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This document discusses ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree, focusing on exact equations and integrating factors. It defines exact equations, provides necessary and sufficient conditions for them, and outlines methods to solve such equations. Additionally, it presents rules for finding integrating factors to convert non-exact equations into exact ones, along with illustrative examples.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views13 pages

Adobe Scan 18-Apr-2025

This document discusses ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree, focusing on exact equations and integrating factors. It defines exact equations, provides necessary and sufficient conditions for them, and outlines methods to solve such equations. Additionally, it presents rules for finding integrating factors to convert non-exact equations into exact ones, along with illustrative examples.

Uploaded by

rimanshaikh1405
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXACT EQUAT IONS AND

. INTEG RATI NG FACTO R


. 1.1.1: Introdu ction. An ordinary different ial equa tion of fir st ·
. dy
· order and fi1·st degree 1s of the .form dx = l (x ,y) (1)

. which can also be written as Mdx +.Vdy = O 1


(2)
where M and l\T are fun ~:t1ons of x and y or const an ts . All
differen tial equation s of fii~s t ordt r -:, nd i-; .. at ~egree· ca 1~ ,ot be
solved. Howeve r, in this chapter, we shall consider the following
special types of equation s of first 01·der and fhst degree ~ hich
can _b e solved by some standard methods :
(i) Exact_ equation s.
(ii) Linear equation s.
1.1.2. Exact Equatio ns.
A first order differen tial equation of the form
M dx+N dy =O • • • I (3)

where both Mand N are function s of x, y , is said to be exact! if


there exist a function u (x,y) such that
M dx + N dy = du . (4)

Then equation (3) becomes du= 0, which on integrat ion gives


u (x,y) = c, c being a constant .
Therefor e u (x,y) = c is a solution of (3).

For example log x dy + y dx = 0 is an exact different ial, since


X

logx dy + y dx = d (y logx).
X
Hence y log x = c, c being a constant , is a general solution of
the equation .
Theore m. The necess~ ·r y and sufficie nt conditio n for the
c_~1 ?1Y
d~fferentiai equat; ,. · .: dx + N dy = 0 to be exact i~ <~ · = ?x ·

EM-l1(8c)-l
NGINEEJW\/li w u DD1V
E 1A'l1CS.JJ

EXACT EQUATIONS
AND iNTEGRATING FACTOR
Mdx+N . o be ex ac t.
'. dy'== 1-3
the equation
proof, 1,et . ta function
· ) su ch th at Mdx + Nd . aF . .·
IL (x ,Y
y == du. N = -+ f (y ).
. there exis · ·
.
. oy ' '
Then , .
au
_~d x +--;
. M dx + Ndy = aF d x)
oF + f (y)}dy
a,y . . ax
But du - ax .0 lcy
.
= (aF dx + aF dy ) + f(y)dy
So Mdx+ [\Td)'
au d + ~ .dy.
=- ax cy J
' ax . .x VJ
~, '

. au ~= N ·
= dF + f(y)dy = dlF + Jf(y)dy1'
Therefore ~ = M' cy ~d u,
(~
wh er e u = F + Hy J
)d~.
(8)
wh ich _sh ow s th at M
dx + Ndy·= 0 is ex ac t.
· 2 a2 ,. · a..,
a'·u
) Note . . By (8), th e so lu tio
au
th - - ,- u. . th -
-U, n of M dx +N dy = 0
1s u (x ,y) =
But, ifbo cyax OXO)' are co nti =
nuous, en ax;i,., - - co ns tan t . .
. . . aycx ·
VJ

oM
i.e., F + Jf (y.)dy = constant
H en ce -=aN
-.
(JJ ax
Thus the condition is.neces
i.e., JMdx + Jf(y)dy = con~tant, by (5)
sary.
aM aN i.e,, J¥d x + J(te~ms of N not oontaini
Conversely, ~e t~ = ax.· ng x) dy = constant. .. (9)
Ill us tr at iv e Ex am pl
We are to show that Md es : ·
x + Ndy = O is exa~t. Ex. 1. Show ,that ·(3x
+ 4y + 5)dx ~ ( 4x - 3y + 3)d
Let !Mdx = F (x,y). equation a~d hence so
lve it. .
y = 0 is an exac.t
(5)
He re M = 3x + 4y +
BF 5, N = 4x :.. 3y + 3.
ax =M .
aM = 4 , aN = 4.
Ii So a2F - oM aN cy ax '
oyBx -3 y= a; ·
aM aN -
I :

