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of getting such a large proportion of defective laptops in the sample. Is there statistically
significant evidence against the manufacturer's claim? Why or why not?

1
CHAPTER 1 FORM A

Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.

5) After inspecting all of 55,000 kg of meat stored at the Wurst Sausage Company, it was
found that 45,000 kg of the meat was spoiled.
A) Statistic B) Parameter

Determine whether the given value is from a discrete or continuous data set.
6) The temperature of a cup of coffee is 67.3°F.
A) Discrete B) Continuous

Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most
appropriate.
7) Survey responses of "good, better, best".
A) Ratio B) Nominal C) Interval D) Ordinal

8) The subjects in which college students major.

A) Ratio B) Nominal C) Ordinal D) Interval

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be
representative of the population.
9) 100,000 randomly selected adults were asked whether they drink at least 48 oz of water
each day and only 45% said yes.

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion.

10) A study shows that adults who work at their desk all day weigh more than those who
do not. Conclusion: Desk jobs cause people to gain weight.

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

11) A researcher published this survey result: "74% of people would be willing to spend 10
percent more for energy from a non-polluting source". The survey question was
announced on a national radio show and 1,200 listeners responded by calling in. What is
wrong with this survey?

2
CHAPTER 1 FORM A

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the
nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary.
12) Convert 0.64 to an equivalent fraction and percent.
,6% ?o o5; 6s D)>, 6.4%
5'

Solve the problem.

13) On a test, 95% of the questions are answered correctly. If 57 questions are correct, how
many questions are on the test?

A) 167 B) 95 C) 19 D) 60

Provide an appropriate response.

14) An advertisement for a heating pad says that it can reduce back pain by 200%. What is
wrong with this statement?

Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment.

15) A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the
stock with the greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter.
A) Experiment B) Observational study

16) A quality control specialist compares the output from a machine with a new lubricant to
the output of machines with the old lubricant.
A) Experiment B) Observational study

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster,
convenience.
17) A pollster uses a computer to generate 500 random numbers, then interviews the voters
corresponding to those numbers.
A) Convenience
B) Random
C) Systematic
D) Cluster
E) Stratified

3
CHAPTER 1 FORM A

Provide an appropriate response.

18) An education expert is researching teaching methods and wishes to interview teachers
from a particular school district. She randomly selects ten schools from the district and
interviews all of the teachers at the selected schools. Does this sampling plan result in a
random sample? Simple random sample? Explain.
A) No; yes. The sample is not random because teachers in small schools are more
likely to be selected than teachers in larger schools. It is a simple random sample
because all samples have the same chance of being selected.
B) Yes; no. The sample is random because all teachers have the same chance of being
selected. It is not a simple random sample because some samples are not possible,
such as a sample that includes teachers from schools that were not selected.
C) No; no. The sample is not random because teachers in small schools are more likely
to be selected than teachers in larger schools. It is not a simple random sample
because some samples are not possible, such as a sample that includes teachers
from schools that were not selected.
D) Yes; yes. The sample is random because all teachers have the same chance of being
selected. It is a simple random sample because all samples have the same chance of
being selected.

Identify the type of observational study (cross-sectional, retrospective, prospective).

19) A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.
A) Cross-sectional B) Prospective
C) Retrospective D) None of these

Provide an appropriate response.

20) A researcher conducts an experiment to determine whether acupuncture can help people
to recover from back injuries. Participants are randomly assigned to a treatment group
or a control group. Over a period of three weeks, those assigned to the treatment group
receive acupuncture treatments. At the end of the three weeks, the improvement
reported by those in the treatment group is compared with the improvement reported by
those in the control group. In this experiment there is no blinding. What does this mean
and why could this cause a problem?

