Book

Anne Seaton • Y. H. Mew

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 Exercise 3
Look at the words in the box. Write each word under
its correct heading.

children sun witch king

boy son father girl
mother queen file teacher
Three Watson lamp doctor dancer wizard
Irvine, CA 92618-2767 ram rooster elf fish
Web site: www.sdlback.com

Masculine Feminine Common Gender Neuter

First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine,
CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore

Copyright ©2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the
publisher.

ISBN 1-59905-201-6
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

43
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct masculine or
feminine nouns.
Masculine Feminine Introduction
1 master Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the
sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato,
2 uncle
the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was
3 niece about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over
4 lioness the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure
of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking
5 tiger and writing is the hallmark of all educated people.
6 empress
Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction
7 husband in the eight parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs,
8 son adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjections—as well as the standard patterns of English
9 mother sentences.
10 madam
All students of English, be they native speakers or those
Exercise 2 who are studying English as a second language, will
Fill in each blank with a suitable masculine or feminine profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
grammar provided by SADDLEBACK’S BASIC ENGLISH
noun.
GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout
the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills
1 The host and the ____________ welcomed their guests.
and call attention to common problem areas.
2 The steward and the ____________ look after the
passengers on the plane. We wish you every success in your pursuit of English
3 My uncle and ________ lived in Nebraska. proficiency.
4 The king and the _________ had two children, a boy
and a ________. The prince was eight and the
_____________ was five.
5 Ladies and ______________ , welcome to our party this
evening.

42
 Words for things that are neither male nor female are
called neuter nouns.
1 What is Grammar? 5 The Simple Past Tense 98
Regular and Irregular Verbs 99
Was and Were 104
The Past Progressive Tense 106
leaves
2 The Capital Letter 6
The Future Tense 108
Can and Could 112
May and Might 113
3 Nouns 8
Do, Does and Did 115
Common Nouns 8 Would and Should 120
Proper Nouns 13
Singular Nouns 21
8 Subject-Verb Agreement 123 bench
Plural Nouns 23
Collective Nouns 34
Masculine and Feminine Nouns 37
9 Adverbs 127

4 Pronouns 44 fire
Personal Pronouns 44 10 Prepositions 132 mirror
Reflexive Pronouns 47
Interrogative Pronouns 48
Demonstrative Pronouns 49 11 Conjunctions 135

5 Adjectives 52
12 Interjections 138
Adjective Endings 54
Kinds of Adjectives 58
Comparison of Adjectives 65 13 Sentences 139
What is a Sentence? 139
Kinds of Sentences 140
waterfall
6 Determiners 71
The Articles 71
The Imperative 141 Word File
The Subject and the Object 143
Demonstrative Determiners 73 Here are some neuter nouns:
Direct and Indirect Objects 144
Interrogative Determiners 74
Possessive Determiners 75
Positive and Negative Sentences 146 ball forest
Questions 147
building gymnasium
14 Punctuation
broom playground
7 Verbs and Tenses 79 150
The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150
cake rock
Am, Is and Are 83 We callComma
these nouns 151
common-gender nouns. computer sky
The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 card socks
Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152
The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153
floor wind
41
 Many nouns are used for both males and females.
1 What is Grammar?

Here’s an old children’s rhyme about the eight parts of

speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what
grammar is about. Read and remember it.

dancers Every name is called a noun, Pronoun

As field and fountain, street and town.
Noun
In place of noun the pronoun stands,
doctors
As he and she can clap their hands.
The adjective describes a thing,
As magic wand or bridal ring.
scientists
Adjective
Most verbs mean action, something done,
Verb
To read and write, to jump and run.
Word File How things are done the adverbs tell,
Nouns like these are used for
both males and females: As quickly, slowly, badly, well.
tion Adverb
Preposi
accountants parents The preposition shows relation,
artists managers As in the street or at the station.
hairdressers designers pupils Conjunctions join, in many ways,
engineers singers
lawyers teachers Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase.

a m m ar H The interjection cries out, “Heed!

Interjection
Gr

An exclamation point must

elp

We call these nouns common-gender nouns. Conjunction

follow me!”

40 5
 Here are some masculine and feminine nouns for male
2 The Capital Letter and female animals.

