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\ \ \ PROCEEDINGS
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III III ,
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND

EVALUATION OF WOOD SYMPOSIUM

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 Fixed-free against free-free beams for dynamic young's
modulus of wood

4
Mch ra n Roohni at, Pou rya Shaticc 2, Negin M:mouchch ri 3 , Aja ng Tajdi ni

Abstract Dynamic Young's modulus out of free fl exural vibratio n o n fix ed-free beams of Pinus
siives fr is limbers was st udied in comparison wit h their free-free flexural vibration.
Rectangu lar clear beams with 20·20·360 mm (R· T*L) d imensions were obtained. To
of
ad keep the effects of shear deflection and rotary motion at a constant value, the unclamped
lengt h of the fixed-free specimens was kept constant equal to exactly half of the beams
of
tota l length . Despite constant effects of shea r deOection and rotary motion their presence
Id
was inevitable for the selected length to thickness ratio. The dynamic longitudinal
Young's modu lus was therefore smaller in fi xed-free than in free-free vibration test.
of
of Smaller values out of fixed-free vibration were highl y correlated with the ir matches in
free-free test. As the correction coe ffi cient proposed by T imoshenko (Ham s 2002) was
lIy su itable for isotropic materials, it was not used in the current study in orthotropic
samples. Instead, a constant was obtained from introduced correlations to compensate the
to
e ffects of shear deflection and rotary moti on applicable in this size of the specimens. It
re
lIy was concluded that the correcti on coefficient should be rebu ilt in a new model through
diffe rent lengths and thicknesses for orthot ropic materials such wood.

Keywords fi xed-free, free-free, orthotrop ic, rotary, shear, vibration, Young's modulus

y. L I NTRODUCTI ON
A large number of studies have been conducted to explain the dynamic characteri stics of beam
structures (Gurgoze and Batan 1986, Dukumaci \ 987, Jang and Bert \ 989, Rossi and Laura \ 990,
Farghaly 1992, Aucie llo \ 996, Banerjee \999, Lee 2009). All the developments in orthotropic
elasticity were those initially applied to Isotropic materials, so the initial experiences in isotropic
elasticity might be very promising. In isotropic materials, Negahban ( \ 999) studied the deflectio n,
ion frequency and praclicaJ uses of cantilever beams under vibration. !-Ie demonstrated as a thin fil m was
sputtered onto a be.:'l m the flex ural rigidity altered. The subsequent changes caused the frequency of
reO vibrations to shi ft . In thi s case, if the frequency shi ft was measured, the fi lm's elastic modulus could be
calculated. Yu (2009) stud ied free and forced fl cxural vibration analysis of cantilever plates with
.t, attached point mass. He well investigated the effects of mass rat ios and locat ions of the point mass on
Eigcn values and modal participation factors for square and rectangular plates. Similarly, Alzaharnah
ern
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad
on University, Iran, [email protected]
1 MSc. Student, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad
Uni versity, Iran, pouriya [email protected]
J Invited Researcher, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Iran, IIcgil1 n1£[email protected]
~ Assistant Professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Iran, [email protected]
461
(2009) considered the flexura l characterist ics of a cant ilever plate heated from the fixed end. Caruntu C(
(2009) was concerned with free transverse vibrations of non-unifonn homogeneous beams and (f
Chondros (1998) tried the vibration of a cracked beam. Damages and cracks were also studied by on
Leonard (2001), Radhakrishnan (2004), Orhan (2007) and Il'ga mov (2009). Ie
As a common material in research projects, evaluation of wood and wood composites dynamic fr,
propert ies through vibrational methods had been used wi th a complete success for several decades m
(Turk 2008). It was proved that non-destruct ive vibrat ion properties were highly correlated with fil
bending or tensile modu li of elasticity which might be used to obtain creep response and damping w.
coefficients (Turk 2008). Longitudinal dynamic Young's modulus as the most important mechanical di
characteristic of wooden rectangular beams might be evaluated through several vibration methods CC
VI
such as free and forced, flexural and longitud inal vibration of a beam in severa l supporting conditions
W,
(80dig 1993) where the free-free condition for beam ends might be more favorable as a reference
method due to lack of any effects from sUPPOlis to the vibration of the beam. ln wood science, natural of
vibration analysis is being used to an increasing extent to characterize the longitudinal and the shear ur
modu lus of elasticity of vari ous geometri cal types of prismatic beams. Free vibration of a free-free de
beam was deeply discussed to wooden beams by Brancheriau Bailleres (2002) considering broad be
range of theories and diITerent directions of vibration. A lateral or axial percussion at one end of a
beam set up on elastic support produces bending or longitudinal vibrations. Considering the hypothesis
of the homogeneity of geometrical and mechanical properties of the beam, basic dynamics theorem 2.
can be applied to obtain the motion equations of longitud inal and transverse vibrations. The resolution F(
of the d ifferenti al equation for transverse motion leads to a search fo r solut ions to the frequen cy Pi
equation (Brancheriau and Bailleres 2002). Because no exact analytical so lut ion could be found, they 5p
ana lyzed several approx imate results. In their report, the effects of the elastic support, the shear pc
modulus and the height to length ratio were discussed. They present the most common theoretical eq
models and define thei r val idity range, application conditions, and accuracy levels with rcspect to w.
measured values. so
th,
As the position of a member in a wooden structure varies in a large variety in tenus of its end
supports, solving the vibration equations for the above-mentioned support conditions would be
satisfactory since sticking out theses members for carrying free-free test sometimes would be hannful
to the building especially fo r an ancient or antique stnlcture. The vibration equations, therefore, should
be inspected as they are initially located or installed through in-situ examinations. Free flexural
vibration on a lixed-free (cantilever) beam was subjected in th is st udy that is rarely introduced due to
wooden beams in the literature. In recent years Ruji ni ru n et a!. (2005) used fixed-free beams when he
studied the acoustic properties of wooden xylophone bars. By definition, a fixed-free beam is one in
which displacement and angu lar deflection at the supported end remains zero, whereas the other end is
free to translate. Theoretically, the freq uency of the first mode of free vibration of a cantilever beam is
presented for isotropic materials (Harris 2002) which similarly has been applied to wood composites
(Turk 2008) as Equatio n I :

