Aptitude Formulas One Shot

Created @March 3, 2025

Tags Other Notes

Problems an Trains:
Speed, Time, and Distance - Important Concepts and Formulas

Unit Conversions
Kilometers per hour to meters per second:


5
a km/hr = a × ​ m/s
18

Meters per second to kilometers per hour:

a m/s = a ×
18

5
​ km/hr 

Basic Formulas
Speed (S) = Distance (D) / Time (T)

S =
D

T
​ 

Distance (D) = Speed (S) × Time (T)

D = S × T 

Time (T) = Distance (D) / Speed (S)


D
T = ​

Train-based Problems
1. Passing a pole or stationary object:

Time taken by a train of length lmeters to pass a pole, a standing man, or a signal post
= Time taken to cover lmeters.

2. Passing a stationary object of length bb meters:

Time taken by a train of length lmeters to pass an object of length bmeters = Time
taken to cover (l + b)meters.

Relative Speed
1. Objects moving in the same direction:

Relative speed = u − 1 m/s (where u > v )

2. Objects moving in opposite directions:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 1

 Relative speed = (u + v) m/s

Time Taken for Trains to Cross Each Other

1. Trains moving in opposite directions:

If two trains of length ameters and bmeters are moving in opposite directions at
speeds um/s and v m/s, then:

Time taken to cross each other =

a+b

u+v
​ sec 

2. Trains moving in the same direction:

If two trains of length ameters and bmeters are moving in the same direction at
speeds um/s and v m/s, then:

Time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train =

a+b

u−v
​

sec 

Ratio of Speeds of Two Trains or Objects

If two trains (or objects) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and
after crossing they take sec and sec to reach B and A respectively, then:
Speed of A : Speed of B = b : ​ a 
​

Speed, Time and Distance

1. Basic Formulas:

Speed = Distance

Time
​ 

Time =
Distance
​

Speed

Distance = Speed × Time

2. Unit Conversions:

km/hr to m/sec:

5
x km/hr = x × ​ m/sec
18

m/sec to km/hr:


18
x m/sec = x × ​ km/hr
5

3. Speed and Time Ratio:

If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b , then the ratio of the times taken by them to
cover the same distance is:

4. Average Speed for Equal Distances:

If a person covers equal distances at speeds xkm/hr and y km/hr, then the average speed
for the entire journey is:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 2

 
2xy
​
km/hr
x+y

Height and Distance

Trigonometric Ratios in a Right-Angled Triangle
Consider a right-angled triangle OAB, where ∠BOA = θ:

1. Sine (sin):


Perpendicular AB
sin θ = ​ = ​

Hypotenuse OB

2. Cosine (cos):


Base OA
cos θ = ​ = ​

Hypotenuse OB

3. Tangent (tan):


Perpendicular AB
tan θ = ​ = ​

Base OA

4. Cosecant (cosec):

1 OB
csc θ = ​ = ​

sin θ AB

5. Secant (sec):


1 OB
sec θ = ​
= ​

cos θ OA

6. Cotangent (cot):

cot θ =
1

tan θ
​ =
OA

AB
​ 

Trigonometric Identities
1. Pythagorean Identity:

2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1

2. Sec-Tan Identity:

1 + tan
2
θ = sec
2
θ 

3. Cosec-Cot Identity:
1 + cot
2
θ = csc
2
θ 

Values of Trigonometric Ratios

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 3

 θ (Degrees) 0° 30° (π/6) 45° (π/4) 60° (π/3) 90° (π/2)

sin θ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 Undefined

Angle of Elevation

If a person at point O looks up at an object P, which is above the horizontal level of his eyes,
then the angle formed between the line of sight and the horizontal line through O is called the
angle of elevation.

Angle of elevation = ∠AOP 

Angle of Depression

If a person at point O looks down at an object P, which is below the horizontal level of his eyes,
then the angle formed between the line of sight and the horizontal line through O is called the
angle of depression.

Work and Time

Work from Days
If A can complete a piece of work in n days, then A’s 1-day work is:
1

n
​ 

Days from Work

If A’s 1-day work is 1

n
​ , then A can finish the entire work in:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 4

 n days 

Work and Time Ratio

If A is thrice as efficient as B, then:

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1

Ratio of time taken by A and B to complete the same work = 1 : 3

Simple Interest
Principal
The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum.