aN = a2F cy = a;·
F a~aF)
ax. uyax '::1D2;\,,
=
= - ·- So th e giv en eq ua tio
UXv J ax OJ • n is an exa~i equatio
n.
1..:.t".:~ - 1- l 'f!' .
"'' ' i:·"'- '<
:l-'$1'~1'? .,
"'NEERING 11-'/JITHEMATlCS.JJ
ENvl !, · • .
~-:1 ' EXA[:T EQUATIONS AND1NTEGRATING FACTOR 1-5

ff H ,ation is
solution of the eqt cl aM aN
-=-
Hence the , 1taining x)dy::: 72' c being a ... : oy ax
nns of N not co1
·JMdx+ J(te . So the equation is an exact equation.
const1:d , .. . 3)dy = c~ Hen_ce the solution of the eq~ation is given by
• ~\rl:,.; +J(- 3)' + ' 72
o:·. j (3x +4.V.+'J,.,,., . ., . . . fMdx +f(te11ns of N not containing x')dy = c, c being a constant.
" ·~ r, . ,;[ +3y == 7j
or.
~
~
+ -1.\)1 + 0.\ - 2 -' ·or, J(y 2~xi +4x 3 )dx+'J(-3 /)dy=c
~•hich is the requ.ired
10,.,· +Gy ::: C ' \.•
-
~t\' ~+o.\,)' .
a ""3)1-+ 0
ex/ + x'1 _ y3 = c, which is the required solution. ·
~oh1t ion. Ex. 4. Show· tl~at the ·equation 3y(x2 -l)dx+(x3 ·+8y-3x)dy == 0
. xs-in •dx +(e·'' +l)cosydy ::: O.
Ex. 2. Soli •e · c ~ .i [W.B. U. T. 2005, 2006] · is exact and . its particula r sol~tion when x == 0, Y = I is

Herc M = C'1• ~: ny, .N =.(C"' +l) co~y


:-i,u
(, - 1.S co~)'
llN
- = c· cosy
,. Here M =3y(x2 -l), N=x 3 +8y-3x
-I'.)'- •. ' i
(X

BM . (x2 -1,) -=3x


-=3 8N 2 .
-3=3 ( x2 -I )
?,11 ilN O'J ox
~ =-;;;·
So the given cquntion is an exact equation. He11ce the solution
, I aM aN
-=-

I ay . ox
of ~he equuti<'n is
Thus the ·given ·equation is exact. ·
JMdx + J(te1'.ms of N not containing x) dy = c. Hence the solution of the equation is
or, Je.r sin ydx + Jcosydy = c, being a const~mt,

e.t sin Y +sin y = c, .c which is the requir0d solution.

Ex. 3. Solue : (i e•x.1•~ +tlxa )dx +(2xyil - 3y2 )dy = 0.


T_ ' .,
dere M == y~exr + 4x:1
· , N -- 9.xy e · - 3y~~
• .I')' ~
.1y('x3 -3)+ 4_y2 == C
_aM _ 9 xv .·, ~ i i)N ·
u.Y - .ye . + 2y' X e·\V - - •)' ;n•i ') :1
I, ax - ... ye • + ... xy e•\'y2
:s aw ~·
ENGINEERING ,MATHEMATIC
S.lJ ' '.
~
1-6 . BXACT EQU~TIONS ANP
INTEGRATING FACTOR
1-7
. 0 . j r == l
· ·wbet1 .r== '
_pM _ aN
.. _ C ': 0+4-~
Rule 1. If· ay N ax. = . (x)
·
· ·
:: C:::: 4
1 , a fu.nction of x only, the.n e Jf( x1 ix. ·
. : lar solution is
Therefore the part1CU .is an integrating factor of
the differential e_quation (10).
.\.){x"., "') 4 2- 4
-v + y - .' aM aN
- - -· _
• I