(I)
'1
where, OJnt = angular frequency of the firs t natural mode of vibration (rad/s), f "'" frequency of the first "
natural mode of vibration (Hz), I = unclamped or " free" length of the cantilever beam (m), Eft =
Young's modu lus (Pa), ! = area moment of inert ia of the beam cross section (m4), and l1Iu= mass per
unit length (kg/m). Equat ion I can be rearranged and written in terms o f known values to provide the
Young's modulus as Equation 2: Th
E - m, 2 , I
( ' )'
i' - 1 ( 11() 1.875'
_M~ 2 '
( ' )'
I
- 12 bt' (11() 1. 875' (2)
en
of
viI
where, M = mass of the specimen (kg), I = free length of the specimen (m), b = base width of the del
specimen (m), and t = thickness of the specimen (m). Equat ion (2) is an idealized equation of eVI
vibration that neglects the cffccts of shear defl ection and rotary motions in thc specimen. To detennine vih
the relative magnitude of shear deflection in tenns of an idealized solution, T imoshenko (Harris 2002,
Turk 2008) defined a correction fac tor as the radius of gyration divided by free length in which the

462
correction coefficient depended on the ratio of specimen th ickll ess to spec imen length. T imoshenko
(Harris 2002, Turk 2008) presented a set of curves to determine the corrcction factor in six initial
modes of fl exural vibration. Therefo re, if enough care was taken to control the ratio of thi ckn ess and
length so that the radius of gyrat ion di vided by free length was less than 0.005 (di mensionless), the
frequency correct ion factor would approach 1.0 if shear and rotary effects were negli gible. To obt ain
negligible effects, the Ilr ratio needed to be less than 58 (Turk 2008). This ratio was sometimes hard to
find for in-situ examinations. The correction methodology was appli cable to isotropic material s as it
was proposed for steel , aluminum and magnesium (Harris 2002). Its pc rfonnance for wood with
different dynamic responses in LR and LT fl exural vibrations, however, was not suffi ciently
conclusive. In 2008, Turk an d colleagues did not compare the obt ained Young's moduli thr ough
vibration of fi xed-free with any Olher cert ilied methods applicable to orthotropic materials such as
wood considering the duplicability of the testing procedures. A comparative study of fl exural vibration
of fixed-free and free-free beams with no correcting factors of shear deflection, rotary motion or
unverified potential for similar specimens of sim ilar adjusted dimen sions where the effects of shear
deflect ion and rotary motion are constantly simi lar needed to be done with absolute ly clear wooden
beams. This goal is followed in this art icle.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fol!owing ISO 3 J 29 intemationa! standards (1975), 70 visually clear rectangular wooden beams of
Pillus si/veslris with nominal dimensions of 360 *20 *20 mm L*R *T were prepared as the experimental
specimens both in free-free and fi xed-free tests and kept in a conditi oning chamber a\ 22°C and 6S
percents relative humidity for two weeks unt il their moisture content was stabilized at air-dry
equivalent moisture contents. The specimens mass (Jvl) , total length (L), width (b), and thickness (I)
were measured and saved in an input.xls fil e. Free fl exural vibrat ion on free-free beams, resting on a
soft thin rubber, was perfonned by an individual impact on either radi al or tangential surface exciting
the beam to vibrate in LT and LR planes respectively (Figure I).