Interest
The extra money paid for using someone else’s money is called interest.

Simple Interest (S.I.)

If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is calculated uniformly, it is called simple
interest.

Let:

P = Principal (initial amount)

R = Rate of interest per annum (%)

T = Time in years

Then,

1. Simple Interest Formula:

S .I . =
P ×R×T

100
​ 

2. Formulas for Principal, Rate, and Time:

P =
100×S .I .

R×T
​ 

R =
100×S .I .

P ×T
​ 

T =
100×S .I .

P ×R
​


Compound Interest
Given:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 5

 P = Principal

R = Rate of interest per annum (%)

n = Time in years

Compound Interest Formulas

1. When Interest is Compounded Annually:
n
A = P (1 +
R

100
​ ) 

2. When Interest is Compounded Half-Yearly:

2n
A = P (1 +
R

2×100
​ ) 

3. When Interest is Compounded Quarterly:

4n
A = P (1 +
R

4×100
​
) 

4. When Interest is Compounded Annually but Time is in Fraction (e.g., 3 Years and 6
Months):
3 0.5
A = P (1 +
R

100
​ ) × (1 +
R

100
​ ) 

5. When Interest Rates are Different for Each Year (e.g., R1%R_1\% for 1st Year, R2%R_2\%
for 2nd Year, R3%R_3\% for 3rd Year, etc.):

A = P (1 +
R1

100
​

​ ) × (1 +
R2

100
​

​ ) × (1 +
R3

100
​

​ ) 

Present Worth Formula

If Rs. x is due n years hence, then its Present Worth (PW) is given by:

PW =
x
R
n ​ 
(1+ 100 ) ​

Profit and Loss

Important Definitions
1. Cost Price (C.P.)

The price at which an article is purchased.

2. Selling Price (S.P.)

The price at which an article is sold.

3. Profit or Gain

If S.P. > C.P., then the seller makes a profit or gain.

4. Loss

If S.P. < C.P., then the seller incurs a loss.

Important Formulas
1. Profit (Gain) Formula:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 6

 .Gain = S .P . − C .P . 

2. Loss Formula:

Loss = C .P . − S .P . 

3. Profit Percentage (Gain %):


Gain
Gain % = ( ​
× 100) %
C.P.

4. Loss Percentage (Loss %):

Loss % = (
Loss

C.P.
​ × 100) % 

Selling Price and Cost Price Formulas

1. Selling Price (S.P.) when Gain % is given:

S .P . = (
100+Gain%

100
​
) × C .P . 

2. Selling Price (S.P.) when Loss % is given:


100−Loss%
S .P . = ( ​ ) × C .P .
100

3. Cost Price (C.P.) when Gain % is given:

C .P . = (
100

100+Gain%
​ ) × S .P . 

4. Cost Price (C.P.) when Loss % is given:


100
C .P . = ( ) × S .P .
100−Loss%

Special Cases
1. If an article is sold at a gain of 35%, then:

S .P . = 135% of C .P . 

2. If an article is sold at a loss of 35%, then:

S .P . = 65% of C .P . 

3. If a seller sells two similar items, one at a gain of x% and the other at a loss of x%, the
overall loss is given by:
2

Loss % =
x

100
​


4. If a trader falsely claims to sell at cost price but uses false weights, the gain percentage
is:


Error×100
Gain % = ( ​
)%
True Value−Error

Partnership
Definition
When two or more persons run a business jointly, they are called partners, and the agreement
is known as a partnership.

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 7

 Ratio of Division of Gains
1. When Investments Are for the Same Duration

If partners invest for the same period, the profit or loss is divided in proportion to their
investments.

If A invests Rs. x and B invests Rs. y for 1 year, then:

A’s Share of Profit : B’s Share of Profit = x : y 

2. When Investments Are for Different Time Periods

If partners invest for different time periods, their equivalent capitals are calculated as:

Capital × Time 

The profit or loss is then divided in the ratio of these effective investments.

If A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months, then:

A’s Share of Profit : B’s Share of Profit = x × p : y × q 

Types of Partners
1. Working Partner

A partner who actively manages the business operations.

2. Sleeping Partner

A partner who only invests money but does not participate in daily management.

Percentage
Definition
A percentage means "per hundred."

x% means x/100.