{ .3 . "')==4 '1-/) ' Rule 2. If ay Ma x = g(y


) , a function of y onl
:. :\) \ ' - 0 • \ ' . y, then e-J g(y1iy
. tin ct factor f). is an integrating factor of
1,l.3.Integra . e . . (I. · ·
bich are not exact can. som . .· the differential equation (10
).
· _ Differential equatio~;. eti me s be Rule 3. If M. a~d N are bo
made exact after mult1p ~g
by a suitable {actor (a function of ' th h~mogeneous functions
in X, y of
· '
x and / or y) calle~ Integra.t.ing fi ctor . . same degree an d Mx + Ny 1
a . i 0, the n Mx' + Ny is an int
. . B aft' egrating
For example, the equ.atio
. d · ydx = o 1s not exa
n x y -: . ct. ut er
. factor of (10).
·
.
· 1 Rule 4. If th~ ·equation (10
multiplying the eq ua tio · b ? , the eq ua tio' ) is of
the formyf(xy)dx+xg(xy)dy
n y x:- n be c_om es =0
. . . arid Mx-N/:t=·O, the n · 1
. · is an integrating factor
Mx-"f:Jy · of the
equation. .

J Rufo 5. If the ~quation (10


·i 0
) is of the forrQ. ·
l(m yd x + nxd y) + x 0 '.l '(rn
where a,b , a' , b', m·, n,m ',~
'j~ x +_n'x dy) =0

which is an exact and solutio


n is 'l... =c, a ·constant. · .integrating-factor of the equ
' are all constants, then
ation where
xh/ is ~n
X .
·Note : It can be proved tha . a.+ h+ ·l ~ b+ 1l+ l :d•
t if a differential eq ua tio +h ~l = b'+ k+ l
integrating factor , the equ n ha s one m n
ation ha s an inf ini te nu m' n'·
integrating factors. · mb er of .
Illustrative Examples.
Rules for finding int eg rat
ing fac tor s.
l
Here we consider a differential Ex. 1. So lve : (x:>> - e?. )dx -i2 yd y = o.
equation of the f~rm [W.B.U .T. 2012, 2014]
Mdx+Ndy =0
(HJ) ,
.1 '
'
which is not exact i.e.; aM * ' '
Here M = xy~ -e. xJ ,N
, ' ?
2 '
oN =.- x. Y .
ay ax.
aM aN
- = 2x y, - = -2x y
ay ax ·
_ 1-9
ENO!NEERIN~ MATH~MA_TiC~-II
..... EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTijGRATING FACTOR
,' .

~ aM aN

-r
--:,; -·-.
M aN·. . oy ox
oin .. -
:. oJ .aX So the equation is not exact but
. . uation is not exact but
So the eq . 2 ·
-'. J ( oM oNJ 6x y3 + 4x · 2 ·
=y
.
which isafu nctio n of y .only.
. 1 (aM .aN] =~=2 -:-..X! ·which is a function of x onl~.. .· .·M Dy-·& = x 2y4 +2xy
3
- -
N a,y
-
ax . -x Y . · . . . .·
l =~.
.Hen~eI. F. :=/f~Y~e-2Iogy
4 . -i
=:=elogy-t
. ' J--4X e-4logx -- elogx = -4 .
· X :
x Y"
Hence I. F. = e 1·
1
4' we · get .
the . eqµation
by . Multiplying the .equation by .~, we get
Multiplying X .

. (/- - -1e?Jd :..1-dy = o which is an exa~t equation.


X
.
? ,
. . . . , . .
:(3N +2x) dx;(2x'y- x:JYdy
. y, ' . ' y . '>
=0 ~hic h 1s an ex.act
. x3 x4 x·

Therefore the solution .is _equation.

. J(/ _J_e;rJdx
x.3 x4 ·
+o= ~. since there is no. te~m wl~~h. ·
6 . .
.
.
'
Therefore the solution is -

J(3x'y' 7) dx t O,; c, ~ince there is no ten;, which does


+
does not contain x in N. not contain x in N. ·
. I .
2
i e y2f dx3 +.!Je7i d(J_)
x3
= ~6 x 3y2 +~ = c, which is the requi
y '
red solution.
'
· ., x 3 .