4
Answer Key
Testname: CHAPTER 1 FORM A

1) No. In terms of income, the teacher's friends are unlikely to be representative of all adults in the
United States. So a sample from this group, however well selected, is unlikely to be
representative of all adults in the United States.
2) C
3) The x-values are not matched with they-values, so it does not make sense to use the
differences between each x-value and they-value that is in the same column.
4) Yes. If the claimed proportion of defectives of 1 % were correct, there would be a very small
likelihood of getting 3% defectives in the sample. The sample rate of 3% is significantly greater
than the claimed rate of 1 %.
5) B
6) B
7) D
8) B
9) Sample: the 100,000 selected adults; population: all adults; representative
10) Desk job workers are confined to their chairs for most of their work day. Other jobs require
standing or walking around which burns calories. It is probably the lack of exercise that causes
higher weights, not the desk job itself. Avoid causality altogether by saying lack of walking and
exercise is associated with higher weights.
11) This is a voluntary response sample. The survey is based on voluntary, self-selected responses
and therefore has serious potential for bias.
12) A
13) D
14) If a person's back pain was reduced by 100%, it would be completely eliminated, so it is not
possible for a person's back pain to be reduced by more than 100%.
15) B
16) A
17) B
18) B
19) A
20) An experiment is blind if participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or
a placebo. Blinding allows investigators to determine whether the treatment effect is
significantly different from the placebo effect. This experiment is not blind because participants
know whether they are receiving treatment. This may make it hard to determine to what extent
improvements in the treatment group are due to the acupuncture and to what extent they are
due to the placebo effect.

5
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]
[Milford-on-Sea.
|MUSHROOM-CORALS,
WITH THE ANEMONE-LIKE POLYP EXPANDED.
Taken through the water on a coral-reef.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
PART OF THE
GREAT BARRIER REEF OF
AUSTRALIA.
Chiefly composed of star-corals,
many of them resembling human
skulls. The Great Barrier Reef of
Australia, consisting of
innumerable detached reefs and
 coral-islets, is over 1,500 miles in
length.

Some thirty odd species of sea-anemones are indigenous to British

waters, and one or more of these will be familiar to most readers.
The Strawberry-anemone, clinging to the rocks as a hemispherical lump
of crimson, green, brown, or red and yellow speckled jelly when the
tide is down, and expanding like a beautiful flower when the waters
flow back upon it, is the commonest and in many respects the most
beautiful of all, the circlet of turquoise beads, regarded as
rudimentary eyes, developed around the outer margin of the
tentacles, adding a charm possessed by few other species. The
Dahlia-anemone, whose expanded disk and innumerable petal-like
tentacles may measure as much as 6 or 8 inches in diameter, is the
largest British species. These dimensions are, however, vastly
exceeded by its tropical allies. The Australian coast produces giant
species which may measure no less than from 18 inches to 2 feet
across their expanded disks. These giant anemones are further
interesting on account of the circumstance that they are self-
constituted "harbours of refuge" to sundry species of fishes and
crabs, which nestle among their tentacles like birds in a leafy bower.
The anemones are themselves bright in colour, but the associated
fishes are even more so. In an example which was photographed by
the writer on the Western Australian coast, the anemone was olive-
green, with the tips of the tentacles bright mauve. The fishes, of
which three examples were present, were brilliant orange-scarlet
with white bands. In addition to the fishes a small flat-clawed crab
shared the sheltering hospitality of the anemone. Some of the
tropical coral-reef-frequenting anemones, which have their tentacles
beautifully branched, must be cautiously handled, in consequence of
their notable stinging properties. All sea-anemones and corals are, in
fact, provided with peculiar stinging-cells, with which they benumb
and thus make an easy capture of the living organisms on which
they prey. While the majority of the sea-anemones live single or
individually separate lives, there are some which form aggregations
or colony-stocks of numerous units. These compound growths are
brought about by repeated budding, or the sub-division or fission,
without complete separation, of an originally single individual. It is
by a similar process of recurrent sub-division that the wonderful
fabrications of the coral-polyps are built up.