figure 2 - Schematic view of the most common setups a free -free bar test Sound
retording from one end and hammer impact on other free end of a bar leaned on two soft thin supports, O.224L
fro m each end.

The impacts of hammer were appli ed on one end where the microphone was located on the opposite
end. Vibrations and attenuations were recorded as audio files (specimen-name,wa v) at s.ampling rate
of 44\00 Hz. After reading the audio files at the same sampling rates, the three initial modes of
vibration were obtai ned from magnitude of Fourier Transfonn spectrum usi ng NDT-Iab® software
developed in MATLAB v.7. 1 (Roohnia 2006). The longitudinal dynamic Young's modulus (Elr) was
evaluated using Timoshenko theory and equations from three initial modes of flexural free-free
vibration (Brancheriau 2002, Roohnia 20 10).

463
 -------=-------------..~....
anal
(3) obla
(EfJ
initi.
(4) pote
defh
displ
(5) vibrc

X It -- 4
/Ilk
(6)
J 3. Rl
a=-- (7) Obse
A/2 20*21
where I = moment of inertia, A = the cross secti on area, / = length of the specimen, K = shape matel
coefficient (the value of 5/6 can be used fo r a rectangu lar cross section), G y = shear modulus in plane vibrm
of vibration (G LT or G LR ) , p = specific grav ity. fi. = frequ ency of the kth mode of vibration obtained coeffi
from FFT spectnlm and IIlk = the k th results in following Equation: beam:
one t
nik = (2k + I)Jf (8)
modu.
2 vibrat
In Equation 1 and 2, Flk and F 2k can be calculated as following;
sets 0
Fit = tFJ(mJ + 6e{lllJ (9) Simila
4).
F,,= ei(mJ - 2fJ(mJ (10)

o == [mk tan(mk) tanh(mk )]

(t I)
(m,) [tan(mk 1- tanh(mk l] 1 .2E+-
Hi gher correlation coefficients of the estimated trend lines in Equation 3 benefit the specimens with
morc homogeneity where the Timoshenko model has been fitted initially to isotropic materials next 10
the clearest specimens. Following the testing procedure proposed by Turk (2008), by spott ing
available instruments, devices and specimens dimension the same limbers were inserted 180 mm into
a grip mechanism and centered while their free length was also 180 mm to perfonn as a fix ed -free
be.'llll (Figure 2).

6.0E+OS

••
Figu
obtail
flexu

Figure 2 - Schematic view orthe assembled setup for free fl exural vibration on a fixed -free bar test. Sound
recording and hammer impact from free end of the bar
As demo
the fixe(
coefficiCi
The 180 mm grip length was subtracted from total length to obtain the free beam length (I) . The
longitudi
specimen was later clamped with a torque wrench to obtain a similar compression made by clamp free and
screws. A hammer impact was appl ied to the unsupported specimen edge, and the cantilever was
correlatio
excited into free flexural vibration. The resulted oscillating displacement over time was recorded as of free-fn
audio files at sampling rate of 44100 Hz. The procedure was duplicated separately for LR and LT
multipi ie(
fl exura l vibrat ions and separately for both half lengt hs while the free and fixed parts altered with one

464
 another, After rcading the audio files at the same sampling rates, the basic mode of vibration was
(J) obtained from magnitude of Fourier tTansrann spectrum , The longitud ina l dynam ic Young's modulus
(EfJ was evaluated using Equation 2 from initi al mode of flexural fixed -free vibration (Turk 2008)
init ially with no consideration of existed CITors of shear defl ection , rotary motion or any unverifi ed
(4) potential for simi lar speci mens of simi lar adjusted dimensions where the effects and errors of shear
deflection and rotary mot ion were supposed to be constantly similar. The scatter plots graphi cally
displayed the correlat ions between paired sets of obtained results through LR and LT flexural
(5) vibrations compa ring the fixed-free to free-free beams.