The capital letter is also called a big letter or upper-

case letter, or sometimes just a capital.
Animal Male Female
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
chicken rooster hen
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z cattle bull cow
deer buck doe
When do you use a capital letter? donkey jack jenny
4 Use a capital letter for the first letter in a duck drake duck
sentence: fox fox vixen
The dog is barking. goose gander goose
Come here! horse stallion mare
lion lion lioness
4 Always use a capital letter for the word I :
sheep ram ewe
I am eight years old.
tiger tiger tigress
Tom and I are good friends.
4 Use a capital letter for the names of people:
Alice, Tom, James, Kim, Snow White
4 Use a capital letter for the names of places: you kn
id o
National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, Sacramento D
Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong

w
?
4 Use a capital letter for festivals, holidays, to the feminine gender. For example:
days of the week, months of the year:
New Year’s Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day, actress stewardess
Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October lioness tigress
princess waitress

6 39
 Here are some more masculine and feminine nouns for
Exercise 1
people. Circle the letters that should be CAPITALS. Then write
the correct letter in the space above them.

1 peter and i are good friends.

Masculine Feminine 2 we are going to chicago during our summer
vacation.
actor actress 3 there is an interesting football game on sunday.
brother sister 4 jason lives on thomson avenue.
emperor empress
5 january is the first month of the year.
father mother
gentleman lady
grandfather grandmother Exercise 2
Look at the signs on the left. Can you find the
grandson granddaughter
mistakes? Write the names correctly.
headmaster headmistress
man woman
master mistress hopkins hotel lincoln school
nephew niece orchard street newton road
prince princess
son daughter botanic gardens national library
steward stewardess
shea stadium
uncle aunt
wizard witch

you kn
id o Masculine nouns belong to the
D
w

masculine gender.
?

Feminine nouns belong to the

feminine gender.

38 7
 Masculine and Feminine Nouns
3 Nouns
Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and
male animals.
Common Nouns Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and
female animals.
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.
Common nouns are words for people, animals, places, rooster
or things.
These are words for people. They are common nouns. bride bridegroom

artist
hen

lion
Word File
lioness
Here are more words for people:
actor lawyer
aunt judge
baby man
baker nurse
cook police officer acrobat
dentist singer
clown
Word File
doctor soldier Masculine Feminine
giant teacher astronaut boy girl
man woman
you kn
id o prince princess
D Another word for astronaut is
w

steward stewardess
?

spaceman or spacewoman. king queen

waiter waitress
8 37
 These are words for animals. They are common nouns.
Exercise
Farmer John had several different kinds of animals
on his farm. Write the correct collective noun for eagle
each group of his animals. zebra

deer

crocodile
bird

Farmer John had:

a of geese
bear Word File
a of sheep Here are more words for animals:

a of cattle cat goose

cow hen
a of horses dog horse
dolphin mouse
One day a of coyotes tried to attack his animals. duck parrot
Farmer John yelled and waved a pitchfork to frighten them fish shark
away. goat whale
36 9
These are words for places. They are common nouns. Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups
of people, animals or things.

a brood of chickens

beach

a band of musicians

Word File a school of fish

park Here are some more
collective nouns:
a bunch of keys
a class of pupils
Word File a collection of books
Here are more words for places: a deck of cards
a fleet of ships
airport market
a flock of sheep
cave mountain
library a gaggle of geese
church playground a team of players
a gang of robbers
shop farm restaurant
a herd of cattle
hill school
Everfresh Co. a litter of cubs
hospital seashore
a pod of whales
hotel stadium
a pack of wolves
house supermarket
a pride of lions a flight of steps
island temple
a set of stamps
mall zoo
a swarm of bees
a troupe of actors

10 35
Collective Nouns These are words for things. They are common nouns.

Collective nouns are words for groups of people,

animals or things.
These are nouns for groups of people.
basket

a family
bed

a crew
drum
an orchestra Word File
Here are some more groups cake
of people:
an audience a gang
a band a group
a choir a team
a class Word File
blanket
m ar H
am Here are more words for things:
bag kite
Gr

elp

Many collective nouns can be used with a

singular or plural verb. box ladder
For example: bread lamp
can picture
My family was happy to see me. chair radio
or cot television
My family were happy to see me. cup train
But the following collective nouns always take a plural verb: desk truck
cattle people the police door watch
gate egg window
34 11
Exercise 1 Exercise 3
Underline the common nouns in these sentences.
Do you change -y to -ies, or just add -s to make
1 There’s a little bird in the garden.
these singular nouns plural? Write your anwers.
2 Who is your teacher?
3 Don’t eat that rotten apple. Singular Plural Singular Plural
4 Kate has a lovely doll.
5 I like reading stories. 1 key 6 toy
6 My father is a doctor. 2 city 7 baby
7 Every child has a dictionary.
8 Rudy hates bananas. 3 butterfly 8 party
9 The phone is ringing.
4 monkey 9 chimney
10 Here’s a book for you.
Exercise 2 5 fly 10 lady
Here’s a mixed bag of words. Put each word under its
correct heading. Exercise 4
All these singular nouns end with -o. Add either -s or -es
swimmer snail fire engine clown as you write the plurals on the line.
letters flag river barber
mountain fox hotel parrot
granny taxi gardener camel Singular Plural Singular Plural