PORTION OF A
STAG'S-HORN CORAL.
Each minute circular
cell represents the
situation in life of a
small sea-anemone-
like animal, or coral-
polyp.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
 A CLUMP OF STAG'S-HORN CORAL.
The life-colours of this coral are a delicate
cream with brilliant magenta tips.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.] [Milford-on-Sea.

BLEACHED CORALS FROM THE GREAT BARRIER REEF.
Branching stag's horn corals are chiefly represented in
this group. Several of the large solitary mushroom-
corals may, however, be observed in the foreground.

An ordinary coral-animal or polyp, as previously stated, differs in no

respect from a sea-anemone, excepting for the possession of a
calcareous skeleton secreted within its basal tissues, including
portions of the membranous radiating partitions. Some coral-
animals, like the majority of the Anemones, are solitary, and form
single attached or loosely lying corals. The well-known Mushroom-
coral is one of the latter. One species observed, which was
photographed through the water by the writer as it lay expanded in
a tide-pool on the Australian Great Barrier Reef, might easily be
mistaken for a big sea-anemone allied to the dahlia-anemone. On
being disturbed, however, it immediately shrinks back upon its base,
ejecting all the water with which its expanded tissues were filled,
and revealing the presence of the hard radiating coral beneath. Each
of the calcareous radii, which are now clearly defined through the
thin semi-transparent skin, corresponds in position with one of the
internal membranous partitions, and also with the origin of one of
the tentacles. New mushroom-corals are produced as buds thrown
off from the parent, which attach themselves and secrete a foot-
stalk, to which they remain affixed, like the young of the feather
star-fish, for the earlier epoch of their existence. Ultimately, however,
they become detached, and, falling from their stalks, lie loosely on
the sea-bottom, after the manner of their parents. The huge coral-
masses commonly known as Madrepores, out of which coral-islands
and reefs are constructed, all commence as a single coral-animal,
with its contained skeleton analogous to the mushroom-coral,
though in all instances much smaller. The buds developed by the
coral-polyp in these instances remain attached to the parent. If they
spread out laterally, they build up by accumulation the large
flattened or sub-spherical masses known as Brain-corals and Star-
corals, which are most abundant on coast-line reefs, or form the
bases of the outer barrier-reefs. Where, on the other hand, the
budding is terminal or oblique, branching tree-like growths such as
the Stag's-horn Corals, with their innumerable allies and variations,
are produced. The colours of the coral-polyps are as brilliant and
diverse as those of ordinary sea-anemones, living reefs, whereon a
number of different species are in a condition of healthy growth,
yielding a spectacular effect that vies with that of any floral parterre.
Sometimes large areas, acres upon acres in extent, may be covered
with one almost uniform purple, green, brown, or other coloured
growth of the branching stag's-horn species. The aspect presented is
not unlike that of a heath-covered common.

In addition to the solid, calcareous-skeletoned Madrepores, or "Stony

Corals," as they are often termed, there are a number of species in
which a skeleton composed only of loosely aggregated calcareous
spicules is produced. The so-called Flexible Corals, or Sea-fans, belong
to this category, as also the precious Coral of Commerce. In the last-
named species the solid, brilliantly coloured skeleton so much prized
as an article of jewellery is deposited as a supplementary basis
outside the tissues by which the star-patterned skeletons of the
stony corals are secreted.
 Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]
[Milford-on-Sea.
A
QUEENSLAND STAR-CORAL.
This species in life is of a pale
lemon-yellow tint.

A group which demands brief notice is that of the Hydroid Polyps.