9 r Ex; 3 .. Solve :-(x


4
+y 4 idx-x y3dy· = 0.
y· I a c
i.e., --+ -ex =-
Her_e-.Af =x fy4, N = -xy3.
4
2x2 3 . · 6
e 4.
r '
So' M, N are both homogeneous functions in X, y ~f degre
2 2 :f. ? 9 .

x ex -3y- = ex· which is the required solution.


Now,. oAf,.=4y3, ~N = -y3.'
Ex. 2. Solve_: (3x2l +2xy )'dx+ .(2x3y3 2)d .. 8y ox
. --x y = O,
oM oN
[W.B.U.T. 2014) - ·':/-- .
8y ox
Here M = 3x2y4 +2xy, N = .2x3 3 2
So the equation is not exact, but Mx + Ny = x * 0.
5
. y -x

aM 2 a · · aN 1
-=1 2x y +2x ,-- 6 2Y3 - 2x Hence 5X is an integrating factor:
i)y ,OX - X . .
ENGINEERING MA.THEAfA:Tics~u

·
. . .
uation by
1.
. ll l',
- we ge t -, +-)
l .
5 dx --dy- o
4
EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGI(ATING
FACTOR 1-11

/1 ' x x x· -
\ilultiplyi1'.g the eq .x . . .
Ex. 5; Solv~: 3ydx - 2xcly + x 2/
(l0ydx - 6xdy ) ~ O.
1

. h: his a~1 exact equ ation. Comparing the given· equation with
W IC .
the·equation
. the
There.fo1e .solu tion.is 0

\
. x l(m ydx + nx~ly) +:xa' l ' (m'ydx
+ _n'xdy) = 0
~ we have a= b =0, m = 3, ·n =-2, a'

l =2, b' =-1,


C
J ~ ~ ~ )dx=-4 , m' = 10, n' =-6.
x · x/) . . t m which does not contain x in N. . Let xii y'1 be an integrating factor:
since there no er . .

Then a+ h +1 b+ k +i
C
y. - - m· n
~'',
'
locr.'o'X - -4i -
4.
➔ O+h+ l . ·o+ k+l
· 4 whicb is the required solu i.e ., = -2
4i log x - Y = ex tion. 3
.
i.e., 2h + 3h =-5. (i)
Ex. 4. Sol.i;e: y(xy + '2x 2/ )dx + (xy _ /·l
)x_cf,y =O. a' ;t-h +l b' + k +l
. . ? •) and
Here M = y( xY+. 2x2 / ), N = (xy - m.' n'
x-y -) x.
Also the equation is of the form yf (:cy) 2+h +l -1-t :li+ l
dx -:- xg( xy)dy = 0. ·'. 10 -6
Moreover Mx - Ny = 3x 3y3.
3h + 5k = -9. (ii)
Hence ~
3x.,y'3
is an inte grat ing factor . Solv ing (i) and (ii), we get h = 2, k = -3. .
Multiplying the equatio~ by _l_ The refo re x 2y- 3 · is an inte grat ing
, we get factor.
1( 1 . 2. j
1( l axl' jy3 . .. .
- ~'" '- dx +- - - - . dy = O whi
ch 1s an exa ct
Mul tipl ying the equ atio n by x_2 y- 3
, ~e get
3 X y X 9
3 xy-. y
(3x 2y- 2 ~lO x 4y- 3 )dx -(2x 3y- 3 +3x
equation. Therefore the solution is f>y-4)dy = O whi ch is
given by an exa ct equ atio n.
The refo re ·the solu tion is given by
½JUY+~)dx +tJH)dy ~i, cbeing a constant .

1 . . .
j (3x y - 2 2 + 10x 4 y - 3 )dx = c, since ther e is no term
which
or, - - + 2 log x - logy= c.
xy ·. does not con tain x in N.
I 1og -
x 2
=- -
1 . x 3 y ~2 + ix 5 y- 3 = c , whi ch is the req_u ired
.Y . xy c , which. is
· h • · solution.

l
t e r.e quir ed solu tion .
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
.JI
EXACT EQUATIONS AND INT
EGRATING FACTOR
1-12
_,
~

