Tutorial Sheet - 1

CLL231, Semester-2, 2024-25

Q1. Use MATLAB or Python language to solve the following problems:
a. Write a program to calculate the Reynolds number, which is de ined as following:
𝜌⋅𝑣⋅𝐷
𝑅𝑒
𝜇
Print the Reynolds number. Consider 𝜌 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 , 𝑣 2 𝑚/𝑠, 𝐷 0.05 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇
0.001 𝑃𝑎 ⋅ 𝑠.
b. Declare two integer variables, a and b, take user input for both variables and print the
maximum and minimum values between the two.
Q2. Use dimensional analysis to derive the units for μ (viscosity).
Q3. A closed cylindrical tank illed with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an
inverted piping system as shown in igure 1. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a
speci ic gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are illed with water. If the pressure
gage reading at A is 60 kPa, determine:
a. The pressure at point B.
b. The pressure at point D. As point D and B are at the same horizontal level, how are the
pressure at point B and at point D related?
c. The pressure head, in millimetres of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).

Figure 1

Q4. A polytropic atmosphere is de ined by the Power-law as following

𝑝 𝜌
𝑝 𝜌
where m is a non-zero constant, 𝑝 and 𝜌 are sea-level values of pressure and density.
a. Integrate this expression in the hydrostatic atmosphere and ind the pressure
distribution, p(z), where z is elevation.
b. Assuming an ideal gas, 𝑝 𝜌 ⋅ 𝑅 ⋅ 𝑇, show that your result in (a) implies a linear
temperature distribution i.e. temperature is a linear function of z.
Q5. Consider the following system shown in igure 2, which is open to atmospheric pressure on
the right-side end. The tube to be uniformly cylindrical. Given, 𝜌 13.6 ∗
1000 , 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 101350 𝑃𝑎. Air and liquids involved are incompressible .

a. If the pressure at A, i.e. 𝑝 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝜃 35°, calculate L.

b. If 𝑝 is increased by 30 kPa, what would be the change in magnitude of L?

Figure 2
Q6. A cuboid is illed with liquid of density 𝜌 up to height ℎ and liquid of density 𝜌 for an
additional height h as shown in the igure 3.

Figure 3
Calculate the following:
a. Force on face ABCD due to liquid of density 𝜌
b. Force on face CDEF transferred due to liquid of density 𝜌
c. Force on face CDEF due to liquid of density 𝜌 only
d. Force on face ABCD due to liquid of density 𝜌
e. Net force on face ABEF
 Tutorial Sheet - 2
CLL231, Semester-2, 2024-25
Q1. A uniform block of steel (SG 7.85) will “float” at a mercury–water interface as in Fig. 1. What
is the ratio of the distances a and b for this condition?

Figure 1
Q2. The hydraulic jack in Fig. P2.20 is filled with oil at 56 lbf/ft3. Neglecting the weight of the
two pistons, what force F on the handle is required to support the 2000-lbf weight for this
design?

Figure 2

Q3. A tank of cross-sectional area A is filled with a liquid of density ρ1 as shown in Fig. a. Show
that when a cylinder of density ρ2 and volume V is floated in the liquid in the figure below, the
liquid level rises by an amount:
𝜌
𝑔 (𝜌2 ) 𝑉
1
∆ℎ =
𝐴
Also find the fraction of cylinder submerged.

Figure 3
Q4. In Figure, the tank contains water and immiscible oil at 20C. What is h in cm if the density
of the oil is 898 kg/m3?

Figure 4

Q5. A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 20-ft-long rectangular gate weighting 800 lb. is held in place by a
horizontal flexible cable as shown in the figure below. Water acts against the gate which is
hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.

Figure 5
Q6. A 6-ft-diameter drainage conduit of the type shown in Fig. a below is half full of water at
rest, as shown in Fig. 5 below. Determine the magnitude and line of action of the resultant force
that the water exerts on 1-ft length of the curved section BC of the conduit wall.

Figure 6
 Tutorial Sheet - 3
CLL231, Semester-2, 2024-25

1. An open cylindrical tank contains water and has a hemispherical bottom, as shown in
the diagram. Determine the magnitude, line of action, and direction of the force of the
water on the curved bottom. Determine the expression through integration of force
acting on a point on hemisphere without first taking weight of liquid above it into
consideration. Take the height of liquid from the bottom as h and radius of hemisphere
as R. Use ρ = ρ0(1+Ƙ(P-P0)).

