Adobe Scan 18-Apr-2025
Adobe Scan 18-Apr-2025
logx dy + y dx = d (y logx).
X
Hence y log x = c, c being a constant , is a general solution of
the equation .
Theore m. The necess~ ·r y and sufficie nt conditio n for the
c_~1 ?1Y
d~fferentiai equat; ,. · .: dx + N dy = 0 to be exact i~ <~ · = ?x ·
EM-l1(8c)-l
NGINEEJW\/li w u DD1V
E 1A'l1CS.JJ
.·
EXACT EQUATIONS
AND iNTEGRATING FACTOR
Mdx+N . o be ex ac t.
'. dy'== 1-3
the equation
proof, 1,et . ta function
· ) su ch th at Mdx + Nd . aF . .·
IL (x ,Y
y == du. N = -+ f (y ).
. there exis · ·
.
. oy ' '
Then , .
au
_~d x +--;
. M dx + Ndy = aF d x)
oF + f (y)}dy
a,y . . ax
But du - ax .0 lcy
.
= (aF dx + aF dy ) + f(y)dy
So Mdx+ [\Td)'
au d + ~ .dy.
=- ax cy J
' ax . .x VJ
~, '
. au ~= N ·
= dF + f(y)dy = dlF + Jf(y)dy1'
Therefore ~ = M' cy ~d u,
(~
wh er e u = F + Hy J
)d~.
(8)
wh ich _sh ow s th at M
dx + Ndy·= 0 is ex ac t.
· 2 a2 ,. · a..,
a'·u
) Note . . By (8), th e so lu tio
au
th - - ,- u. . th -
-U, n of M dx +N dy = 0
1s u (x ,y) =
But, ifbo cyax OXO)' are co nti =
nuous, en ax;i,., - - co ns tan t . .
. . . aycx ·
VJ
oM
i.e., F + Jf (y.)dy = constant
H en ce -=aN
-.
(JJ ax
Thus the condition is.neces
i.e., JMdx + Jf(y)dy = con~tant, by (5)
sary.
aM aN i.e,, J¥d x + J(te~ms of N not oontaini
Conversely, ~e t~ = ax.· ng x) dy = constant. .. (9)
Ill us tr at iv e Ex am pl
We are to show that Md es : ·
x + Ndy = O is exa~t. Ex. 1. Show ,that ·(3x
+ 4y + 5)dx ~ ( 4x - 3y + 3)d
Let !Mdx = F (x,y). equation a~d hence so
lve it. .
y = 0 is an exac.t
(5)
He re M = 3x + 4y +
BF 5, N = 4x :.. 3y + 3.
ax =M .
aM = 4 , aN = 4.
Ii So a2F - oM aN cy ax '
oyBx -3 y= a; ·
aM aN -
I :
aN = a2F cy = a;·
F a~aF)
ax. uyax '::1D2;\,,
=
= - ·- So th e giv en eq ua tio
UXv J ax OJ • n is an exa~i equatio
n.
1..:.t".:~ - 1- l 'f!' .
"'' ' i:·"'- '<
:l-'$1'~1'? .,
"'NEERING 11-'/JITHEMATlCS.JJ
ENvl !, · • .
~-:1 ' EXA[:T EQUATIONS AND1NTEGRATING FACTOR 1-5
ff H ,ation is
solution of the eqt cl aM aN
-=-
Hence the , 1taining x)dy::: 72' c being a ... : oy ax
nns of N not co1
·JMdx+ J(te . So the equation is an exact equation.
const1:d , .. . 3)dy = c~ Hen_ce the solution of the eq~ation is given by
• ~\rl:,.; +J(- 3)' + ' 72
o:·. j (3x +4.V.+'J,.,,., . ., . . . fMdx +f(te11ns of N not containing x')dy = c, c being a constant.
" ·~ r, . ,;[ +3y == 7j
or.
~
~
+ -1.\)1 + 0.\ - 2 -' ·or, J(y 2~xi +4x 3 )dx+'J(-3 /)dy=c
~•hich is the requ.ired
10,.,· +Gy ::: C ' \.•
-
~t\' ~+o.\,)' .
a ""3)1-+ 0
ex/ + x'1 _ y3 = c, which is the required solution. ·
~oh1t ion. Ex. 4. Show· tl~at the ·equation 3y(x2 -l)dx+(x3 ·+8y-3x)dy == 0
. xs-in •dx +(e·'' +l)cosydy ::: O.