(6)
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSES
(7) Observing IS03129 international standards, 70 clear rectangular beams with nominal dimensions of
20*20*360 (L*R*T) were prepared from commercial timbers of Pinus silvesfris. Befitted to isotropic
= shape materials or in orthotropic directions of an orlhol ropic material (Roohnia 20 I0), three initial modes of
n plane vibration in Timoshen ko theory were used. So as a protocol, the specimens showing correlation
htained coefficients smaller than 0.99 were omitted after free-free vibration test. Out of 70 visually clear
beams, onl y 46 pieces look to experiments as absolutcly clear specimens. These beams were tested
one by one in both free- free and fixed-free fonn. Figures 3 to 8 compare dynamic longitudinal
(8) modulus of elasticity in fixed-free and free-free tests of flexura l vibration. When the LT fl exural
vibration was taken into account (Figure 3) a high significant correlati on was observed between two
sets of obtained results, however, the fix ed-free results were smaller than those in free-free tests.
(9) Similar correlations wcrc observed when the LR fl exural vibrations were takcn into account (Figure
4).
(10)

EL (Pa) Out of L T Flexural Vib ration B.. (Pa) Ou t 01 L R Flexural Vibration

(11 )
1.2E+10 1.2 Et10

us with
nex110
•potting 'I = O.69x
=
W 0.92
• 'I:: O.69x
W::O.83 •
urn into
;ed-free

•
.....,
6.0E+09 +---_~ ___ -~-_-~ 6.0E+09
....
+--_-=-_-__
•

-_-_-~
L _ _'~·O~E>
::..c0~9_ _ _ _ _ __ _F
_,_e_e_. F
_ ,_ee 2.0 E+1 I 8,0809 Free·Free 2.0E+10

Figure 3 - Longitudinal Young's modulus EL Figure 4 - Long itudinal Young's modulus EL obtained in
obtained in Fixed-fre e and Free-free tests of LT Fixed-free and Free-free tests ofLR flexural vibration with
flexural vibration with no modified coefficient JlO modified coeffici ent.

;ound
As demonstrated in Figure 5, averages of Young's modul i obtained in LT and LR flexural vibrations of
the fix ed- free beams were compared with those in the free-free specimens. Similar correlation
coeffi cients were highly evaluated in this study. Added to the prom ising results, the dynamic
(~. T he longitudinal Young's modulus oul of LT vibration was compared to LR vibration separately in fixed -
I clamp
free and free -free beams as displayed in Figure 6 and 7. Irrespective to the smaller values of
ver was correlation obtained in fixed-free beams, a correction factor was applied to Elx and correlated with that
lrded as of free-free dynamic modulus Elf> where the correction factor obtained in Figures 3 to 5 as 1/0.59= 1.69
and LT multiplied to Ejx (Figure 8).
vith one

465
As observable in Figure 3, 4 and 5 a high correlation existed between longitudi nal moduli of elasticity
out of LR and LT fixed-free flexural vibrat ions and their matches in free -free beams. Thi s might be
interpreted as the similar position of fixed-free beams in longitudinal Young's modulus evaluations. 2
Their s maller values seemed to be the resu lts of shear deflection and rotary motion due to small ratios
of VI which had not been laken into account in the current study. Highl y appropriate for isotropic
materials, the Timoshenko correct ion factor was not applicable in thi s study either. It was assumed
that the orthotropic beam would actually have different behaviors in LT against LR flexural vibration.
In Figure 6 and 7, a close observation was made to detect si milar correlations between the longitudinal
modulus out of LR and LT flexura l vibrations both in fixed -free and free-free beams. As the
Timoshenko correction procedure was not applicable to these wooden specimens, finding a new
correcting algorithm seemed nccessary 10 match an orthotropic materia l such as wood. When the
T imoshenko correction coeffi cient was applied to Eft, the values remained too small to be shown. 11
was acknowledged that the s maller values could be the results of shear deflect ion and rotary motion
due to small ratios of Vt in thc fixed-free tcst. Since this ratio was remained constant in all specimens it
was suggested that the Eft cou ld benefit from a simi lar correcting coefficient. So the observed ,
correction value through Figures 3 to 5 (1.69'" Ejn which is not in accordance with Timoshenko
correction coefficient acknowledgcd by Harris 2002 and Turk et al. 2008) was applied in Figure 8 as
well. Absolutely equal values were obtained in both testing procedures considering a signifLcantly high FJ
correlation coefficient. '"

a. (Pa) Averages of LT and LR Vibration s a x (Pa)