2. A concrete dam (SG = 2.5) is made in the shape of an isosceles triangle, as shown in
figure. Analyze this geometry to find the range of angles θ for which the hydrostatic force
will tend to tip the dam over at point B. The width into the paper is b.

3. Show that the distance between metacentre and centre of buoyancy is given by
MB = Io/Vsubmerged where Io is the area moment of inertia of the waterline footprint of the
body about its tilt axis and Vsubmerged denotes submerged volume and then determine the
expression of time period of small oscillations of submerged body if it is displaced by a
very small angle. Take radius of gyration about metacentre to be K and derive time period
in terms of GM(distance between centroid and metacentre) and K.

4. The uniform beam in the Figure given below of size L by h by b and with specific weight b,
floats exactly on its diagonal when a heavy uniform sphere is tied to the left corner, as
shown. Show that this can happen only (a) when Ƴb = Ƴ/3 and (b) when the sphere has
size
5. Consider a cylinder of specific gravity S<1 floating vertically in water (S=1). Derive a
formula for the stable values of D/L as a function of S and apply it to the case D/L = 1.2.

6. The 450 V-tube contains water and is open at A and closed at C. What uniform rotation
rate in r/min about axis AB will cause the pressure to be equal at points B and C? For this
condition, at what point in leg BC will the pressure be a minimum?

7. The tank is moving with constant acceleration up a 300 inclined plane, as shown.
Assuming rigid-body motion, compute (a) the value of the acceleration a, (b) whether
the acceleration is up or down, and (c) the gage pressure at point A if the fluid is mercury
at 200C.
 Tutorial 4
CLL231 Semester-II 2025

1. Water flows steadily from the large open tank shown in Fig. P3.68. If viscous effects are
negligible, determine (a) the flowrate, Q, and (b) the manometer reading, h.

Fig 1

2. An inviscid liquid drains from a large tank through a square duct of width b as shown in Fig 2
below. The velocity of the fluid at the outlet is not precisely uniform because of the difference
in elevation across the outlet. If this difference in velocity is negligible. For given b and h,
determine as a function of x and integrate the results to determine the average velocity,
V= Q/b2. How small must b be if the center line velocity, v at x=b/2, is to be within 5% of
the average velocity?

Fig 2

3. Air is drawn into a wind tunnel used for testing automobiles as shown in Fig. P3.48. (a)
Determine the manometer reading, h, when the velocity in the test section is 60 mph. Note
that there is a 1-in. column of oil on the water in the manometer. (b) Determine the difference
between the stagnation pressure on the front of the automobile and the pressure in the test
section.

Fig 3

4. Given the Eulerian velocity vector. Find the total acceleration of a particle.

𝑉 = 3𝑡 𝑒 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑒 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑒
 Tutorial 4
CLL231 Semester-II 2025

5. As a valve is opened, water flows through the diffuser shown in Fig 4, at an increasing
flowrate so that the velocity along the centerline is given by 𝑉 = 𝑢𝚤̂ = 𝑉 (1 − 𝑒 )(1 − )𝚤̂
where V0, c and l are constants. Determine the acceleration as a function of x and t.
If V0 = 10 ft/s and l = 5 ft what value of c (other than c = 0) is needed to make the
acceleration zero for any x at t = 1. Explain how the acceleration can be zero if the flowrate is
increasing with time.

Fig 4

6. A Pitot-static tube is used to measure the velocity of helium in a pipe. The temperature and
pressure are and 25 psia. A water manometer connected to the Pitot-static tube indicates a
reading of 2.3 in. Determine the helium velocity. Is it reasonable to consider the flow as
incompressible? Explain
 Tutorial 5
Q1. The velocity in a flow field is given by
𝑧2
𝑉 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑒𝑖 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 )𝑒𝑗 + (−3𝑥𝑧 − + 4) 𝑒𝑘
2

(a) Determine the volumetric dilatation rate and interpret the results.
(b) Determine an expression for the rotation vector. Is this an irrotational flow field?
Q2. Consider the following two-dimensional function f(x, y):

𝑓 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 > 0

(a) Under what conditions, if any, on (A, B, C, D) can this function become a steady plane-flow
velocity potential? If there is/are possible condition(s), find the velocity potential, ɸ(x, y).
(b) Find the associated stream function, Ψ(x, y), if any, for this flow.
Q3. The velocity potential for a certain inviscid flow field is
ɸ = −(3x 2 y − y 3 )
where 𝜙 has the units of ft2/s, when x and y are in feet. Determine the pressure difference (in
psi) between the points (1,2) and (4,4), where the coordinates are in feet, if the fluid is water
and elevation changes are negligible.
Q4. Water flows through a two-dimensional narrowing wedge at 9.96 gal/min per meter of
width into the paper (Fig. 1). If this inward flow is purely radial, find an expression, in SI units,
for (a) the stream function and (b) the velocity potential of the flow. Assume one-dimensional
flow. The included angle of the wedge is 45°.