Ex. 2. Soli •e · c ~ .i [W.B. U. T. 2005, 2006] · is exact and . its particula r sol~tion when x == 0, Y = I is
~ aM aN
-r
--:,; -·-.
M aN·. . oy ox
oin .. -
:. oJ .aX So the equation is not exact but
. . uation is not exact but
So the eq . 2 ·
-'. J ( oM oNJ 6x y3 + 4x · 2 ·
=y
.
which isafu nctio n of y .only.
. 1 (aM .aN] =~=2 -:-..X! ·which is a function of x onl~.. .· .·M Dy-·& = x 2y4 +2xy
3
- -
N a,y
-
ax . -x Y . · . . . .·
l =~.
.Hen~eI. F. :=/f~Y~e-2Iogy
4 . -i
=:=elogy-t
. ' J--4X e-4logx -- elogx = -4 .
· X :
x Y"
Hence I. F. = e 1·
1
4' we · get .
the . eqµation
by . Multiplying the .equation by .~, we get
Multiplying X .
. J(/ _J_e;rJdx
x.3 x4 ·
+o= ~. since there is no. te~m wl~~h. ·
6 . .
.
.
'
Therefore the solution is -
aM 2 a · · aN 1
-=1 2x y +2x ,-- 6 2Y3 - 2x Hence 5X is an integrating factor:
i)y ,OX - X . .
ENGINEERING MA.THEAfA:Tics~u
·
. . .
uation by
1.
. ll l',
- we ge t -, +-)
l .
5 dx --dy- o
4
EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGI(ATING
FACTOR 1-11
/1 ' x x x· -
\ilultiplyi1'.g the eq .x . . .
Ex. 5; Solv~: 3ydx - 2xcly + x 2/
(l0ydx - 6xdy ) ~ O.
1
. h: his a~1 exact equ ation. Comparing the given· equation with
W IC .
the·equation
. the
There.fo1e .solu tion.is 0
\
. x l(m ydx + nx~ly) +:xa' l ' (m'ydx
+ _n'xdy) = 0
~ we have a= b =0, m = 3, ·n =-2, a'
1 . . .
j (3x y - 2 2 + 10x 4 y - 3 )dx = c, since ther e is no term
which
or, - - + 2 log x - logy= c.
xy ·. does not con tain x in N.
I 1og -
x 2
=- -
1 . x 3 y ~2 + ix 5 y- 3 = c , whi ch is the req_u ired
.Y . xy c , which. is
· h • · solution.
l
t e r.e quir ed solu tion .
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
.JI
EXACT EQUATIONS AND INT
EGRATING FACTOR
1-12
_,
~
X2Y' - 2.,y
E1.. 6• so lve ( ,
2
)dx+l3x2y-x3)dy=0 [W.B.U.T
\
. 2008]
aM aN
1-13
I
2
::: i/y -x3 are bo th ho mo ge
ere. M11 -_ x-)i - 2~'.'J11 , N · _-.
ne ou s
-i=-
ay ax t
B. . . i
. of same degre 3. aM aN
functions in .x, y - .
. 3)
Now Ac!x+1'Y~(x'y-2>y')x+(Jx'y-x fii -a x = 2(2xy+~x)
y
aM
- -aN
-
ay ax 2
l M y
I .F. = ---r-T
Xy
-Ji dy -
Mu ltip l~g the given different
l I .F. =e y = e-21og Y =~y -- =---1'--
•I
X y3 .
- + log 2 = c ' c bem
x2 ex
y g a constant Qr, 2- -+ -= C
X
. 2 y
Ex. 7. Solve, (2xy+ i )yd x-i
dy= O
Hence M =(2xy+ e-T )y, N =-l
aM x oN
8y =4 xy +e , fu =- l
ENGINEERING MATHEMATJcs·]]
EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR 1-15
~ F. of the equation .
tliat the I. 0 .. x
dy - is e Ex. 9. Prove that .(x +y +1t4 is ·an integrating fac~or of the
Ex, 8. ShOW · 2 2x)dx+2Y · -
+ ' .
(:c -+y equation (2xy ·- y2 -y)dx +(.2 xy- x 2 _ x)dy = o and hence solve
9
. . z +y2 = 2e1-x when x = y = 1.
. . lar solution x . it.
't part£CU t
. . t1·on by e·r we ge ,
. and i:s. . . . n equa . Multiplying the given equation by (x +y + If4 we get
Multiplyir,~-the give . x - 0 . . ...