X2Y' - 2.,y
E1.. 6• so lve ( ,
2
)dx+l3x2y-x3)dy=0 [W.B.U.T
\
. 2008]
aM aN
1-13
I
2
::: i/y -x3 are bo th ho mo ge
ere. M11 -_ x-)i - 2~'.'J11 , N · _-.
ne ou s
-i=-
ay ax t
B. . . i
. of same degre 3. aM aN
functions in .x, y - .
. 3)
Now Ac!x+1'Y~(x'y-2>y')x+(Jx'y-x fii -a x = 2(2xy+~x)
y
aM
- -aN
-
ay ax 2
l M y
I .F. = ---r-T
Xy
-Ji dy -
Mu ltip l~g the given different
l I .F. =e y = e-21og Y =~y -- =---1'--
•I

ial equation by x2 y2 , we get, /


Multiplying the given equatio
_1-(x2y-2x/)dx++,(3x 2y- x 3)dy = n by -;- , we get ,
y-
x2y2 0
X y
-1 (2xy+eX )d x--e-°'dy =O
(}__~1c1x) ~..:!,\dy = O Y I
(y X) ~y y-)
which is an exact equation. i.e., (2x + ex \d x- e: dy = O
Hence the solution of the equatio y) y-
n is
which is an exact equation.
Hence the required solution
is

or, -X - 2\og x+ 3\og y = c


y

X y3 .
- + log 2 = c ' c bem
x2 ex
y g a constant Qr, 2- -+ -= C
X
. 2 y
Ex. 7. Solve, (2xy+ i )yd x-i
dy= O
Hence M =(2xy+ e-T )y, N =-l

aM x oN
8y =4 xy +e , fu =- l
ENGINEERING MATHEMATJcs·]]
EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR 1-15
~ F. of the equation .
tliat the I. 0 .. x
dy - is e Ex. 9. Prove that .(x +y +1t4 is ·an integrating fac~or of the
Ex, 8. ShOW · 2 2x)dx+2Y · -
+ ' .
(:c -+y equation (2xy ·- y2 -y)dx +(.2 xy- x 2 _ x)dy = o and hence solve
9
. . z +y2 = 2e1-x when x = y = 1.
. . lar solution x . it.
't part£CU t
. . t1·on by e·r we ge ,
. and i:s. . . . n equa . Multiplying the given equation by (x +y + If4 we get
Multiplyir,~-the give . x - 0 . . ...
(i)
') 2 +2x)d.r+2ye dy- 2xy - l - y 2xy ·_ x 2 - x
l ( x·+y ---..,...dx+ . dy=O. (i)
· M<ix+Ndy =-0 (x+y+1)
4
(x+y+1J 4
WhiC
h·is of the form .
.
which is of the form .Mdx + Ndy = 0 ·
M =l(x2 +l +2x), N = 2ye~
2xy - y2 - y 2xy .- x 2 - X
,u aN· ; M= . N=--- 4
01r1 - er 2y - = 2ye (x+y+l)4' (x+y _+ l)_
oy- ·· ax
2
aM (2x-2y-l) (x + y +1) 4 - -4(x + y + l)3(2xy- y .-_y)
aM aN 8y = (x + y + 1) 8
-=-
oy ax
2 0
So the equation (i) is exact. = (2x + 2y2 - Bxy +x + y +l) I (x +y + 1)
4 2
Hence er is an integrating factor. .arid aN = (2y-2x~ _l)(x+y+I) -4(2xy-x -x)(x+y+l)3
Therefore the solution of the given equation is ax . . (i +y + 1) 8
fl(x 2 ~ y2 +2x)dx+O = c 2
= (2x + 2/ -Bxy +x+ y'+l) I (x+ y + 1)5
2 aM aN
or, flx ~+/ jldx+2 Jxi'dx=c c3y · '."' 8x
or, x2l - Jzxex +lex+ 2 Jxexdx = C So the equation (i) is_exact. Hence (x + y + l)-4 IS an
integrating factor.
i2 +y2 =ce-x Therefore the solution of the equation is given by
When X=y=l,,.we have l+l=c£1 2
xy - y2 - Yd x + O · there IS· .no term· which does not
C.= 2e
f (x+.y+l)
- - - - 4, = c, smce
.
containx.
· Thus the particular solution is
') 2
x~ + Y = 2ee-x
.
OI,
2
y
f. (x + y+ 1)- (y + 1) d
4
X-
f y(y + 1) . d
---- X =C
.
. (x + y + l) (x + y + 1).4 ·
9
i.e.,