Fig. 1
Q5. A two-dimensional unsteady velocity field is given by:
𝑢 = 2𝑡, 𝑣=𝑥
where u and v are the velocity components in the x- and y-directions, respectively, and t is time.
(a) Derive the equation of the streamlines at t=2 seconds.
(b) A fluid particle is released from the point (x0,y0)=(1,0) at t=0. Determine its pathline
equation.
 Tutorial Sheet - 6
CLL231, Semester-2, 2024-25
Q1. A constriction in a pipe will cause the velocity to rise and the pressure to fall at section 2 in the throat. The
pressure difference is a measure of the Dlow rate through the pipe. The smoothly necked-down system shown in
Fig. 1 is called a venturi tube. Find an expression for the mass Dlux in the tube as a function of the pressure change.

Figure 1
Q2. For the 40°C water (vapor pressure=7375 Pa and the density is 992 kg/m3) Dlow in Fig. 2, estimate the
volume Dlow through the pipe, assuming no losses; then explain what is wrong with this seemingly innocent
question. If the actual Dlow rate is Q=40 m3/h, compute (a) the head loss in ft and (b) the constriction diameter D
that causes cavitation, assuming that the throat divides the head loss equally and that changing the constriction
causes no additional losses.

Figure 2
Q3. In Fig 3, let the pump exhaust gasoline (ρ = 680 kg/ m 3) at 65 gal/min to the atmosphere through a 3-cm-
diameter opening, with no cavitation, when x=3 m, y=2.5 m, and z=2 m. If the friction head loss is
hloss=3.7(V2/2g) , where V is the average velocity in the pipe, estimate the horsepower required to be delivered
by the pump.

Figure 3
Q4. Consider a compressible liquid that has a constant bulk modulus E= -dp/(dV/V), p - pressure, V - volume. Get
the Bernoulli equation for this Dlow along a stream-line.
Q5. Water Dlows around the vertical two-dimensional bend with circular streamlines and constant velocity as
shown in the Digure below. If the pressure is 40 kPa at point (1), determine the pressures at Points (2) and (3).
Assume that the velocity proDile is uniform as indicated.

Figure 4
 Tutorial 8
CLL231 Semester-II 2025

1. Assume that the flowrate,Q,of a gas from a smokestack is a function of the density of the
ambient air, 𝜌 ,the density of the gas, 𝜌 , within the stack,the acceleration of gravity, g, and
the height and diameter of the stack, h and d, respectively. Use𝜌 , d,and g as repeating
variables to develop a set of pi terms that could be used to describe this problem.

2. An underwater device is 1.5 m long and is to move at 3.5 m/s. A geometrically similar model
30 cm long is tested in a variable pressure wind tunnel at a speed of 35 m/s. Calculate the
pressure of air in the model. If the model exhibits a drag force 40 N, calculate the prototype
drag force. [Assume 𝜌 = 998 kg / (m3) , 𝜌 at standard atmospheric pressure = 1.17 kg
3 -5
/ (m ) , 𝜇 =1.90 * 10 Pa.s, at local atmospheric pressure and 𝜇 = 1 * 10 - 3 Pa .s].

3.

Fig 1

4. Blood (assume, 𝜇 = 4.5 × 10 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠/𝑓𝑡 , SG 1.0) flows through an artery in the neck of a
giraffe from its heart to its head at a rate of 2 × 10 𝑓𝑡 /𝑠. Assume the length is 10 ft and
the diameter is 0.20 in. If the pressure at the beginning of the artery (outlet of the heart) is
equivalent to 0.70 ft Hg, determine the pressure at the end of the artery when the head is (a) 8
ft above the heart, or (b) 6 ft below the heart. Assume steady flow. How much of this pressure
difference is due to elevation effects, and how much is due to frictional effects?
 Tutorial Sheet - 9
CLL231, Semester-2, 2024-25

1. Consider a laminar boundary layer or the laminar sublayer of a turbulent boundary in two-
dimensional flow. The fluid is incompressible and has constant viscosity.