These include the majority of the Jelly-fishes, a few coral-secreting
species, and the organisms whose seaweed-like horny skeletons,
known as Sea-firs, are, in common with those of Sea-mats, included
among the flotsam and jetsam on every sea-beach. In the Common
Hydra, or Freshwater Polyp, an exceptional fresh-water representative
of this group is presented. It may be likened to a tiny sea-anemone,
having, when extended, a slender foot-stalk and long thread-like
tentacles. Like a sea-anemone, it will shrink up when disturbed into
a mere button of jelly. Its organisation is more simple than that of
the anemone, its body-cavity being a simple sac, without any
intucking of the orifice, or strengthening by supplementary
membranous partitions. A similar simple structural plan is
characteristic of all the organisms belonging to the series. An
interesting phenomenon connected with the fresh-water hydra is the
circumstance, demonstrated now over a century ago, that, if one of
these animals be cut up into little pieces, each separate fragment is
capable of repairing itself and growing into a new polyp.

The Jelly-fishes, or Medusas, and their allies would appear at first

sight to possess but little structurally in common with the Coral-
polyps and Sea-anemones. In their most familiar form they are
represented by a more or less translucent bell-shaped body, which
drifts with the current or propels itself through the water by its
alternate expansions and contractions. In the centre of the lower
surface, occupying the position of the bell's clapper, a polyp-like,
tubular mouth is usually discernible, and this is frequently
surrounded by a circle of tentacles, sometimes simple and
sometimes elaborately ramified. Long, thread-like tentacles are also
commonly developed around the margin of the swimming-bell.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent. F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
A GIANT ANEMONE
FROM THE GREAT BARRIER REEF.
From 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter
when expanded. Bright apple-green in
colour, and with almost spherical bead-
like tentacles.

The larger number of the jellyfishes are, as a matter of fact,

transitional phases only of the fixed hydroid polyps previously
referred to. In certain instances the body of the fixed polyp becomes
elongated, and splits up horizontally into a series of jelly-fishes, or
medusas, resembling a pile of saucers, which consecutively break
away and lead a free-roving existence. In other forms a compound
tree-like growth gives birth to medusa-like buds, like the flowers on
a plant, which ultimately become detached and swim away. What
are known as the Comb-bearing Jelly-fishes—their locomotive organs
consisting of comb-like bands of vibratile hairs—are especially
noteworthy. In some of these the body is nearly spherical or ovate,
one of the species, in reference to its shape, being popularly known
as the Sea-lemon. A notable feature of these medusas is their
remarkable glass-like transparency, their presence in the water in
many instances being recognisable only by the prismatic
glimmerings of their rows of vibratile hairs when the light falls upon
them at a favourable angle. The most remarkable member of this
particular group is undoubtedly the form known as Venus's Girdle.
This species takes the form of a long, ribbon-like band of
transparent jelly. The edges of the ribbon are clothed with vibratile
hairs, and the mouth is situated in the centre of one of the edges.
The animal progresses by the action of its hairs alone, or may be
assisted by the twistings and undulations of its ribbon-like body.

Photo by Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
A GIANT SEA-
ANEMONE.
Measures, when opened, 18 inches in
diameter. Is almost always associated
with companion or "commensal" fish and
crabs of brilliant colour. The fish cruise
round in search of food, but always
return to shelter among the anemone's
tentacles. Photograph taken through the
water.

Many jelly-fishes possess an unenviable reputation with reference to

their stinging properties. The so-called Portuguese Man-of-war is one
of the more noteworthy of these. The organism consists of an
ovately pointed air-bladder, which floats on the water, and from
which depend numerous nutritive polyps and a mass of capturing-
filaments, or tentacles.
 CHAPTER VII.
SPONGES AND ANIMALCULES.