. x~ + y-9 = 2e1-.r ·
'.~~ \
Z~-b'-
~ ---
!f
:.
,;__
. -~
ENGINEER/NC MATHEMA'fJc
. . S,11
1-17
· EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR

. EXE RCI SE

y(Y~ : : c [J°] SHO RT ANSW ER QUES TION S


)' ---- .,3
- ~ )2 + (X +y +1) dy y 1
or, (x +y + . . . differe ntial equati on -d + - = ~ .
requir ed solutio n. 1. Find the IF of the vl+x·
. . 3 ·which is the . ' X X

-c(r +y +l) • . {; .ffi .1 dy -1


or, ·xy - · . x- 1
=e
. ?
+ x-e .
2. So1vet he d1 erenti a equation dx
. . zdx+xycos/dy==O , y(2)=V2
Ex. 10. Solve 2sJJ1Y . .., 3. Solve the differential equation xdy + ydx = xydx when y(l) = 1
4. Find the geometrical locus repres ented by the differential
2
Here M= 2sin/; N = xycosy
equation xdy - ydx = 0.
. aN 2 . . . .
2
-=JCO SY is
5. Find whether the differential equation ydx-x dy ":' x ydx
2
::i U
: . _P _r1 = 4ycosy ' ox
O'j exact.
aM. aN 6. Find wheth er the. differential equation
ay-a; = 3ycosi 2
.

(x + y-l)d x + (2x + 2y ~3)dy = 0 is exact.


N xycosy
7. Find · the geometric locus repres ented by the differ ential
=!wh ich is a function of x only. dy
equation y-+ x = ll .
X · dx
~ . 8. Find the IF of the differential equation
:. I.F = eJX X = e3logx = x3. dy ( . ).
x cos x - + y x sm x + cos x· = 1 .
3 dx
Multiplying the equation by x we get 2 2
9: Is the differential equation {3;y + 2y3 )dx + (4x + 6xy )dy = 0
2x3siny2dx+x 4ycos/ dy = O · exact?
which is an exact equation. ·
10. Find the IF of the differential equation
Therefore the solution is 2 2
(2x + y + x )dx + xydy = 0 .
3 .
J2x siny2dx +O= ·:2. , smce there 1s no term which
· .
does not aM aN
contain x in: N. [Hint : IF = ay ax ]
. 4· . ')
smy- = c N
1.e.,-x
11. Find the IF of the differential equation .(x3 + y3 )dx - :ty 2dy = 0
vG'2, , so ·sm-2 = c
As we are given y(2) = 24 . 7t
:. ·c = 16. "' 12.·Examine whether the differential equation
2
So the required solution i·s x4 . ? (9-2 xy - y 2 )dx -{x + y) dy = 0 is ex~ct
· · smr == 16

EM-11-2
ENGINEER !NG 1'\IL 1THE MA'/'
Ics.11
1.18· . · EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR · · 1-19
d'fferential equat10n
. whether the l
13 . Exa011ne _2 -x3)dy = O is exact. If not find the 4. (/ + 2x 2y)dx + (2x 3 -xy)dy = 0.
,) 9 . 2)d;,.; + (3x Y . . . .
(:r:y- .. xy · · •act aft er multiplication.
. h makes it ex 5. (y4 + 2y)dx +(xy3 + 2y 4 -4x)dy = 0.
r tor whic ·
,ac f the equation 6. ye·cy dx + (xexy + 2y)dy = 0.
14, Find the IF o 9
3 s _ x· \r1y = 0.
2 ,, +9,",\r/,\: +(9...x Y r 7. (sinxcosy +e2x)dx + (cosxsiny + tany)dy = 0.
(3xY ··'- /
1

