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Lecture slides on Temperature Measurement

The document provides an overview of various temperature measurement devices including liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic strip thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermistors, and integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensors. Each device operates on different principles such as thermal expansion, thermoelectric effect, and resistance changes, with specific advantages and limitations noted for each type. The document also compares the temperature ranges and applications of these sensors.

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chowdhurybabu20
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4 views

Lecture slides on Temperature Measurement

The document provides an overview of various temperature measurement devices including liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic strip thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermistors, and integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensors. Each device operates on different principles such as thermal expansion, thermoelectric effect, and resistance changes, with specific advantages and limitations noted for each type. The document also compares the temperature ranges and applications of these sensors.

Uploaded by

chowdhurybabu20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

 Works on Thermal Expansion of liquid inside a glass tube. Mercury or alcohol is used as the liquid medium.
 Usually calibrated using ice at 0oC or boiling water at 100oC both at 1 atm.
 Inexpensive, simple, portable, no need for additional indicator.
 High heat capacity, but time lag exists.
 Not suitable for distant reading.
 Not suitable for surface temperature measurement.
 Alcohol is limited to low-temperature measurements. Its high coefficient of expansion makes it more
sensitive.
 Mercury cannot be used below its freezing point of -37.8oC. Its upper limit is usually 315oC, but it may be
extended to 540oC by filling gas above the mercury.
Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

A liquid-in-glass thermometer works based on the principle of thermal expansion,


which states that liquids expand more than solids when their temperature increases:
•How it works
•The thermometer contains a liquid, like alcohol or mercury, in a thin, hollow glass
tube. When the temperature around the thermometer increases, the liquid expands
and rises up the tube. The height of the liquid column indicates the temperature.
•What's inside
•The thermometer has a bulb at one end that contains the liquid, and a glass tube with
a capillary that's connected to the bulb. The tube is enlarged at the bottom into a bulb
that's partially filled with liquid.
•Different liquids
•The liquid used in a thermometer can vary, but common choices include mercury,
toluene, and low-hazard biodegradable liquids. The range of temperatures that can be
measured depends on the liquid used. For example, a thermometer with mercury can
measure temperatures from −35°C to +600°C, while an alcohol thermometer can
measure temperatures from −80°C to +70°C
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Bimetallic Strip Thermometer

 Widely used as on-off temperature-control device, thermostat.


 Also used for measuring ambient and oven temperatures.
Bimetallic Strip Thermometer
A bimetallic strip thermometer measures temperature based on the principle
that different metals expand at different rates when heated:
1. Construction
A bimetallic thermometer is made of two different metal strips that are joined
together to form a bimetal strip. The strips are usually made of steel and
copper, or steel and brass.
2. Expansion
When the temperature changes, the different metals expand at different
rates, causing the bimetal strip to bend. The metal with the higher coefficient
of thermal expansion will be on the outside of the curve when the strip is
heated.
3. Mechanical deformation
The bending of the bimetal strip creates a mechanical deformation that can
be detected as a rotary movement.
4. Temperature measurement
The rotary movement is transmitted to a pointer shaft, which moves the
thermometer's pointer to indicate the temperature.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Bimetallic Strip Thermometer

 Low cost, negligible maintenance and longer stable operation.


 Good resistance to mechanical shock.
 Close linearity withing temperature range (-30oC to 550oC).
 Compact, low thermal inertia and reduced lag.
 Accuracy 1-2% of the scale range.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Thermocouple

 Thermocouple works on the principle of


thermoelectric effect, i.e., the direct
conversion of temperature difference to
electric voltage or vice versa.  When two junctions are kept in different
 Thermocouple is made of junctions temperatures ( 𝑇1 ≠ 𝑇2) , an emf is generated
consisting of any two dissimilar materials. between two junctions (called ‘Seeback Effect’)
Thermocouple
The working principle of a thermocouple is based on the Seebeck effect, which
states that when two dissimilar metals are joined at one end and exposed
to different temperatures, an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is generated

1.Two dissimilar metal wires are joined at one


end, which is the measuring point.
2.The other end is the connection point, which
connects to the voltage reader.
3.When the temperature at the measuring point
changes, so does the electron density of each
metal wire.
4.This varying electron density is the voltage,
which is measured at the connection point.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Thermocouple Temperature Measurement Circuits