Conversion Between Percentage and Fractions

1. To express x% as a fraction:


x
x% = ​

100

Example:
20% =
20

100
​ =
1

5
​ 

2. To express a fraction as a percentage:

a a
​ = ( ​ × 100) %
b b

Example:


1 1
​
= ( ​
× 100) % = 25%
4 4

Percentage Increase/Decrease

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 8

 1. If the price of a commodity increases by R%, the required reduction in consumption to
keep expenditure the same is:


R
( ​ × 100) %
100+R

2. If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, the required increase in consumption to

keep expenditure the same is:

(
R

100−R
​ × 100) % 

Population Growth and Depreciation

Population Growth
Let the current population be P, and the annual growth rate be R%.

1. Population after n years:

n
P × (1 +
R

100
​ ) 

2. Population n years ago:

P
R
n ​ 
(1+ 100 ) ​

Depreciation
Let the current value of a machine be P, and it depreciates at R% per annum.

1. Value after n years:

n
P × (1 −
R

100
​ ) 

2. Value n years ago:

P
R
n ​ 
(1− 100 ) ​

Comparative Percentage Change

1. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by:

(
R

100+R
​ × 100) % 

2. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by:


R
( ​
× 100) %
100−R

Problems on Ages
1. Multiplication of Age

If the current age is x, then n times the age is:

n × x 

2. Future Age

If the current age is x, then the age n years later will be:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 9

 x + n 

3. Past Age

If the current age is x, then the age n years ago was:

x − n 

4. Ages in Ratio

If two people’s ages are in the ratio a : b, then their present ages can be represented as:

ax and bx 

5. Fraction of Age

If the current age is x, then 1/n of the age is:

x

n
​ 

Calendar
To determine the day of the week on a given date, we use the concept of odd days.

Definition
The number of days more than complete weeks in a given period is called odd days.

Leap Year
1. A year is a leap year if:

It is divisible by 4 but not a century year (e.g., 2004, 1948, 1676).

Every 4th century is a leap year (e.g., 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000).

Other century years are not leap years (e.g., 1800, 1900, 2100).

2. Days in a Leap Year

A leap year has 366 days.

Ordinary Year
A year that is not a leap year is called an ordinary year.

An ordinary year has 365 days.

Counting of Odd Days

Type of Year Days Weeks + Extra Days Odd Days

Ordinary Year 365 52 weeks + 1 day 1 odd day

Leap Year 366 52 weeks + 2 days 2 odd days

Odd Days in a Century

Years Ordinary Years Leap Years Total Odd Days

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 10

 100 years 76 ordinary + 24 leap (76 × 1) + (24 × 2) = 124 days 5 odd days

200 years - - (5 × 2) = 3 odd days

300 years - - (5 × 3) = 1 odd day

400 years - - (5 × 4) + 1 = 0 odd days

Every 400 years, odd days reset to 0.

Similar cycles apply for 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 years, all having 0 odd days.

Days of the Week Related to Odd Days

Number of Odd Days Day of the Week

0 Sunday

1 Monday

2 Tuesday

3 Wednesday

4 Thursday

5 Friday

6 Saturday

Clock
Minute Spaces
The dial of a clock is a circle divided into 60 equal parts, called minute spaces.

Hour Hand and Minute Hand

A clock has two hands:

Hour Hand (short hand)

Minute Hand (long hand)

Key Properties
1. Minute Hand vs. Hour Hand

In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand.

Both hands coincide once every hour.

2. Alignment of Hands

Hands are in the same straight line when they are:

Coincident (overlapping each other)

Opposite to each other (180° apart)

Hands are at right angles when they are 15 minute spaces apart.

Hands are in opposite directions when they are 30 minute spaces apart.

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 11

 3. Angles Traced

Hour hand in 12 hours → 360°

Minute hand in 60 minutes → 360°

Fast and Slow Clocks

A clock is fast if it shows more than the correct time.

Example: If the actual time is 8:00, but the clock shows 8:15, it is 15 minutes fast.

A clock is slow if it shows less than the correct time.

Example: If the actual time is 8:00, but the clock shows 7:45, it is 15 minutes slow.

Average
Average Formula
Average =
Sum of observations

Number of observations
​


Average Speed
If a person covers two equal distances at x kmph and y kmph, then the average speed for the
entire journey is:

Average Speed =
2xy

x+y
​
kmph 

Area
Results on Triangles
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.