· equation
Of tl1e ) d - 0 [W.B.U.T. 2016)
15. mF' d the IF ( sinxy-cosxy x Y -
. )ydr + xy
(•'J"-vsinxy+cosxy ,, ANSWE RS 8. (I+ xy)ydx +(1- xy)xdy = 0.
I
ex 2 3
:\:3
3. y=- 9. (xy2 +2x 2y3)dx+(x y-x l)dy = 0.
2 eY = e' +.::.,_+ C ex
1. X ' 3 2
10. (3.xy-2ay2)dx + (x -2axy)dy = 0.
4. Family of st. line passing through origin
11. (2x 2y-3y4)dx + (3x 3 + 2xy3)dy = 0.
5. not exact
6. not 12. (ex siny+ e-Y)dx + (ex cosy - xe-Y)dy = 0.
7. family of circles centred at origin 13. (2x 2y2 + y)dx-(x 3y-3x)dy = 0.
8. xsecx 14. (cosx-xcosy)dy-(s iny +:ysinx)dx = 0
9. no
10. .r 15. (cosx cosy - cotx)dx - sinxsiny dy = 0
1 16. {lex/ +4x 3 )dx+(2xyexl -3y2)dy=0
ll,4 12. exact
X
17. (sin xsiny - xeY )dy = (eY + cosx cosy )dx
1 l 2 4 3 2
14. y2 15. 18. (3x y +2xy)dx+(2x y3-x )dy = 0
2xycosxy
19. y(y2 -2x 2 )dx + x(2y
2
- x 2 )dy = 0 ·
[II] Lo A 2 2
20. (x 2 y 2 + xy + t)ydx + (x y - xy + t)xdy = 0
NG NSWER QUESTIONS

Solve the following equations (1-26) : 21. x 3 y3(2ydx+xdy)-(5y dx+7xdy)=0


l. (x 4 9 2 4) 9.
2 2
- ... xy +Y dx == (2.·r y-4 3 . 2
22. 3(x 2 + y )dx + x(x + 3y + 6y)dy = 0
xy +smy)dy.
2 . 9 ,.J: (
. Y sm ... xUJx - 1+
?
r +eos'.! x)dy == 0. 23. x( 4ydx + 2xdy) + y3(3ydx + 5xdy) = 0
3 3 ? 2
· (x Y- + x)dy + (x y3 - y)dx :;: O.
24. Solve (5x 2 +xy-l)dx+(.!.x 2 -y+2y2)dy=O; given Y = 1
2
whenx= 0.
r~
l.,.'NGJNEERlNG MA1'flE':.1 A
"'J"'"'21c l·:ll
l~XJ\CT l!,'QUll'l10NS1\ND IN'T'IWR1\'/'!Nn FA CTOR
~
17 • '.tc·\I +s mx

cosy = c
•) ,· . y( 1) ~ 2
dy _ [.:..::..
,..o. dx - '..,y
')i - )
- ·,· . a ,, X 2
factor of the equat10n
. .• . a 18. X .Y-+ - ::: c 19. X~.Y y· - x-., ) = C
•) 2 ( •)
26 Find un mteg1atlllt, I . .Y
·, ,) • _3 • ,)d , = 0 and hence so ve 1t.
(i+2:Y·y)ch+(2., -.\J ) .
7
.t • I F of the equat10n (i

y3 + 2 = c.x 3/i
•·
27. Prove that e·' an · · 18
20.' xy - -1 +1og(X)
- = c 21. x 3
xy . Y
-1)d. sd)' = oand hence solve it.
(x 2 +.\)' x+ 9...y
2
1 22. x(x + 3/) =.ce·Y
is an I.F. of
28 · Show that~
3x )'
.23.
.4 2
X Y, t X
3 5
y =C 24 · IOx·3 +3x-y-6x
')
-3y~ +4y 3. _- 1 = 0.
<)

){.1y ~ 2//)dx+ x(.1y- x


2
/ )dy= 0 •) •)
26.1. F. =x-½y-½; 6.j;y-x½/ ~ = c.
'

1 . 25. x· -xy + y~ = 3
(
29. Show that xx· ) is an integrating factor of the equati·
- y2 .
?
on Jx 2ex~d x.+ 1 Y 4e·r~ = c.
. 27. 29. x-•) - y2 = ex..
(x 2 +/)d.t-21ydy = Oand hence solve tht equation. 2
ANSWER S ·[III] MULTIP LE CHOICE QUESTI ONS
1'X 5 - 5X.2Y2 +5.1y 4 t5COS)'=C· 2. 3yc OS ...9 X + 6y +·2y 3 = C.
1. A first order first degree equation of the form Mcfr + Ndy = O is
3. log(½)+ ix y2 2
= c. 4. 4(xy) ½
1 2(.yl½= C. exact if .

