1 Introducing biology

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology

Think about…
1.1 What is biology?
1.2 How can we study biology?
1.3 Nature of science
Recall Think about…
Concept map

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology

Sophia the robot

• A robot equipped with

artificial intelligence
• Able to
recognize faces
understand what people say
give a reply
walk
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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology

Sophia the robot

• Biologists do not consider her a
human or an organism.

Human /
Organism

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology

Which characteristics of organisms

does Sophia have?

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology

Why do biologists not consider

Sophia an organism?

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

1.1 What is biology?

Biology is the scientific

study of organisms.

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

1.1 What is biology?

Organism’s Organism’s Organism’s
structures life cycles classification

Examples of areas
of study in biology

Organism’s interactions with other

organisms and their environment
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
characteristics of organisms

Organisms carry out vital functions

necessary for maintaining life.

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
Organism Non-living things

Distinguished based on
characteristics of organisms
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
1 Reproduce and grow
Reproduction
• produce
offspring (後
代)
new rice plants
are reproduced
through seeds
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
1 Reproduce and grow
The offspring grow in size and often
in complexity

offspring will
grow and
reproduce
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
2 Obtain food and respire

Organisms obtain food in the

process of nutrition (營養).
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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
2 Obtain food and respire

Plants
make their own food by photosynthesis
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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
2 Obtain food and respire

Animals
obtain food by feeding
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
2 Obtain food and respire
For growth and repair

Food Broken down to release energy

through respiration (呼吸作用 )
for carrying out
vital functions
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
3 Detect and response to stimuli,
and move detect stimuli
(e.g. a lion sees its prey)

make response
(may involve
movement)
Irritability
(e.g. it runs after its
17
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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
4 Excrete to maintain a relatively
constant internal environment
Homeostasis (體內平衡)
• the maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment in an
organism

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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

A Characteristics of organisms
4 Excrete to maintain a relatively
constant internal environment
Homeostasis (體內平衡)
• achieved by excretion
(排泄), i.e. removal
of metabolic wastes
from the body carbon
dioxide urea
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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

B Importance of studying
biology
1 Develop appreciation of and respect
for all organisms and the environment

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

B Importance of studying
biology
2 Develop our ability to think and solve
problems scientifically
Is it true?
Special lights in our Has any fair test
refrigerator can help been done?
increase the vitamin C
content in vegetables.

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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

B Importance of studying
biology
3 Better understand health issues,
environmental issues and social issues.

Are electronic cigarettes

less harmful than regular
cigarettes?

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Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

B Importance of studying
biology
3 Better understand health issues,
environmental issues and social issues.
Should our country parks
be developed for residential
purposes to ease our
housing problem?

Exercise 1
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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

1 Biology is the scientific study of

organisms .

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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.1 What is biology?

2 Characteristics of organisms:
a Reproduce and grow
b Obtain food and respire
c Detect and respond to stimuli,
and move
d Excrete to maintain a relatively
constant internal environment
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1 Nutrition in humans
Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

1.2 How can we study biology?

A Scientific method
Scientists study the natural world
using the scientific method.

Exercise 2 (Flipped)
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

A Scientific method

“There is NO single scientific

method, but it usually involves
a few basic steps.”

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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

A Scientific method
Basic steps:
1 Making 2 Asking a 3 Proposing
observations question a hypothesis

Hypothesis is supported

4 Making a 5 Testing the 6 Drawing a

prediction hypothesis conclusion

Proposing a revised Hypothesis is falsified

or new hypothesis (證偽)
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A Scientific method
1 Making observations

• Bats can fly and

avoid hitting any
objects in the dark.
• Bats have small
eyes and big ears.

Lazzaro Spallanzani
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

A Scientific method
2 Asking a question

How can bats avoid

hitting any objects in
the dark?

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A Scientific method
3 Proposing a hypothesis

Bats rely on their

sense of hearing to
avoid hitting objects
in the dark.

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A Scientific method
4 Making a prediction Should have planned
the experiment before
making the prediction
If bats lose the sense of
hearing when their ears
are blocked with wax,
then the bats will hit
objects when they fly.

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A Scientific method
5 Testing the hypothesis

The bats with the The bats without the

sense of hearing do sense of hearing hit
not hit the wires. the wires.