(i)
') 2 +2x)d.r+2ye dy- 2xy - l - y 2xy ·_ x 2 - x
l ( x·+y ---..,...dx+ . dy=O. (i)
· M<ix+Ndy =-0 (x+y+1)
4
(x+y+1J 4
WhiC
h·is of the form .
.
which is of the form .Mdx + Ndy = 0 ·
M =l(x2 +l +2x), N = 2ye~
2xy - y2 - y 2xy .- x 2 - X
,u aN· ; M= . N=--- 4
01r1 - er 2y - = 2ye (x+y+l)4' (x+y _+ l)_
oy- ·· ax
2
aM (2x-2y-l) (x + y +1) 4 - -4(x + y + l)3(2xy- y .-_y)
aM aN 8y = (x + y + 1) 8
-=-
oy ax
2 0
So the equation (i) is exact. = (2x + 2y2 - Bxy +x + y +l) I (x +y + 1)
4 2
Hence er is an integrating factor. .arid aN = (2y-2x~ _l)(x+y+I) -4(2xy-x -x)(x+y+l)3
Therefore the solution of the given equation is ax . . (i +y + 1) 8
fl(x 2 ~ y2 +2x)dx+O = c 2
= (2x + 2/ -Bxy +x+ y'+l) I (x+ y + 1)5
2 aM aN
or, flx ~+/ jldx+2 Jxi'dx=c c3y · '."' 8x
or, x2l - Jzxex +lex+ 2 Jxexdx = C So the equation (i) is_exact. Hence (x + y + l)-4 IS an
integrating factor.
i2 +y2 =ce-x Therefore the solution of the equation is given by
When X=y=l,,.we have l+l=c£1 2
xy - y2 - Yd x + O · there IS· .no term· which does not
C.= 2e
f (x+.y+l)
- - - - 4, = c, smce
.
containx.
· Thus the particular solution is
') 2
x~ + Y = 2ee-x
.
OI,
2
y
f. (x + y+ 1)- (y + 1) d
4
X-
f y(y + 1) . d
---- X =C
.
. (x + y + l) (x + y + 1).4 ·
9
i.e.,
•
. x~ + y-9 = 2e1-.r ·
'.~~ \
Z~-b'-
~ ---
!f
:.
,;__
. -~
ENGINEER/NC MATHEMA'fJc
. . S,11
1-17
· EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR
. EXE RCI SE
EM-11-2
ENGINEER !NG 1'\IL 1THE MA'/'
Ics.11
1.18· . · EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR · · 1-19
d'fferential equat10n
. whether the l
13 . Exa011ne _2 -x3)dy = O is exact. If not find the 4. (/ + 2x 2y)dx + (2x 3 -xy)dy = 0.
,) 9 . 2)d;,.; + (3x Y . . . .
(:r:y- .. xy · · •act aft er multiplication.
. h makes it ex 5. (y4 + 2y)dx +(xy3 + 2y 4 -4x)dy = 0.
r tor whic ·
,ac f the equation 6. ye·cy dx + (xexy + 2y)dy = 0.
14, Find the IF o 9
3 s _ x· \r1y = 0.
2 ,, +9,",\r/,\: +(9...x Y r 7. (sinxcosy +e2x)dx + (cosxsiny + tany)dy = 0.
(3xY ··'- /
1
· equation
Of tl1e ) d - 0 [W.B.U.T. 2016)
15. mF' d the IF ( sinxy-cosxy x Y -
. )ydr + xy
(•'J"-vsinxy+cosxy ,, ANSWE RS 8. (I+ xy)ydx +(1- xy)xdy = 0.
I
ex 2 3
:\:3
3. y=- 9. (xy2 +2x 2y3)dx+(x y-x l)dy = 0.
2 eY = e' +.::.,_+ C ex
1. X ' 3 2
10. (3.xy-2ay2)dx + (x -2axy)dy = 0.
4. Family of st. line passing through origin
11. (2x 2y-3y4)dx + (3x 3 + 2xy3)dy = 0.
5. not exact
6. not 12. (ex siny+ e-Y)dx + (ex cosy - xe-Y)dy = 0.
7. family of circles centred at origin 13. (2x 2y2 + y)dx-(x 3y-3x)dy = 0.