I
.-- - .
3 X
2x :(b) aM = aN
5. xy + 9 + J" = C.
9 •

6. e·D' t y2 = C.
' ·ox _oy
y-

i . . .

l X
1 ?
7. -cosxcosy +-e·x +logsecy = c.
2

. 1 '
(c) oM * aN
ay ax
2. The differential equation
8. - - +log-= c 2
xy Y . 9.. --+
xy log(xh/ ) -- c. . (a1x - _b1y)dx + (c:. 2x-b2y)dy =·0

-10. x2(ay2-xy )=c. -~ 24 10 is exact if


l 1.- 5x 13;,13 - I2x --13 _0,
y I'-' == C.
(a) a1 = b2 (b) q = b,)
1')-· eX sin
· 1
y· -1-
.Yr> ···. · ~-: C. 13. 4x2 == 5 + Y, 12/
y . ex 7y 11 _ . (c) a1 = -b,, - (d) a2 =-q
H, JCO',\'- ' y=c
. · .,. srn ).'" '
,) . Stn.tcos -
. Y - log( csin x)

\
,---
I
..
1-ZZ
~
~
--
ENGWEERING MA'J.'HEMA'I'1cs

dy
~ EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR 1-23

. )-+g(x,y)=O
differential eqnsuon f (x ,Y dx 9. If IF of x(l- x 2 )dy +(2x 2y- y -ax 3 )dx = 0 is fPd:c then Pis
3,Forthe . e
to be exact if 2x 2 -1
at ag (a) 2x 3 -1
af ag (b) fu = ay (b) x(l- x 2 )
(a) a/:ax (c) 2x -1
2 2
(d) 2x -ax
3

(d) none of these [WBUT 20111 ax3 ' x(l- x 2 )


dy - 2y
10. If dx = e and y(5) = 0 then y(a) = 3. The value of a is
4. The equation · .
(ax' +PY)dx +(--0/ +qx )dy =o is exact 1f (a) e5 (b) e6 +1
(b) p-q = 0
(a) p+q ::0 (c) ½(e6 + 9) (d) loge 6
(d) ptq
(c) 3p+q =0
5. The equation my-ydx=O is exact. 11. If the differential equation (y+.! +-!:-JAv+(x-.!+~
X x-y r y xy-
lly
r = o·
The statement is is exact then the value of A is
(b) False
(a) True
(a) 2 (b) 1
6. The equation (l+zy) ydx+(l-xy)xdy=O is not exact. The
(c) 0 (d) ...,1
statement is
(a) True (b) False [WBUT 2014, 2012]

7. The differential equation 12. To make the equation (2.xy-3 y3 )dx+(4x +6.xy
2 2
)dy = 0
· xay- ydx . exact it will have to be multiplied by
xdx+ydy+ 9 •) =0 is exact. The statement is
X"' +y-
(a) x 2y (b) x2y2
(a) True . (b) False
(c) zy2 (d) .xy 3 [WBUT 2012]
8. The integrating factor of
13. The differential equation (xe 0 ·\:>' + 2y) dy + yexy = O is exact for
ydx-xdy+4i y2/d,x =0 is dx
a. =
(b) y2 (a) 3 (b) 1

(c) 2 (d) 0
(c) xy2

• I
I.
(h) 2 , l

(d) 1, 2
\ {' . l
'{ ,, h"' ·1n l F of
·1
'.\: _\'
"- t h e equ a t i
t.
on
.h 1 ~ ~_v . . )d x _ {xy
:>i - 3y - 1
\ )dy
== 0 t h e
n the valu
es (J f r
n lj
la ) - 3, - 3
(b) - 3 , 3
(c) ~ ' - 3
(d) n o n e
'
''

ANSW
ERS
l.a 2 .d
9 .b 3.b 4.b
10.c 11.b 5.b 6.a
1 2~a 13.b 7.a S.
14.d 15.a

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