Experimental group Control (對照) group

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A Scientific method
Testingset-up
5Control the hypothesis
identical to experimental
set-up except that the factor
under investigation (i.e. the
sense of hearing) is absent

The bats with the The bats without the

sense of hearing do sense of hearing hit
ensure the result of the
not hit the wires. the wires.
experiment is due only to
that factor
Experimental group Control (對照) group
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A Scientific method
5 Testing the hypothesis
Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables
Presence of the
sense of hearing

Factor under
investigation
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A Scientific method
5 Testing the hypothesis
Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables
Presence of the Whether the
sense of hearing bats hit the
wires and ring
the bells
Factor that is measured
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A Scientific method Factors that are

kept the same
5 Testing the hypothesis
Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables
Presence of the Whether the Size of the bats,
sense of hearing bats hit the darkness of the
wires and ring room, number
the bells of wires, etc.

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A Scientific method
5 Testing the hypothesis
Bats with Bats without
the sense of hearing the sense of hearing

do not hit the wires hit the wires and

ring the bells
Experimental group Control (對照) group
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A Scientific method
6 Drawing a conclusion
The results support my
hypothesis!

I conclude that bats rely

on their sense of
hearing to avoid hitting
objects in the dark.
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B Performing a scientific
investigation
Does the
presence of rice
speed up the
ripening of
papayas?
Kelly
Kelly’s mother

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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

Task
Design and carry
out an investigation
to find out the
answer to Kelly’s
question.

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1 Designing a scientific investigation

Aim
What is the aim of this investigation?

To study the importance

of rice in speeding up the
ripening of papayas.
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1 Designing a scientific investigation

Problem to investigate
What is the problem to be
investigated?

Does the presence of rice

speed up the ripening of
papayas?

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1 Designing a scientific investigation

Hypothesis
Propose a hypothesis to the
problem.

The presence of rice

speeds up the ripening of
papayas.

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Principle behind the design

a How can the hypothesis be tested?
Compare the rates of ripening of two papayas.

unripe
papayas
two identical
rice containers

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Principle behind the design

b Predict the results based on the design
of the investigation.

If a papaya is kept in
a container with rice
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Principle behind the design

b Predict the results based on the design
of the investigation.

the papaya will ripen

more quickly
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Principle behind the design

c Identify the variables.
Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables
Presence of Rate of Initial degree of
rice ripening of yellowing, size
each papaya of the papayas,
size of the
containers, etc.
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Principle behind the design

c Identify the variables.
Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable
How to variables
Presence of Rate ofmanipulate
Initial degree of
rice ripening ofthis?yellowing, size
eachPut rice into
papaya one
of the papayas,
of the
size of the
containers
containers, etc.
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

Principle behind the design

c Identify the variables.
Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables
How to
Presence of Rate of Initial degree of
measure
rice ripening of yellowing,
this?size
By observing
each papaya of the papayas,the
degree of yellowing
size of the
of each papaya
containers,
every day etc.
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Principle behind the design

d Is it necessary to set up a control?
Why?
Yes.
To ensure that the
presence of rice is
the only variable that
affects the rates of
ripening of papayas.
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Principle behind the design

e What assumptions are made in this
investigation?
• The two papayas are identical.
• The difference in the volume
of air in the containers is
insignificant to the ripening of
papayas.

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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

Procedure
What is the procedure of this
investigation?

Is there any precaution (預防措

施) to be taken?

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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

Procedure
1

rice
identical transparent
containers
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

Procedure
cover
2

unripe papayas
Experimental set-up Control set-up
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

Procedure
3

Leave for a week…

Experimental set-up Control set-up

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Procedure
3

Observe and record the degree of

yellowing of the papayas every day without
taking them out of the containers.
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

2 Carrying out a scientific

investigation
Results
Degree of yellowing (arbitrary unit)
Container Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
with rice 0 1 2 2 3 4 4
without rice 0 1 2 2 3 5 5
# The greater the number, the higher the
degree of yellowing
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Conclusion
The presence of rice
does not speed up the
ripening of papayas.

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3 Writing a report of a scientific

investigation
Writing a report after the investigation
allows other people to:
• understand what we have found out
• repeat our investigation

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Writing a report of a scientific

investigation
Aim Results
Introduction Discussion
Materials and Conclusion
apparatus
Procedure
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Aim

To study the importance of rice in

speeding up the ripening of papayas.

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Introduction
1 Problem 2 Hypothesis and prediction 3 Principle

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Introduction
1 Problem 2 Hypothesis and prediction 3 Principle

Does the presence of rice speed up the

ripening of papayas?