The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

Pythagoras Theorem
(Hypotenuse)
2
= (Base)
2
+ (Height)
2


Other Important Triangle Properties

The median joins the midpoint of a side to the opposite vertex.

The centroid is where the three medians meet, dividing each median in a 2:1 ratio.

In an isosceles triangle, the altitude from the vertex bisects the base.

The median divides a triangle into two triangles of equal area.

The triangle formed by joining the midpoints of a given triangle's sides has one-fourth of
its area.

Results on Quadrilaterals

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 12

 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of equal area.

The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.

The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal but bisect each other at right angles.

A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels have
equal areas.

Of all parallelograms with the same side lengths, the rectangle has the greatest area.

Important Formulae

Rectangle
Area =
Length × Breadth 


Area Area
Length = ​ , Breadth = ​

Breadth Length

Perimeter =

2 × (Length + Breadth) 

Square
Area =

2 1 2
side = ​ × (diagonal)
2

Area of four walls of a room =

2 × (Length + Breadth) × Height 

Triangle
Area =
1

2
​ × Base × Height 

Heron's Formula (for sides a, b, c):

Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c), ​ s =

a+b+c

2
​ 

Equilateral Triangle:


3 2
Area = × side
​

Incircle Radius:
r =
a
​

2 3 ​

Circumcircle Radius:
R =
a

3
​

​


Incircle Radius for any Triangle:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 13

 r =
Area

s
​ 

Parallelogram
Area =
Base × Height 

Rhombus
Area = 1

2
​
× (Product of diagonals)

Trapezium
Area = 1

2
​ × (Sum of parallel sides) ×Distance between them

Circle
Area =

πR
2


Circumference =

2πR 

Length of an arc (for central angle ):

θ\theta


2πRθ
​

360

Sector Area:
2
1

2
​ × Arc Length × R =
πR θ

360
​


Semi-Circle
Circumference =

πR 

Area =
2
πR

2
​


Volume and Surface Area

Cuboid
Let length = l, breadth = b, height = h.

Volume = cubic units.

l × b × h 

Surface Area = square units.

2(lb + bh + lh) 

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 14

 Diagonal = units.

l
2
+ b
2
+ h
2

​

Cube
Let each edge = a.

Volume = cubic units.

a
3


Surface Area = square units.

6a
2


Diagonal = units.
3a ​ 

Cylinder
Let radius = r, height = h.

Volume = cubic units.

πr h
2


Curved Surface Area = square units.

2πrh 

Total Surface Area = square units.

2πr(h + r) 

Cone
Let radius = r, height = h.

Slant Height = units.

l = h
2
+ r
2

​

Volume = cubic units.

1

3
​ πr h
2


Curved Surface Area = square units.

πrl 

Total Surface Area = square units.

πr(l + r) 

Sphere
Let radius = r.

Volume = cubic units.


4 3
​ πr
3

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 15

 Surface Area = square units.

4πr
2


Hemisphere
Let radius = r.

Volume = cubic units.

2

3
​ πr
3


Curved Surface Area = square units.

2πr
2


Total Surface Area = square units.

3πr
2


Conversion Note
1 litre = 1000 cm³

Permutations and Combinations

Factorial Notation
For a positive integer n, factorial n!is defined as:

n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) … 3 × 2 × 1 

Special Case:
0!=10! = 1

Examples:

4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 

5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 

Permutations
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time are
called permutations.
Examples:

All permutations of letters a, b, c, taken two at a time:

ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb 

All permutations of a, b, c, taken all at a time:

abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba 

Formula for Permutations

The number of permutations of n things, taken r at a time:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 16

 n
Pr = ​

(n−r)!
n!
​ 

Examples:


6 6!
P2 = ​ ​

= 6 × 5 = 30
(6−2)!

7
P3 = ​

(7−3)!
7!
​ = 7 × 6 × 5 = 210 

Special Case: Permutations of Repeated Objects

If there are nobjects, with groups of identical objects:

p1 alike of one kind,

​

p2 alike of another kind,

​

...,

pr alike of the r th kind,

​

Then, the number of distinct permutations is:

(p1 !×p2 !×⋯×pr !)

​ ​
n!