Show that, at the wall, the velocity profile is concave upwards in flow with a favourable
pressure gradient (∂p/∂x < 0). Whereas it is concave downwards for flow with an
unfavourable pressure gradient (∂p/∂x > 0).

2. Consider a flat porous surface with no lengthwise pressure gradient to which suction is
applied for the purpose of sucking off the laminar boundary layer. Let us denote by v₀ the
downward component of velocity at the surface of the plate (y = 0). Then it may be shown
that for very small values of v₀/U∞ compared with unity, the laminar boundary layer becomes
constant in both thickness and velocity at large distances from the leading edge, provided that
v₀ is constant.

For this case of small v₀/U∞ and large distance from the leading edge, find:

(a) the velocity profile, by relating u/U∞ to v₀y/ν

(b) the displacement thickness Reynolds number, δ*v₀/ν.
(c) the skin-friction coefficient, 2T₀/ρU∞², in terms of v₀, U∞, and ν.

3. Suppose you buy a 4- by 8-ft sheet of plywood and put it on your roof rack. You drive home
at 35 mi/h.
(a) Assuming the board is perfectly aligned with the airflow, how thick is the boundary layer
at the end of the board?
(b) Estimate the drag on the sheet of plywood if the boundary layer remains laminar.
(c) Estimate the drag on the sheet of plywood if the boundary layer is turbulent (assume the
wood is smooth), and compare the result to that of the laminar boundary layer case.
4.
 Tutorial 10
CLL231, Sem-2 2024-25
Q1. When immersed in a uniform stream V, a heavy steel rod hinged at A will hang at Pode’s angle 𝜃,
after an analysis by L. Pode in 1951. Assume that the cylinder has normal drag coefficient CDN and
tangential coefficient CDT that relate the drag forces to VN and VT, respectively. Derive an expression
for Pode’s angle as a function of the flow and rod parameters.
Given: length of rod = 40 cm, diameter of rod = 1 cm, velocity of air stream, V = 35 m/s, density of
steel = 7844 kg/m3, density of air = 1.225 kg/m3
Pode’s angle refers to the equilibrium angle at which a heavy rod, hinged at one end and immersed in
a uniform fluid stream, aligns itself due to the balance of hydrodynamic forces and moments.

Fig. 1
Q2. A two-dimensional liquid fluid stream with height d, uniform velocity U∞, density ρ and dynamic
viscosity μ is incident on the top side of a flat plate as shown in the Figure 2. The gravitational
acceleration is g and the atmospheric pressure is assumed equal to pa. A laminar boundary layer
develops over the flat plate and its displacement thickness grows and finally it reaches the free surface
at a distance L from the leading edge of the plate.

Fig. 2
Denote by δ(x) the displacement thickness of the boundary layer and by U(x) the horizontal fluid
velocity at the edge of the displacement thickness. Assume that the horizontal velocity profile u(x, y)
inside the boundary layer at a distance x downstream of the leading edge is given by the expression

Assume that at the edge of the displacement thickness of the boundary layer the horizontal fluid
velocity is equal to that of the inviscid flow above it.

a) Determine a(x) and b(x) by providing appropriate physical justifications.

b) Derive an expression relating U(L) with U∞, d and δ (L).
c) Apply the mass conservation principle and derive an expression for the displacement thickness at
x=L, i.e., δ(L).
d) Determine the pressure variation at x =L : p(L,y), 0 < y < δ(L).
e) Assuming that the velocity profile u(x, y) for x>L is given by the same expression as for x<L,
obtain the shear stress (as a function of x) for x>L on the plate.

Q3. Water at 40 °C is pumped from an open tank through 200 m of 50 mm diameter smooth
horizontal pipe as shown in the Fig. 3 and discharges into the atmosphere with a velocity of 3 m/s.
Minor losses are negligible. (a) If the efficiency of the pump is 70%, how much power is being
supplied to the pump? (b) What is the NPSHA at the pump inlet? Neglect losses in the short section of
pipe connecting the pump to the tank. Assume standard atmospheric pressure. Use the provided
Moody chart (Fig. 4) in case required.

