
Speed = |𝑣(𝑡)| The change in distance from where the object The sum of all distances moved in any direction.
SPEED Increasing begins and where it ends.
Velocity and Acceleration have the same sign On the interval [a, b], where 𝑝(𝑡) is the position 𝑏

SPEED Decreasing function… ∫|𝑣(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡

Velocity and Acceleration have opposite sign I. 𝑝(𝑏) − 𝑝(𝑎) 𝑎
𝑏
II. ∫𝑎 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS AVERAGE VALUE OF f(x)

Part 1 𝑏
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅ =
𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [a, b] and 𝐹(𝑥) is the anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
𝑏

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE OF f(x)

𝑎
Part 2 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑏−𝑎
If 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, then
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)
ESTIMATING INTEGRALS: RIEMANN SUMS EXACT AREA BETWEEN CURVES (**area is always positive)
𝑏−𝑎 If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥), then
∆𝑥 = **note heights are negative if 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 ∗∗
𝑛 𝑏
𝑏
Area =∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (top – bottom OR right – left)
LRAM: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ ∆𝑥(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒) VOLUME
1 𝑠 2 √3
𝐴(𝑥), 𝐴(𝑦) = area of the cross sections ( 𝑏ℎ, , 𝑠 2 , 𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ))
2 4
𝑏
RRAM: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ ∆𝑥(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒) Revolutions – cross sections are DISKS OR WASHER
𝑏 𝑑
𝑏
MRAM: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ ∆𝑥(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒) 𝑉 = ∫ 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝐴(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

Trapezoidal Rule:
ARC LENGTH (BC Topic)
𝑏
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ ∆𝑥[1𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 2(𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠) + 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡] 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑎 2 𝐿 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑦
* If x-values are NOT evenly divided the formulas for Riemann Sums and Trapezoidal
Rule do NOT apply! Use the intervals given on the table provided for ∆𝒙.
**LRAM and RRAM -over/under estimation- based on function increasing/decreasing,
𝒇′(𝒙) < 𝟎, > 𝟎
INTEGRAL RULES TANGENT/NORMAL
BASICS U-SUBSTITUTION Tangent Line at 𝑥 = 𝑎:
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑏 𝑔(𝑏)
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶 ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑔(𝑎) Normal Line at 𝑥 = 𝑎:
1
1 *if 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 𝑓′(𝑎)
ℎ(𝑚𝑥+𝑏)
1. ∫ ℎ′ (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 EULER APPROXIMATION (BC Topic)
𝑚
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 2. ∫
1
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛|𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟|
+𝐶
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) (𝑥1 , 𝑦(𝑥1 ))
𝑑
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟) (𝑥1 , 𝑦(𝑥1 )) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦(𝑥2 ))…
𝑎𝑥 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶 3. ∫
𝑎2 +𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎 **over/under estimation- based on concavity, 𝒇"(𝒙) < 𝟎, > 𝟎
1 −1 𝑢 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
4. ∫ √𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = sin ( )+𝐶
−𝑢2 𝑎 rate proportional to the number present
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
**make sure to actually identity “U” 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑘𝑝 𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
and “du” and compensate. 𝑑𝑡
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
LOGISTIC GROWTH (BC Topic)

∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑝 𝑘𝑝2 𝑀

INTEGRATION BY PARTS (BC Topic) = 𝑘𝑝 − 𝑝=
𝑑𝑡 𝑀 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
(LIATE)
∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 Indefinite: lim 𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑀, max 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡→∞
𝑀
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 Growing at the fastest rate (point of inflection) at 𝑝 =
2
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
Definite: Integration by parts: (or use tabular method)
𝑏
∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = (𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 ) | 𝑎𝑏.
𝑎
𝑏
1 = 𝒖𝒗| 𝒃𝒂− ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 (𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑎

1 PARTIAL FRACTION (BC Topic)

∫ √1−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩
∫ (𝒙−𝒑)(𝒙−𝒒) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ +
𝒙−𝒑 𝒙−𝒒
𝒅𝒙
**if degree of num>degree den, do
long division first**
SERIES (BC Topic) RATIO TEST (BC Topic)

1. Harmonic Series - 1 1 1 1 diverges. Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a series with
1 n = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... a n+1 , then the series
lim =L
n → an
2. The geometric series
a) converges if 𝐿 < 1

a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + ...ar n −1 + ... =  ar n −1 b) diverges if 𝐿 > 1
1 c) the test is inconclusive if 𝐿 = 1
𝑎 ALTERNATING SERIES TEST (Leibniz’s Theorem) (BC Topic)
converges to the sum if |𝑟| < 1 , and diverges if |𝑟| ≥ 1.
1−𝑟
The series,
3. The p – series 
, where 𝑎𝑛 > 0

1 1 1 1
 (−1) n +1
a n = a1 − a 2 + a3 − a 4 + ...
1 n p = 1 p + 2 p + 3 p + ...
1
converges if
1. 𝑎1 ≥ 𝑎2 ≥ 𝑎3 ≥ ⋯ (the positive terms are decreasing)
converges for 𝑝 > 1, and diverges for 𝑝 ≤ 1. 2. lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞

ALTERNATING SERIES ESTIMATION THEOREM (BC Topic)

If an alternating series converges, the truncation error for the 𝑛𝑡ℎ

partial sum is less than 𝑎𝑛+1 and has the same sign as the unused term.

𝑺𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 < |𝒂𝒏+𝟏 | (next unused term)

TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS (BC Topic)

centered at 𝑥 = 𝑎 with 𝑛𝑡ℎ degree power is
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛
𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + + +⋯ .
2! 3! 𝑛!
If 𝑎 = 0 , the polynomial is called a MACLAURIN POLYNOMIAL
𝑓 ′′ (0)(𝑥)2 𝑓 ′′′ (0)(𝑥)3 𝑓 𝑛 (0)(𝑥)𝑛
𝑀𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)(𝑥) + + +⋯ .
2! 3! 𝑛!

FIVE Taylor Polynomials to REMEMBER (BC Topic)  Notation

Interval of Convergence

x3 x5 x7 (−1) n x 2 n +1 
(−1) n x 2 n +1
1. sin x = x − + −
3! 5! 7!
+ ... +
(2n + 1)!
 0 (2n + 1)! (−, )
x2 x4 x6 (−1) n x 2 n 
(−1) n x 2 n
2. cos x = 1 − + −
2! 4! 6!
+ ...
(2n)!
 0 (2n)! (−, )

x2 x3 xn xn
3. ex = 1+ x + +
2! 3!
+ .... +
n! 0 n! (−, )
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1)3 ( x − 1) 4 
(−1) n +1 ( x − 1) n
4. ln x = ( x − 1) −
2
+
3
−
4
+ ..  1 n (0, 2]

1
5.
1− x
= 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... x 0
n
(−1, 1)

**The infinite polynomial is EQUAL to the function within the interval of convergence. To generate new polynomial from these, you can add, multiply, substitute,
derive, or antiderive on both sides to keep the equations EQUAL.