The Sponges are regarded as a group standing on the borderland

between the Polyps and the lowly organisms which follow. The
familiar Bath- and Toilet-sponges of commerce represent but an
insignificant fraction in comparison with the many hundred species
which find no place in the world's market. Toilet-sponges owe their
intrinsic value to the relative fineness and elasticity of their
component fibrous skeletons. In these particular species the skeleton
is composed of a substance akin to horn. In other sponges the
skeleton may consist of horny fibres mixed with flinty spicules, or it
may be of flint only, or of spicules of carbonate of lime. Finally, there
are sponges which possess no internally supporting skeleton, fibrous
or spicular, and whose substance is consequently little more than
gelatinous. All these numerous forms, however, agree with one
another in the identity of their most essential vital elements. In the
living sponge the skeleton, fibrous or otherwise, is embedded within
a gelatinous matrix by whose component cells it is excreted.
Externally the sponge-body is perforated over the greater portion of
its extent by minute holes or pores, while one or more holes of
relatively large size occupy the summit of the sponge, or are
scattered here and there among the numerous smaller pores. The
smaller pores represent incurrent apertures, and lead to chambers
within the sponge's substance lined by cells. Each of these is
provided with a long whip-like appendage, with a transparent
wineglass-shaped cup or collar, which is a beautifully constructed
food-trap. The lashings of the whips of the collar-cells cause currents
of water bearing nutrient particles to flow in at all the smaller pores.
Arriving at the chambers, these particles are caught by the
outstretched collar-traps and absorbed into the cell's substance. The
water, together with rejected and waste materials given off by the
sponge-body, is carried forward, and passes out at the larger orifices
or vents.
 Photo by W
Saville-Kent,
F.Z.S., Milford-
on-Sea.

FRILLED
SPONGE.
A species not
infrequently
dredged up by
the pearl-shell
fishers in
Sharks Bay,
Western
Australia.
 Photo by W. Saville-Kent,
F.Z.S., Milford-on-Sea.

RETICULATED SPONGE.
The skeleton of this
sponge is composed of
fine horny fibres
resembling those of
ordinary commercial
sponges.

Among the more remarkable sponges may be mentioned the

Neptune's-cup Sponge, like a huge chalice 3 or 4 feet high, indigenous
to the South Seas; the wonderful cornucopia-shaped Lace-sponge,
consisting of a lace-like reticulation of flinty fibres; and its near ally
the Glass-rope Sponge, forming a cup- or bird's-nest-shaped body,
supported on a long cylindrical stalk of flinty fibres that may be over
a foot in height. One of the compound or social sea-anemones is in
the habit of forming bark-like encrustations on this glassy stem, and
it was for a long time doubtful whether the sea-anemone or the
sponge produced the supporting-stalk.
Photo by W. Saville-Kent,
F.Z.S., Milford-on-Sea.

PORTUGUESE BIRD'S-
NEST SPONGE.
Dredged from a depth of
600 fathoms off the coast
of Portugal. In life the
body, or "cup," of this
sponge was deep orange
colour, from which the
grey beard-like mass of
anchoring fibres
depended.
 Photo by E. Connold]
[St. Leonards.
CHALINA
SPONGE.
A British species, composed
partly of horny and partly of
flinty elements.

The Animalcules, which represent the simplest and lowest forms of

living animals, consist chiefly of organisms which are the equivalents
of one of the single cells, or, as they might be termed, the "life-
bricks," out of which all the higher animals, and also plants, are built
up. They are of minute dimensions, and require the aid of the
microscope for their proper investigation. Among the most highly
organised members of this sub-kingdom mention must be made of
the Ciliated Animalcules, or Infusoria, so called because they were first
discovered inhabiting decaying vegetable and animal infusions. The
so-called Slipper-animalcule is one of the commonest forms which
makes its appearance amidst such environments. The length of this
single-celled animal scarcely averages the one-hundredth part of an
inch, but within this restricted space an amazing degree of structural
and functional differentiation is included. Its outer surface is, in the
first place, densely clothed with hairs, which represent its organs of
locomotion. This outer cell-wall has a subjacent somewhat softer
layer, in which are developed as crowded a series (as compared with
the hairs) of minute rod-like bodies, which, under various stimuli,
can be shot out like darts through the skin, and are adjudged to be
offensive and defensive weapons, partaking much of the same
nature as the thread- or stinging-cells of sea-anemones. Among
other noteworthy structures, the slipper-animalcule has a distinct
throat-opening, two rhythmically contracting cavities fulfilling a
respiratory function and a complex reproductive nodule, or nucleus.
Compared with a host of its kindred, this animalcule is a giant, the
longest diameter of many of the smaller varieties measuring no more
than the 1⁄5000th part of inch, or even less.