​
​ 

Combinations
A combination refers to a selection of objects without considering the order.
Examples:

Selecting two out of three boys A, B, C → Possible selections: AB, BC, CA

All combinations of a, b, c taken two at a time → ab, bc, ca

Combination of a, b, c taken all at a time → abc

Formula for Combinations

The number of combinations of n things, taken r at a time:
n
Cr = ​

r!(n−r)!
n!
​ 

Properties:
n
Cn = 1 ​ 
n
C0 = 1 ​


Symmetry Property:
n
Cr = ​
n
C(n−r) 
​

Examples:


11 11! 11×10×9×8
C4 = ​ ​ = ​ = 330
4!(11−4)! 4×3×2×1

16
C13 = ​
16
C3 = ​
16×15×14

3!
​ =
16×15×14

3×2×1
​ = 560 

Problem on Numbers

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 17

 1. Product of Sum and Difference:

(a + b)(a − b) = a
2
− b
2


2. Square of a Sum:
(a + b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab 

3. Square of a Difference:
(a − b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
− 2ab 

4. Square of a Sum of Three Terms:

(a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) 

5. Sum of Two Cubes:

a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
− ab + b )
2


6. Difference of Two Cubes:

a
3
− b
3
= (a − b)(a
2
+ ab + b )
2


7. Sum of Three Cubes Minus Three Times the Product:

a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
− 3abc = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
− ab − bc − ac) 

8. Special Case:

If a + b + c = 0 , then:

a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc 

H.C.F. and L.C.F.

Factors and Multiples
If a number a divides another number b exactly, then a is a factor of b.

In this case, b is called a multiple of a.

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) / Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D.)

The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each of them
exactly.

Methods to find H.C.F.:

1. Factorization Method:

Express each number as a product of prime factors.

The product of the lowest powers of common prime factors gives the H.C.F.

2. Division Method:

Divide the larger number by the smaller one.

Divide the divisor by the remainder.

Repeat until the remainder becomes zero.

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 18

 The last divisor is the H.C.F.

Finding H.C.F. of more than two numbers:

First, find the H.C.F. of any two numbers.

Then, find the H.C.F. of the result and the third number.

Continue this process for more numbers.

Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.)

The L.C.M. of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is exactly divisible by each
of them.

Methods to find L.C.M.:

1. Factorization Method:

Express each number as a product of prime factors.

The L.C.M. is the product of the highest powers of all prime factors.

2. Division Method (Short-cut):

Arrange numbers in a row.

Divide by a number that exactly divides at least two of the given numbers.

Carry forward numbers that are not divisible.

Repeat until no two numbers are divisible by the same number (except 1).

The L.C.M. is the product of the divisors and the undivided numbers.

Important Result:

Product of Two Numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M. 

Co-Primes
Two numbers are co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1.

H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions

1. H.C.F. of Fractions:


H.C.F. of Numerators
H.C.F. = ​

L.C.M. of Denominators

2. L.C.M. of Fractions:
L.C.M. =
L.C.M. of Numerators

H.C.F. of Denominators
​ 

H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Decimal Fractions

Convert the given numbers to have the same number of decimal places by adding zeros.

Remove the decimal points and find H.C.F. or L.C.M. as usual.

In the final result, insert the same number of decimal places as in the original numbers.

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 19

 Comparison of Fractions
Find the L.C.M. of the denominators.

Convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction with this L.C.M. as the denominator.

The fraction with the greatest numerator is the greatest fraction.

Decimal Fraction
Definition
Fractions where the denominator is a power of 10 are called decimal fractions.

Examples:


1 1 99 7
​ = 0.1, ​ = 0.01, ​ = 0.99, ​ = 0.007
10 100 100 1000

Conversion of a Decimal into a Vulgar Fraction

1. Place 1 in the denominator below the decimal point.

2. Annex as many zeros as the number of decimal places.

3. Remove the decimal point and simplify the fraction.

Examples:

0.25 =
25

100
​ =
1

4
​ , 2.008 =
2008

1000
​ =
251

125
​ 

Annexing Zeros & Removing Decimal Signs

Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value.
0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800 

If the numerator and denominator of a fraction have the same number of decimal places,
the decimal sign can be removed.

Example:


1.84 184 8
​ = ​ = ​

2.99 299 13

Operations on Decimal Fractions

Addition & Subtraction

Arrange numbers such that decimal points are in the same column.

Add or subtract as usual.

Multiplication by a Power of 10
Shift the decimal point to the right by as many places as the power of 10.