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Introduction
1 Problem 2 Hypothesis and prediction 3 Principle

The presence of rice speeds up the ripening

of papayas.
The hypothesis explains the problem.
(It is not needed in certain scientific
investigations.)
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Introduction
1 Problem 2 Hypothesis and prediction 3 Principle

If a papaya is kept in a container with

rice, then the papaya will ripen more
quickly.
The prediction is based on the design
of the experiment.
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Introduction
1 Problem 2 Hypothesis and prediction 3 Principle
Includes:
a the rationale of the design
b the independent variable and the
way of manipulating it
c the dependent variable and the way
of measuring it
d the controlled variable(s)
e the critical consumptions made
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a the rationale of the design

In this investigation, the rates of ripening
of two papayas are compared.
Two identical containers are prepared.
One container is half-filled with rice.
One papaya is kept in the container with
rice, and the other is kept in the
container without rice.
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b the independent variable and

the way of manipulating it
The independent variable is the
presence of rice.
It is manipulated by putting rice into
one of the containers.

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c the dependent variable and

the way of measuring it
The dependent variable is the rate of
ripening of each papaya.
It is measured by observing the degree
of yellowing of each papaya every day.

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d the controlled variable(s)

The controlled variables are the initial
degree of yellowing and size of the
papayas, size of the containers, etc.

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e the critical assumptions made

1. It is assumed that the two papayas
are identical.
2. The difference in the volume of air
in the containers is also assumed to
be insignificant to the ripening of
papayas.

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Materials and apparatus

List all the materials and apparatus,

and state the quantity needed.

transparent container 2
unripe papaya 2
rice

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Procedure

Write each step in the correct order in

past passive voice.
Also explain all precautions taken.

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Procedure past passive voice

1 Two identical transparent containers
were prepared. One of the containers
was half-filled with rice.
2 An unripe papaya was put into each
container. Then the two containers
were covered.

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Procedure past passive voice

3 The two containers were left at room
temperature for a week. The degree of
yellowing of the papayas was observed
and recorded every day.
precautions
Observations were made without
taking the papayas out of the containers
to minimize disturbance to the papayas.
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Results

Should be presented in
appropriate form(s), e.g. tables,
graphs, labelled diagrams,
photographs.

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Results
Degree of yellowing (arbitrary unit)
Container Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
with rice 0 1 2 2 3 4 4
without rice 0 1 2 2 3 5 5
# The greater the number, the higher the degree of
yellowing

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Discussion
Includes the following (if applicable):
a Interpretation of the results
b Possible sources of error and how
they affect the accuracy of the results
c Any anomalous data and its
significance

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Discussion
Includes the following (if applicable):
d Validity of assumptions based on
the results
e Limitations of the design of the
investigation
f Suggestions for improvement and
further investigations
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a Interpretation of the results

(e.g. trend or pattern in data, relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables)
The papaya in the container without rice
(control) ripened slightly faster. (result)
This showed that the presence of rice
did not speed up the ripening of the
papaya. (interpretation)
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b Possible sources of error and how

they affect the accuracy of the results
The degree of yellowing was not
consistent in different parts of the two
papayas. (error 1)
The judgment of the degree of yellowing
was also subjective. (error 2)
These lowered the accuracy of the
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c Any anomalous data and its

significance
d Validity of assumptions based on
the results

(not applicable in this report)

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e Limitations of the design of the

investigation
The container in the experimental
set-up was half-filled with rice.
The difference in the volume of air in
the containers might have a significant
effect on the ripening of papayas.

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f Suggestions for improvement and

further investigations
Suggestion 1
To increase the reliability of the results,
more papayas should be used.
Averaged data should also be used for
analysis.

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f Suggestions for improvement and

further investigations
Suggestion 2
The degree of yellowing of papayas
should be observed by more than one
person to minimize subjectivity.

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f Suggestions for improvement and

further investigations
Suggestion 3
Cards showing different degree of yellow
should also be used as a reference.

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f Suggestions for improvement and

further investigations
Suggestion 4
An equal volume of plastic beads should
be put in the container in the control.

plastic
rice
beads

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f Suggestions for improvement and

further investigations
Suggestion 4
This ensures that the volume of air in the
two containers is the same.

plastic
rice
beads

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Conclusion
• Relate the conclusion to the
hypothesis.
• Do not introduce new information nor
make generalizations.

The presence of rice does not speed up

the ripening of papayas.
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

1.1
Simulation
Design an investigation of the effect of 1.1

fresh pineapple on the setting of jelly

Why did the I think fresh pineapple contains
jelly not set? something that prevents the jelly
from setting.

Peter Mary
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Introducing biology 1.2 How can we study biology?