Fig. 3

Fig. 4: Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness for round pipes—the
Moody chart
 Tutorial-11
CLL231 Semester-2, 2024-2025

1)​ The gutter and smooth drain pipe in Fig.1 remove rainwater from the roof of a building.
The smooth drainpipe is 7 cm in diameter. (a) When the gutter is full, estimate the rate of
draining. (b) The gutter is designed for a sudden rainstorm of up to 5 inches per hour.
For this condition, what is the maximum roof area that can be drained successfully?

Fig.1

2)​ Water is to be pumped from one large, open tank to a second large, open tank as shown
in Fig.2. The pipe diameter throughout is 6 in. and the total length of the pipe between
the pipe entrance and exit is 200 ft. Minor loss coefficients for the entrance, exit, and the
elbow are shown, and the friction factor for the pipe can be assumed constant and equal
to 0.02. A certain centrifugal pump having the performance characteristics shown in
Fig.3 is suggested as a good pump for this flow system. With this pump, what would be
the flowrate between the tanks?

Fig.2
 Fig.3

3)​ An ideal gas contained in a large storage container at a constant temperature and
pressure of 15 °C and 172.4 kPa is to be expanded isentropically through a duct to
standard atmospheric discharge conditions (101.325 kPa). Describe in general terms the
kind of duct required and determine the duct exit cross section area if the discharge
mass flowrate required is 0.454 kg/s and the gas is air
Homework: Solve the question when gas is (i) carbon dioxide (Ans=converging nozzle,
0.00994 ft2 ) (ii) helium (Ans= converging nozzle, 0.0308 ft2)
 CLL 231: Fluid mechanics for Chemical Engineers
Total Marks: 35 Major Examination Duration: 2h 00 min
Instructions: Any assumptions need to be stated explicitly. All the steps need to be mentioned in
the calculation.
Given: Density of water = 1000 kg/m3. Water viscosity=0.01 poise at 20 °C. Acceleration due to
gravity =9.8 m/s2. Specific heat ratio of air =1.4. Absolute pressure = 101.325 kPa.
𝒌
̅
𝑫𝑽 𝟐̅ 𝒑𝟎 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝑻 𝒌−𝟏
Useful Equations: 𝝆 𝑫𝒕 ̅ − 𝜵𝒑 + 𝝁𝜵 𝑽 ;
= 𝝆𝒈 𝒑
= (𝟏 + 𝟐
𝑴𝒂𝟐 ) ; 𝑻𝟎 =( 𝟐
) 𝑴𝒂𝟐 +𝟏

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Please write down the moral code of conduct at the beginning of your answer sheet. (Bonus 0.5 mark)
Moral code of conduct: As a student of IIT Delhi, I will not give or receive aid in examinations. I will do my share
and take an active part in seeing to it that others as well as myself uphold the spirit and letter of the Honour Code.
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Short answers:
1. Why does the pressure drop at the back of a sphere after boundary layer separation? (1)
2. What is energy cascading? (1)
3. What is Prandtl mixing length? Explain with sketch. No need to write down the expression. (1+1)
4. Define Euler Number? (1)
Derivation:
5. Derive the expression of momentum thickness. (4)
6. Derive the expression of speed of sound. (3)

Numerical:
7. Water at 40 oC is pumped from an open tank through 200 m of 50-mm-diameter smooth horizontal
pipe as shown in the figure below and discharges into the atmosphere with a velocity of 3 m/s. Minor
losses are negligible. (a) If the efficiency of the pump is 70%, how much power is being supplied to the
pump? (b) What is the NPSHA at the pump inlet? Neglect losses in the short section of pipe connecting
the pump to the tank. Assume standard atmospheric pressure. Water vapor pressure at 40 oC is
7.376*103 N.m2; the value of ρg at the same condition is 9.731*103 N.m2 and assume f = 0.0152. (10)

8. In a duct with an inside area of 12 square inches, measurements were taken at a specific point in the
air flow. The measurements showed a velocity of 1000 feet per second, a temperature of 480 degrees
Rankine, and a pressure of 12 pounds per square inch absolute (psia). For the purposes of this
calculation, the value of R is assumed to be 1710 (ft. lbf.)/(slug R°). (4x2.5)
(a) Determine the mass flow rate.
(b) Determine the Mach number.
(c) Determine the stagnation pressure.
(d) Determine the stagnation temperature.

9. Water is flowing through a circular pipe of 10 cm inner diameter with a speed of 10 cm/s. Calculate
the approximate length scale of the smallest eddy. (3)