Examples:
5.9632 × 100 = 596.32, 0.073 × 10000 = 730 

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 20

 Multiplication of Decimal Fractions
1. Multiply numbers ignoring the decimal point.

2. In the product, place the decimal point so that the number of decimal places equals the
sum of decimal places in the given numbers.

Example:
0.2 × 0.02 × 0.002 

2 × 2 × 2 = 8, Sum of decimal places = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 

0.2 × 0.02 × 0.002 = 0.000008 

Division by a Whole Number

1. Divide ignoring the decimal point.

2. Place the decimal point in the quotient same as in the dividend.

Example:
0.0204 ÷ 17 

204 ÷ 17 = 12, Dividend has 4 decimal places 

0.0204 ÷ 17 = 0.0012 

Division by a Decimal Fraction

1. Multiply both dividend and divisor by a power of 10 to make the divisor a whole number.

2. Perform division as usual.

Example:
0.00066

0.11
​

Multiply numerator and denominator by 100:
0.00066×100

0.11×100
​ =
0.066

11
​ = 0.006 

Comparison of Fractions
Convert each fraction into its decimal form.

Arrange in ascending or descending order.

Example: Arrange 3/5, 6/7, 7/9 in descending order.


3 6 7
​ = 0.6, ​ = 0.857, ​ = 0.777
5 7 9

0.857 > 0.777 > 0.6 

6

7
​ >
7

9
​ >
3

5
​ 

Recurring Decimals
If a digit or group of digits repeats continuously, it is called a recurring decimal.

Notation:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 21

 A single repeating digit is denoted with a dot (.)
1

3
​ = 0.3333... = 0.3 

A set of repeating digits is denoted with a bar (‾)

22

7
​ = 3.142857142857... = 3.142857 

Pure Recurring Decimal

A decimal where all digits after the decimal point repeat.

Conversion to a Fraction:

Write the repeating digits in the numerator.

Use as many 9’s in the denominator as the number of repeating digits.

Examples:
0.5 =
5

9
​ , 0.53 =
53

99
​ , 0.067 =
67

999
​ 

Mixed Recurring Decimal

A decimal where some digits do not repeat, but others do.

Example:

0.1733333... = 0.173 
Conversion to a Fraction:

1. Numerator = (All digits after the decimal point) - (Non-repeating digits).

2. Denominator = A number with as many 9’s as there are repeating digits, followed by as
many 0’s as non-repeating digits.

Examples:


166−1 165 1
0.166 = ​ = ​ = ​

990 990 6

0.2273 =
2273−22

9900
​ =
2251

9900
​ 

Simplification
BODMAS Rule
The BODMAS rule defines the correct sequence of operations to evaluate a mathematical
expression.

Order of Operations:
B → Brackets (solved in the order: (), {}, ||)

O → Of (indicating multiplication)

D → Division

M → Multiplication

A → Addition

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 22

 S → Subtraction

Thus, while simplifying an expression:

1. Remove brackets in the order: () → {} → ||

2. Apply operations in the strict order:(i) Of → (ii) Division → (iii) Multiplication → (iv)
Addition → (v) Subtraction

Modulus of a Real Number

The modulus of a real number a, denoted as |a|, is defined as:

a, if a > 0
∣a∣ = { ​ ​

−a, if a < 0

Examples:

∣5∣ = 5, ∣ − 5∣ = −(−5) = 5 

Virnaculum (or Bar) Rule

If an expression contains a Virnaculum (a bar over a part of the expression),simplify the
expression under the Virnaculum first before applying the BODMAS rule.

Square and Cube root

Square Root
If x2 = y , then the square root of y is x, denoted as:

y = x ​ 

Examples:

4 = 2,
​ 9 = 3,
​ 196 = 14 ​ 

Cube Root
The cube root of a number xis the number whose cube equals x.