The elegant little Bell-animalcule, with its crystal wineglass-shaped

body, crown of vibrating hairs, and long spirally contractile foot-stalk,
is a familiar object to the possessor of a microscope. Most commonly
these single-celled organisms, like the single-celled elements of
organic tissues, multiply by repeated sub-division, the number that
can be reproduced in a short space of time by this simple process
being almost incredible. As many as a million, it has been calculated,
of some species may be thus derived from an original single
individual within twenty hours. In this connection these lowly
organisms can among living animals most logically lay claim to
immortality. The individual, in point of fact, never dies. Finding itself
growing old and obese at the ripe age of, say, sixty minutes, it has
simply to split itself up into two offsets, which swim away and repeat
the process. Occasionally, for the rejuvenescence of the race, two
individuals coalesce completely with one another, and multiplication
by splitting takes place.

Some near relations of the little bell-animalcule, while sub-dividing

so far as their bodies are concerned, remain united by their foot-
stalks, and thus in time build up beautiful tree-like structures, laden
as it were with crystal bells or fruit. In some of these the common
branching foot-stalk is erect and rigid, while in others it is flexible,
and contains, as in the ordinary species, a central elastic ligament.
Under these circumstances the whole tree-like structure, with its
crystal bells, collapses and expands again under the slightest
stimulus, and constitutes one of the most beautiful objects that can
be viewed through the microscope.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
CUP-SPONGES,
PHOTOGRAPHED AS GROWING IN
A CORAL-POOL.
The Neptune's cup Sponge, allied to
this species, is sometimes 2 or 3
feet in height and diameter.

In lower forms of the infusorial animalcules one or more long, lash-

like organs take the place of locomotive hairs. In this category are
included the Collar-bearing Animalcules. Some of these build up tree-
like growths by repeated sub-divisions and imperfect separation,
after the manner of the bell-animalcules, while others excrete
tubular dwelling-cases, inhabited by the resultants of the splitting
process. Such forms can with difficulty be distinguished from
skeletonless sponges.

The animalcule Noctiluca, which by its countless myriads is the chief

constituent of ocean phosphorescence, is a member of the Lash-
bearing group. This noteworthy form invites a somewhat more
extended notice. It is to the presence of the Noctiluca in countless
myriads upon the upper stratum of the water on calm summer
nights that is especially due the diffused form of phosphorescence
which is more essentially characteristic of temperate latitudes. Under
the most favourable of these conditions, the waves falling upon the
strand leave as they retreat a glittering carpet of scintillating points;
the oars of the passing boat seem as it were to dip into molten
silver; while on the high seas the revolving screw or paddle of the
steam-vessel leaves in its wake a broad, luminous track as far as the
eye can reach. A glassful of water taken from the sea at such times
immediately reveals the origin of these wonderful phenomena. Here
and there will be seen floating minute bladder-like transparent
spheres, resembling as nearly as possible small granules of boiled
sago. Investigated more closely with the microscope, each individual
speck will be found to exhibit a pouch-like contour, having a central
furrow, from which the lash projects, and upon which the minute
mouth-aperture opens. Irritated by agitation in any shape or form,
the Noctilucas at once respond by, as it were, angry flashes of
silvery-greenish light, and it is to the coruscations in their aggregate
condition of many millions of these minute organisms that the
several phenomena above recounted are produced.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
SHELLS OF
FORAMS HIGHLY MAGNIFIED.
The chalk cliffs of Dover and many
other strata are mainly composed of
similar microscopically minute shells.
One other characteristic manifestation of ocean phosphorescence
dependent upon the presence in countless numbers of these minute
animalcules may be recorded. To those accustomed to a seafaring
life the spectacle is a common one, on nights when the luminosity is
most in evidence, of fishes following or darting away from the sides
of the vessel apparently aglow themselves with phosphoric light, and
leaving behind them, in accordance with their size, a more or less
conspicuous luminous path in the murky waters. It is commonly
supposed that such form of luminosity is emitted by the fishes
themselves; but on closer investigation it will be found that this also
is due to the presence of the animalcules under notice in countless
numbers, which are disturbed into a sudden display of their
phosphoric properties by the passage of the fishes through their
midst. This light is reflected, as from a mirror, by the fishes' glittering
scales, while the Noctilucas continue scintillating for several seconds
in the path or wake through which the fishes have passed.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