People Animals Places Things 1 video 6 radio

2 piano 7 hippo

3 mango 8 zoo

4 kangaroo 9 zero

5 rhino 10 photo

12 33
Exercise 1
Proper Nouns
Look at the words below. Do you know which ones
are singular and which are plural ? Put a checkmark Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or
(✓) in the correct box. things. They always begin with a capital letter.
Singular Plural
word
pencils
Omar
books
fan
hat
children
kites Beethoven
people
crab
foxes Santa Claus
Word File
Here are some more names
of people:
Exercise 2
Ali Baba
Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make
Florence Nightingale
them plural? Write your answers on the lines.
Derek Jeter
Pauline
Singular Plural Singular Plural Lisa
Johnny Depp
1 desk 6 basket ___________ Patrick
Harry Potter
2 class 7 peach ___________ Pinocchio
Robin Hood
3 comb 8 belt ___________
you kn
4 mug 9 taxi ___________ id o Your own name and the names
D
w
? of your friends are proper Kim Lee
5 bus 10 box ___________ nouns too.
32 13
The names of countries and their people are also Some nouns are always plural.
proper nouns.

binoculars
goggles

Word File pliers

pants scissors
pajamas sneakers
American Egyptian Indian Italian Thai shorts slippers
trousers stockings
sandals jeans

you kn
id o
D
Another word for spectacles

w
?
is glasses.
spectacles
m ar H
am

Gr

elp
You can make these plural nouns singular by
Japanese Korean Malay Filipino Pakistani using a pair of:
a pair of binoculars
Country People Country People
a pair of spectacles
America Americans Korea Koreans a pair of goggles
Egypt Egyptians Malaysia Malaysians a pair of jeans
India Indians Pakistan Pakistanis a pair of shorts
Italy Italians France the French a pair of pliers
Japan the Japanese Thailand Thais a pair of shoes
14 31
 Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun. The names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks
are proper nouns.

sheep sheep
Egypt

Hong Kong
reindeer reindeer

the Great Wall of China

the Statue of Liberty

fish

Word File
Singular Plural
bison bison
fish deer deer
Tokyo Sydney
you kn
id o
D Bangkok New Delhi
You can use fishes as the plural of
w

London Denver the Grand Canyon

?

fish when you are talking about

New York Central Park the Leaning Tower of Pisa
different kinds of fish: all the fishes
Paris the Eiffel Tower Brooklyn Bridge
of the Pacific Ocean.
Beijing Big Ben Pike’s Peak
30 15
 The days of the week and months of the year are proper Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in
nouns. -s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form.

Days
Sunday March March March March
Monday 1 2 3 4
Sunday Monday Tuesda esday
y Wedn
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
March March Mar
ch
mouse mice
Friday
5 6 7
Thursday Friday Sa turd
Saturday ay
Months goose
geese
January
February
March
January
February March April April
May
June
July
May June
July August August Word File
September Singular Plural
October child children
November man men
December
r October November December ox oxen
Septembe
tooth teeth
woman women
you kn foot feet
id o
D
January is the first month of the year.
w
?

you kn
id o
Sunday is the first day of the week. D
The plural of the mouse that you
w
A table that shows the months, weeks and ? use with your computer is either
days mice or mouses.

16 29
 If a noun ends in -o, you just add -s to form the plural. The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are
proper nouns.

a rhino rhinos

Word File
Singular Plural
a hippo hippos Mount Everest
a video videos
a zoo zoos
a kangaroo kangaroos
But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form
the plural.
the Thames

Word File Lake Michigan

the Alps the Himalayas
Singular Plural
the Dead Sea the Pacific Ocean Niagara Falls
a tomato tomatoes
a potato potatoes Mount Fuji the Yellow River
a flamingo
flamingoes a hero heroes you kn
id o
m m ar H D

w
a You often use the before names of oceans,

?
Gr

elp

With some nouns that end in -o, you can add rivers, seas and ranges of mountains.
either -s or -es to form the plural. Mount means mountain.
It is often used in the names of mountains.
Singular Plural Plural
a mango mangoes mangos For example: Mount Everest
a mosquito mosquitoes mosquitos Mount St. Helens
a zero zeroes zeros The written short form for Mount is Mt.
a buffalo buffaloes buffalos For example: Mt. Everest, Mt. Fuji

28 17
The names of festivals, some special events and holidays If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es.
are proper nouns, too.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
calf calves loaf loaves v es

f
elf elves shelf shelves
half halves thief thieves
leaf leaves wolf wolves
m ar H
am
f s