1.1
Mary’s hypothesis:
The fresh pineapple contained something that
had prevented the jelly from setting.

jelly solution fresh

pineapple
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1.1
Task
Design and carry out an investigation to test
Mary’s hypothesis. Write a full report of
your investigation.

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Introducing biology 1.3 Nature of science

1.3 Nature of science

Nature of science
• about what science is and how science
works
• various aspects of nature of science can
be illustrated in the history of the
development of biological knowledge

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Example

Do organisms arise from

non-living things?

Francesco Redi
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For thousands of years, people believed that

organisms could arise from non-living things
by spontaneous generation (自然發生 ).

meat maggots

Maggots arise from meat.

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For thousands of years, people believed that

organisms could arise from non-living things
by spontaneous generation (自然發生 ).
non-living organisms
meat maggots
thing

Organisms arise from non-living things.

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In 1668, Francesco Redi observed that

maggots appeared a few days after flies
moved around a piece of meat.

flies

maggots

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He hypothesized that maggots were

produced by flies.

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Science advances through

reasonable skepticism (懷疑態度 )
Redi questioned a long-held belief,
spontaneous generation. This attitude
drove him to investigate and later
spontaneous generation was disproved.

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Based on his hypothesis, Redi predicted:

If flies were kept away from

meat, maggots would not
appear.

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Redi’s experiment

gauze

jars

meat
Experimental set-up Control set-up
(jar not covered) (jar covered)
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Doing science requires creativity

and imagination

Redi kept flies away from the meat

using a piece of gauze.

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A good scientific experiment

must include carefully designed
controls
Redi did a controlled experiment.

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A few days later…

maggots no
appeared maggots
appeared

Experimental set-up Control set-up

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A few days later…

The result supported

Redi’s hypothesis
maggots no
appeared maggots
appeared

Experimental set-up Control set-up

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A few days later…

But the belief about spontaneous

generation continued.
maggots no
The discovery
appeared of microorganisms
maggots
also strengthened the belief of
appeared
spontaneous generation.
Experimental set-up Control set-up
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John Needham’s experiment (1745)

stopper microorganisms
boiling
the flask appeared

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John Needham’s experiment (1745)

Needham’s conclusion:
The microorganisms did arise
spontaneously.

stopper microorganisms
boiling
the flask appeared

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Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment

(1775)
Modify Needham’s experiment:

boil for a seal the flask by

longer time melting the glass
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Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment

(1775) after a few
days
Experimental
set-up
boiling for a no sealing microorganisms
longer time of flask appeared

after a few
days
Control
set-up
boiling for a seal no microorganisms
longer time the flask appeared
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Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment

(1775) after a few
days
Experimental
These results
set-up showed that
microorganisms
boiling for a did not appear
no sealing microorganisms
longer time of flask appeared
in boiled broth when theafter flask
a few
was sealed. days
Control
set-up
boiling for a seal no microorganisms
longer time the flask appeared
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Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment

(1775) after a few
days
However, many people were not
Experimental
set-up
convinced.
boiling for a no sealing microorganisms
longer time of flask appeared
The belief of spontaneous after a few
generation was not falsified days
until
Control
almost a century later by Louis
set-up
Pasteur. boiling for a seal no microorganisms
longer time the flask appeared
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Science is a process of ongoing

inquiries

After the work of Redi, biologists

continued to investigate whether
spontaneous generation happened.

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Scientists have to explore using

different techniques and
methods to find out a good
solution to a problem
Spallanzani modified Needham’s
experiment.

Exercise 3
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Introducing biology 1.3 Nature of science

The nature of science is about what

science is and how science works.

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Some aspects of the nature of science:

a Science advances through
reasonable skepticism.
b Doing science requires creativity
and imagination.
c A good scientific experiment must
include carefully designed controls.
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Introducing biology 1.3 Nature of science

Some aspects of the nature of science:

d Science is a process of ongoing
inquiries.
e Scientists have to explore using
different techniques and methods to
find out a good solution to a
problem.
f Scientists build on the work of other
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1 Which characteristics of organisms does

Sophia have?
Sophia can detect and respond to
stimuli, and move.

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2 Why do biologists not consider Sophia

an organism?

Sophia does not reproduce and grow,

obtain food and respire, etc.

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Biology
studied by

the scientific scientific

study of method
part of
organisms
nature of
science
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organisms
characteristics

detect and respond to

reproduce stimuli, and move
and grow
excrete to maintain
obtain food a relatively constant
and respire internal environment
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