[Milford-on-Sea.
NOCTILUCAS.
These are the animalcules which chiefly
produce marine phosphorescence.

There are other animalcules nearly allied to Noctilucas which

sometimes occur in such vast abundance in both salt and fresh
water as to visibly affect its character. In addition to a very long lash
they have a girdle of vibratile hairs. The fresh-water representatives
of this group are sometimes brilliant green, at others bright scarlet.
That instance among the Biblical Egyptian plagues in which the
water of the Nile was as it were "turned to blood, and all the fish
died," has been attributed to a phenomenal development of these
animalcules, which, on dying, polluted and putrefied the water.
Instances of fishes being destroyed in vast quantities through a like
agency throughout even extensive sea-areas have been occasionally
recorded. While these pages are going to press an account has
appeared in an American journal of red water caused by these
flagellate animalcules, which occurred last July for an extent of at
least 200 miles along the coast of California, producing with their
decomposition a most sickening odour, and the death of shoals of
fishes, octopods, sea-cucumbers, and other organisms.

Photo by W. Saville-Kent, F.Z.S.]

POLYCYSTS. [Milford-on-Sea.

Flinty-shelled organisms of
microscopic dimensions. The living
animals consist of tiny specks of
transparent jelly, from which radiate
innumerable false feet of hair-like
fineness.

Next to the Flagellates come the Root-footed Animalcules, which

possess no mouth and no hairs or lashes, but progress by pushing
out lobes of their jelly-like substance in any desired direction, into
which the rest of the body flows. Food is picked up at any point with
which an acceptable morsel may be brought in contact. The little
gelatinous animal known as an Amœba is one of these. Related forms
of this jelly animalcule secrete shells of varying form and structure.
Some of these, known as Forams, are of carbonate of lime, and
wonderfully like nautiluses and other of the higher molluscan shells
in aspect. Though so minute, scarcely visible to the unassisted eye,
they occur in the sea in such numbers as to form by their
aggregations the more considerable ingredients of vast areas of the
earth's strata, both past and present. The chalk cliffs of Albion and
the white tenacious ooze of the broad Atlantic are thus to a large
extent composed of the shells of minute organisms, which formerly
flourished near the surface of the ocean, but sank on their death to
its abysmal depths.

The simplest of the forams fabricate shells with a single chamber,

which are often elegantly vase- or flask-shaped. More usually,
however, the shell represents the product of repeated buddings or
outgrowths, and may attain considerable dimensions. Flattened
circular forms of this type much resemble time-worn coins, and are
hence called Nummulites. Their fossil-shells enter mainly into the
composition of rocks which extend through North Africa and Asia to
the Himalaya, and supplied the stone of which the Pyramids are
built.

Allied to the Forams, but distinguished by the radiating, needle-like

contour of their false feet and the flinty texture of their shells, are an
equally numerous assemblage of organisms known as Radiolarians.
Like the Forams, they are inhabitants of the sea, and their discarded
shells enter extensively into the constitution of strata. A little
globular fresh-water form, devoid of a shell, and with slender bristle-
like feet radiating in every direction, is known as the Sun-animalcule,
and forms a connecting-link between the last two groups.
From Man to Egg-laying Mammals, Molluscs to Animalcules, the vast
scheme of the Animal Creation has now been successively portrayed.
With such simple gelatinous life-specks as the Amœba and its allies
The Living Animals of the World make their exit: unorganised
organisms, groping blindly in the darkness—"Sans teeth, sans eyes,
sans taste, sans everything."