 Two dissimilar material junctions consisting of Iron and Constantan (Cu-Ni alloy)
thermocouple circuit to measure the temperature of a mixture of Ice and Water.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Thermocouple Temperature Measurement Circuits

Thermopile Arrangement Thermocouples Arranged in Parallel

 Thermopile, a multiple-junction  When a spatially averaged


temperature is desired, multiple
thermocouple circuit, is used
thermocouple junctions arranged
to amplify the output of the
in parallel are used.
circuit.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

Resistance Thermometer (RTD)


 RTDs works on resistance thermometry, i.e., the measurement of resistance to detect temperature.
 Mostly consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core.
 The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum, nickel, or copper. The material has an accurate
resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature, such as
follows:

R = R0(1 + aT + bT2)
where, R is the resistance at temperature T , R0 is the resistance at reference Temperature T0;
a and b are experimentally determined constants.
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) works by measuring how
a material's electrical resistance changes in response to temperature:
1.An electrical current is passed through the RTD's resistance
element.
2.The resistance of the current is measured in Ohms.
3.The resistance value is converted to a temperature reading.

RTDs work because the atoms in a metal absorb heat energy, causing
them to vibrate more. This makes it harder for electrons to flow
through the metal, increasing its electrical resistance.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

 Platinum RTD is used as an interpolation standard from oxygen point (-182.96oC, boiling) to the
antimony point (630.74oC, melting).

The advantages of platinum resistance thermometers include:

 High accuracy
 Low drift
 Wide operating range. In general, RTDs may be used for temperatures ranging from cryogenic to
approximately 650oC.

 Suitability for precision applications. By proper instrumentation, uncertainty in temperature


measurement can be achieved as low as ±0.005°C.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux

Thermistor
Thermistor also works on the principle of Resistance Thermometry. The formula is given as:

1 1
R = R0exp 𝛽 −
𝑇 𝑇0

where, R is the resistance at temperature T , R0 is the resistance at reference Temperature T0;


𝛽 is experimentally determined constant.
 Thermistors are generally produced using powdered metal oxides.
 Depending on materials used, thermistors are classified into two types: NTC (Negative Temperature
Coefficient) thermistor where resistance decreases as temperature rises and PTC (Positive
Temperature Coefficient) thermistor where resistance increases as temperature rises. NTC is
commonly used as a temperature sensor.
 Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) in that the material used in a
thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals. The temperature response
is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges, while thermistors typically achieve a
greater precision within a limited temperature range, typically −90 °C to 130 °C.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux
Thermistor
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux
Integrated Circuit (IC) Temperature Sensor

T099 can TO-92 plastic moulding DIP plug


Typical semiconductor temperature sensor in different packaging
 An IC Temperature Sensor consists of semiconductor materials. These are available in both voltage
and current sensitive configurations. If the voltage increases, the temperature also rises, followed by a
voltage drop between the transistor terminals of base and emitter in a diode. Some IC sensors
produce an output current proportional to absolute temperature. The solid state sensor output can be
analog or digital. An example is the LM35 series precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors.
 The sensor package is small with a low thermal mass and a fast response time. Generally output is
linearly proportional to the absolute temperature.
 The most common temperature range is −55°C to 150°C. Widely used on circuit boards to monitor
and control temperature, in computers to control CPU temperature, in telecommunications applications
(cell phones & PDA™) and in many industrial immersion applications.
Integrated Circuit (IC) Temperature Sensor

Semiconductor temperature sensors measure temperature by detecting changes


in the voltage or current of a diode or transistor:
•Diode-based
Measures the forward voltage drop across a diode, which decreases as the
temperature increases.
The voltage drop is directly proportional to the temperature.
•Transistor-based
Measures the base-emitter voltage of a transistor, which varies predictably
with temperature.

Semiconductor temperature sensors are integrated circuits that provide a


voltage output that is proportional to the temperature.
The output can be read by microcontrollers or other digital systems.
Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux
Thermocouple vs RTD vs Thermistor vs IC Sensor

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