Gr

elp
Often nouns that end in -f, just
need -s to form the plural.
Valentine’s Day Singular Plural Singular Plural
chef chefs handkerchief handkerchiefs
Father’s Day chief chiefs roof roofs
cliff cliffs sheriff sheriffs
For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled
in two different ways.
Singular Plural
s
dwarf dwarfs or dwarves
f
hoof hoofs or hooves ves
scarf scarfs or scarves

Halloween With some words that end in -fe, you change f to v, and add -s.
Word File Singular Plural f
Here are more names of festivals and holidays: knife knives
Christmas Mother’s Day New Year’s Day life lives v e s
Memorial Day April Fool’s Day wife wives
you kn
Labor Day Thanksgiving Day id o
D
But you only add -s to giraffe to form the
w
Independence Day St. Patrick’s Day
?

plural.

18 27
What if there is a vowel before the y?
Exercise 1
In that case, add -s to form the plural. y s Underline the proper nouns in the following
sentences.
1 July is often the hottest month in summer.
2 One day Ali Baba saw the forty thieves hiding in a
cave.
key
3 Shawn and Ashley are going to the beach for a swim.
4 Mr. Lee is reading a book.
turkey
5 “I am your fairy godmother,” said the old woman to
keys Cinderella.
6 Uncle Mike is a lawyer.
7 Next Tuesday is a public holiday.
8 Many children enjoyed the movie Lion King.
Exercise 2
turkeys Look at the words in the box. Which ones are common
nouns and which ones are proper nouns? Put each word
under its correct heading.

tray Lisa bank President Hotel United Bank

Word File January beach White Sand Beach hotel
Singular Plural doctor month Dr. Wang girl
chimney chimneys
cowboy cowboys Common Nouns Proper Nouns
day days
trays
donkey donkeys
jersey jerseys
kidney kidneys
monkey monkeys
toy toys
trolley trolleys
valley valleys

26 19
 Some plural nouns end in -ies.
Exercise 3
Write C for common or P for proper on the blank
before each noun.
1 ______ the White House
butterflies
2 ______ the green dress canaries
3 ______ the tall building
4 ______ the Empire State Building
canary
5 ______ the Yellow River
6 ______ the muddy river butterfly
7 ______ the governor
8 ______ Governor Parker
Word File
9 ______ the Oregon Trail Singular Plural
10 ______ the winding trail baby babies
cherry cherries lilies
diary diaries
Exercise 4 dictionary dictionaries
lily
Underline the nouns that should be capitalized. Circle the
fairy fairies
nouns that should not be capitalized.
family families
1 Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island. fly flies candies
2 The Capital of illinois is Springfield. lady ladies candy
3 My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste. library libraries
4 Their Family visited Yellowstone national Park. puppy puppies
story stories
5 Juan and maria attend kennedy Middle school. strawberry strawberries
6 We had a Surprise Party for aunt Helen.
7 Spring and Fall are my favorite Seasons.
8 The Manager scolded his lazy Employees. am
m ar H
i +
Gr

elp
Nouns like these are made es
plural by changing y to i, and y
adding -es.

20 25
 Some plural nouns end in -es. Singular Nouns

glass
Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking
about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular
bus brush noun.

an owl
glasses
brushes
buses

watch Word File

a ship
watches Singular Plural
beach beaches
a train
branch branches
box boxes
bush bushes a woman
church churches
dish dishes
dress dresses
foxes
sandwich sandwiches
witch witches Word File
fox
These are also singular nouns:
an airplane a letter
m ar H
am a bicycle a map
ch
+ a boy a photograph
Gr

elp

When the last letters of singular sh

nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, a bus a refrigerator
s es a flower a comb a slide
you usually add -es to form ss
the plural. x
a girl a swing
a key a van
24 21
 m ar H
am Plural Nouns
Gr

elp

When you are talking about two or more people,

animals, places, or things, use plural nouns.
4 Use a or an before singular nouns. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end.
Use an before words beginning with vowels
(a, e, i, o, u). For example, say:
an axe an igloo star bats
bat
an egg an orange
an envelope an umbrella
an ice cream an uncle

4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, stars
use a (not an) before these words that begin with u:
a uniform a university
mug
Word File
4 Use a before words beginning with the other Singular Plural
letters of the alphabet, called consonants.
bird birds
For example, say:
broom brooms
a basket a rainbow camel camels fan
a bowl a monster desk desks
a car a pillow doll dolls mugs
a hill a watch egg eggs
a house a zoo flower flowers
fork forks
4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, game games
use an (not a) before these words that begin with h: lamb lambs cap
an heir nest nests fans
an honor pen pens
an hour photo photos
shirt shirts caps
spoon spoons
22 23