END OF VOL. II.

INDEX.
 A
Mammals
Aard-vark, Cape, 342
" Ethiopian, 342
Aard-wolf, 82
Addax, 256
Agutis, 161-2
Alpaca, 308-9
Anoas, 219
Ant-eaters, Banded, 376-7
" Great, 338
" Tamandua, 339
" Two-toed, 339-40
Antelopes, Broad-horned, 255
" Harnessed, 255-8
" Indian four-horned, 242-4
" Roan, 250-2
" Sable, 251
" Saiga, 245-6
Apes, i (Introd.), 1
" Barbary, 14-5
" Man-like, i, iv, v, cont. (Introd.), 1
Argali, Siberian, 222
" Tibetan, 222-3
Armadillos, 339
" Kapplers', 341
" Peba, 341
Asses, Wild, African, 195-6
" " Baluchi, 196
" Domesticated, 206
Aurochs, or Wild Ox, 208
Aye-aye, 32

Birds
Albatross, 433-4
 Argus-pheasant, 408
Auk Tribe, 417
Avocet, 423

Reptiles and Amphibians

Adder, 588
" Death-, 594-6
" Puff-, 595-6
Alligator, Chinese, 551
" Mississippi, 551
Anaconda, 591
Asp, Egyptian, 594
Axolotl, 608

Fishes
Amphiprion, 633
Anchovy, 659
Anthias, 613
Arapaimas, 654

Jointed Animals: Insects, etc.

Ant-lion, 698, 700
Ants, 705
" Solitary, 706
" White, 696-8
Aphides, 729

Shell-fish, etc.
Anemones, Sea-, Dahlia, 760
" " Giant, 763
" " Strawberry, 760
Animalcules, Amœba, 768
" Bell-, 766
" Ciliated, 765
" Collar-bearing, 766
" Root-footed, 768
 " Slipper-, 765
" Sun-, 768
Argus, Shetland, 749

B
Battell, Andrew, 1, 4

Mammals
Babirusa, 313-5
Baboons, 15, 27
" Abyssinian, 19
" Anubis, 17
" Arabian, 1, 17
" Chacma, 15, 20-1
" Drill, 18, 22
" Gelada, 13-7
" Mandrill, 18-9, 22
" Stories of, 16-7-9
Badgers, 129
" European, 130
Bandicoots, Australian, 368
" Banded or Striped-backed, 370
" Indian, 160
" Long-nosed, 368-70
" Pig-footed, 368
" Rabbit-, 368-71
Banting, 212
Barb, 201
Bats, v (Introd.), 165-6
" Australian Fruit-, 165-6
" Indian Fruit-, 167
" Insect-eating, 167
" Leaf-nosed, 167
" Naked, 168
" Pipistrelle, 167
 " Sucker-footed, 168
" Tube-nosed Fruit-, 166-7
" Vampire, 168
" Welwitsch's, 168
" White, 168
Bears, American Black, 117-8
" " Brown, 117
" Common Brown, 113-5-6-7
" European Brown, 115
" Grizzly, 116
" Himalayan Black, 96a, 120
" Indian Sloth-, 119
" " " Anecdotes, 119
" Malayan Sun-, 122
" Peculiarities of, 114-5
" Polar, 120-1-2
" " Anecdotes, 124
" " Habits of, 123
" Russian Brown, 116
" Syrian, 116-8
" " Stories, 117
" Varieties of, 114
Beavers, 152-3-4
" American, 152-4
" at work, 155
" Habits of, 154
Beisa, 252-3-4
" Tufted, 253
Bison, 213
" American, 213-7
" " Bull, 215
" European, 213-6
Blackbuck, 246
Blesbok, 240
Bluebuck, 250
Boar, Senaar, 313
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