8. xsecx 14. (cosx-xcosy)dy-(s iny +:ysinx)dx = 0
9. no
10. .r 15. (cosx cosy - cotx)dx - sinxsiny dy = 0
1 16. {lex/ +4x 3 )dx+(2xyexl -3y2)dy=0
ll,4 12. exact
X
17. (sin xsiny - xeY )dy = (eY + cosx cosy )dx
1 l 2 4 3 2
14. y2 15. 18. (3x y +2xy)dx+(2x y3-x )dy = 0
2xycosxy
19. y(y2 -2x 2 )dx + x(2y
2
- x 2 )dy = 0 ·
[II] Lo A 2 2
20. (x 2 y 2 + xy + t)ydx + (x y - xy + t)xdy = 0
NG NSWER QUESTIONS
y3 + 2 = c.x 3/i
•·
27. Prove that e·' an · · 18
20.' xy - -1 +1og(X)
- = c 21. x 3
xy . Y
-1)d. sd)' = oand hence solve it.
(x 2 +.\)' x+ 9...y
2
1 22. x(x + 3/) =.ce·Y
is an I.F. of
28 · Show that~
3x )'
.23.
.4 2
X Y, t X
3 5
y =C 24 · IOx·3 +3x-y-6x
')
-3y~ +4y 3. _- 1 = 0.
<)
1 . 25. x· -xy + y~ = 3
(
29. Show that xx· ) is an integrating factor of the equati·
- y2 .
?
on Jx 2ex~d x.+ 1 Y 4e·r~ = c.
. 27. 29. x-•) - y2 = ex..
(x 2 +/)d.t-21ydy = Oand hence solve tht equation. 2
ANSWER S ·[III] MULTIP LE CHOICE QUESTI ONS
1'X 5 - 5X.2Y2 +5.1y 4 t5COS)'=C· 2. 3yc OS ...9 X + 6y +·2y 3 = C.
1. A first order first degree equation of the form Mcfr + Ndy = O is
3. log(½)+ ix y2 2
= c. 4. 4(xy) ½
1 2(.yl½= C. exact if .
I
.-- - .
3 X
2x :(b) aM = aN
5. xy + 9 + J" = C.
9 •
6. e·D' t y2 = C.
' ·ox _oy
y-
i . . .
l X
1 ?
7. -cosxcosy +-e·x +logsecy = c.
2
. 1 '
(c) oM * aN
ay ax
2. The differential equation
8. - - +log-= c 2
xy Y . 9.. --+
xy log(xh/ ) -- c. . (a1x - _b1y)dx + (c:. 2x-b2y)dy =·0
\
,---
I
..
1-ZZ
~
~
--
ENGWEERING MA'J.'HEMA'I'1cs
dy
~ EXACT EQUATIONS AND INTEGRATING FACTOR 1-23
. )-+g(x,y)=O
differential eqnsuon f (x ,Y dx 9. If IF of x(l- x 2 )dy +(2x 2y- y -ax 3 )dx = 0 is fPd:c then Pis
3,Forthe . e
to be exact if 2x 2 -1
at ag (a) 2x 3 -1
af ag (b) fu = ay (b) x(l- x 2 )
(a) a/:ax (c) 2x -1
2 2
(d) 2x -ax
3
7. The differential equation 12. To make the equation (2.xy-3 y3 )dx+(4x +6.xy
2 2
)dy = 0
· xay- ydx . exact it will have to be multiplied by
xdx+ydy+ 9 •) =0 is exact. The statement is
X"' +y-
(a) x 2y (b) x2y2
(a) True . (b) False
(c) zy2 (d) .xy 3 [WBUT 2012]
8. The integrating factor of
13. The differential equation (xe 0 ·\:>' + 2y) dy + yexy = O is exact for
ydx-xdy+4i y2/d,x =0 is dx
a. =
(b) y2 (a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 0
(c) xy2
• I
I.
(h) 2 , l
(d) 1, 2
\ {' . l
'{ ,, h"' ·1n l F of
·1
'.\: _\'
"- t h e equ a t i
t.
on
.h 1 ~ ~_v . . )d x _ {xy
:>i - 3y - 1
\ )dy
== 0 t h e
n the valu
es (J f r
n lj
la ) - 3, - 3
(b) - 3 , 3
(c) ~ ' - 3
(d) n o n e
'
''
ANSW
ERS
l.a 2 .d
9 .b 3.b 4.b
10.c 11.b 5.b 6.a
1 2~a 13.b 7.a S.
14.d 15.a