1.2E+10 1.2E+10 TJ
e,
r =
y 0.69x
sh
=
R2 0.91
~

i •• • di

" • as

• ......,
~
y '" 0.99x
w
RZ'" 0 .91
• iSI
C(

~ ..• It
w
m
C(
n<
6•OE+09 6.0E+09 +--~-~-~- __- __
1
8.E+09 Free-Free S.0E+09 LT VIbration 1.2E
A
Figure 5 - Longitudinal Young's modulus El obtained Figure 6 - Longitudinal Young's modulus Eh obtaint T
in Fixed-free and Free·free tests. Averages of LR and Fixed-free test. LR and LT fl exural vibrations with at
LT fl exural vibrations with no modified coeffi cient. modified coeffic ient fc
M

4. I>ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION R

The method introduced by Turk C, Hunt J, Marr DJ (2008) to lest the vibration property of cantilever A
wooden beam has been followed . The literature of Turk C et al suggested that the lit ratio needs to be
>58 to obtain negligible effects of shear and rotary motion. The Vt ratio of samples in this study was
A
much less than 58. So the results would be affected by the shear and rotary motion to a great extent as
the frequency shift and the resulted deviated modulus of elasticity could be traced with or without
consideration of the modification procedure ofTimoshenko (Harris 2002 , Turk 2008). B

466
 :ity
be
lns. 2.0E+10
Efr (Pa) --l 2.0E+10
B. (Pa)
l
lios
•ptC • y:1.00x
oed R2 =O.91
on. • 1
~al
the
lew
the y =
0.99x
t. It R2 = 0.93
ion
IS it
ved
8.0E+09 +--____ ______ ~

B.OE+09 +--~-~-~-~-~--,
, ko 8 .0E+09 LT Vibration 2.0E+10 B.OE+09 Free -Free 2.0E+10j
1
: as
Figure 7 - Longitudinal Young's modulus Efr obtained Figure 8 - Longitudinal Young's modulus EL obtained in
igh
in Free-free test. LR and LT fl exural vibrations with no Fixed-free and Free-free tesls. Averages of LR and LT
modified coeffi cient. fl exural vibrations. A constant correction coefficient
applied to Fixed-free results.

The procedure introduced by T urk (2008) for vibration ndt of a cantilever composite beam was
extended to solid sound wood (as an orthot ropic material) using beams of another size. The effects o f
shear defl ectio n and rotary mol ion in fix ed-fre e test were kept constant using spec imens with simi lar
dimensions o f specially lit ratios . The proposed methodology fo r fix ed -free beam was fill ed to wood
as an m1hoiTopic material similar to what was already proposed for free -free fl exural vibration of
wood composite beams. Bu t the Timoshenko correction coeffi cient (Harris 2002) in which the
isotropic materials were taken into account hardl y accounted for the obtained results. So an obligatory
coefficient was worked out of the high co rrelations between fi xed-free and free-free dynamic moduli.
It was adm itted that small outputs of fixed-free beams were due to shear defl ectio n and rotary motion
while the variations of mechani cal characteristics of longitudinal, radial and tangent ial directions
might cause different flexural reactions in LR comparing to LT vibration. Further studies on a new
correcting procedure in non-<iestructive testing of orthotropic canti lever be."lms, there fore, would seem
necessary to suitably account for orthotropic materia ls such as solid wood.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
'>. obta ined Thi s art icle is a research report prepared out of a project in progress in non-destructi ve testing of wood
ms with 110 at Isl ami c Azad University, Karaj Branch - Iran to which we would like to express our si ncere thanks
for providing us with required faci lities and equipments. Our appreciation also goes to Mr. Navid
M anoochehri [rom www.ndti l1lnian.ir forhi scooperations in MATLAB® programing.

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