Denoted as:


3 3
x = y ​
where y = x

Examples:

3
8 = 2
​ since 2 × 2 × 2 = 8


3
343 = 7 ​
since 7 × 7 × 7 = 343

Important Notes:
1. Product Property of Square Roots:
x × ​ y =
​ x × y 
​

2. Quotient Property of Square Roots:

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 23

 x x

​

​ = ​ ​

y ​ y

Surds and Indices

Laws of Indices
1. Multiplication Rule:

a
m
× a
n
= a
m+n


2. Division Rule:
m


a m−n
n
​
= a
a

3. Power of a Power Rule:

(a
m
)
n
= a
m×n


4. Power of a Product Rule:

(ab)
n
= a
n
× b
n


5. Power of a Quotient Rule:

n n

(
a

b
​ ) =
a

b
n
​ 

6. Zero Exponent Rule:

a
0
= 1 (for any nonzero a) 

Surds
Let abe a rational number and nbe a positive integer such that:

a
1/n
=
n
a 
​

Then,
n
a is called a surd of order n.
​

Laws of Surds
1. Basic Surd Representation:
n
a = a ​
1/n


2. Multiplication Rule:

a × ​ b = ​ a × b 
​

3. Division Rule:
a

​
a
​ = ​ ​

b ​
b

4. Power Rule for Surds:

(
n
a) ​
n
= a 

5. Power Rule with Exponents:

(
m
a) ​
n
= a
n/m


Aptitude Formulas One Shot 24

 Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
The ratio of two quantities a and b (in the same units) is expressed as:
a

b
​
or a : b 

In :

a : b 

a is called the first term (antecedent).

b is called the second term (consequent).

Example:
The ratio 5 : 9 means 59 , where: ​

Antecedent = 5

Consequent = 9

Rule:
Multiplying or dividing both terms of a ratio by the same nonzero number does not change the
ratio.

Example:

4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15 
4 : 6 = 2 : 3 

Proportion
The equality of two ratios is called a proportion.

If a : b = c : d , then we write:

a : b :: c : d 

and say that a, b, c, dare in proportion.

Here:

a and d are called extremes.

b and c are called means.

Rule:

Product of means = Product of extremes 

a : b :: c : d ⇒ (b × c) = (a × d)

Special Proportions
1. Fourth Proportional:
If

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 25

 a : b = c : d , then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

2. Third Proportional:
If
a : b = b : c , then cis called the third proportional to aand b.

3. Mean Proportional:
The
mean proportional between aand bis:

a × b 
​

Comparison of Ratios
To compare two ratios a : b and c : d :

(a : b) > (c : d) if
a

b
​ >
d
c
​ 

Compounded Ratio
The compounded ratio of the ratios(a : b), (c : d), (e : f ) is:

(ace : bdf ) 

Duplicate, Triplicate, and Sub-Ratios

1. Duplicate Ratio:
Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a
2
: b )
2


2. Sub-Duplicate Ratio:

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is ( a : ​ b)
​ 

3. Triplicate Ratio:

Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a
3 3
: b ) 

4. Sub-Triplicate Ratio:

Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a
1/3
: b
1/3
) 

Componendo and Dividendo Rule

If
a

b
​ =
c

d
​ 

then,
a+b

a−b
​ =
c+d

c−d
​ 

Variations
1. Direct Proportion:

If xis directly proportional to y , then:

x = ky (for some constant k) 

x ∝ y 

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 26

 2. Inverse Proportion:

If xis inversely proportional to y , then:

xy = k (for some constant k) 

x ∝
1

y
​ 

Pipes and Cistern

Inlet
A pipe connected to a tank, cistern, or reservoir that fills it is known as an inlet.

Outlet
A pipe connected to a tank, cistern, or reservoir that empties it is known as an outlet.

Basic Formulas
1. Filling a Tank:

If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:

Part filled in 1 hour =
1

x
​ 

2. Emptying a Tank:

If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:

Part emptied in 1 hour =

1

y
​ 

3. Filling and Emptying Together (y > x)

If one pipe fills a tank in x hours and another pipe empties the full tank in y hours (y >
x), then the net part filled in 1 hour is:
1

x
​
−
1

y
​


4. Filling and Emptying Together (x > y)

If one pipe fills a tank in x hours and another pipe empties the full tank in y hours (x >
y), then the net part emptied in 1 hour is:
1

y
−
1

x
​ 

Boats and Streams

Downstream and Upstream
Downstream: Movement along the direction of the stream.

Upstream: Movement against the direction of the stream.

Formulas

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 27

 1. If

Speed of the boat in still water = u km/hr

Speed of the stream = v km/hr

Then,

Speed downstream = (u + v)km/hr

Speed upstream = (u − v)km/hr

2. If

Speed downstream = a km/hr

Speed upstream = b km/hr

Then,

Speed in still water = 1

2
​ (a + b) km/hr

Rate of stream = 1

2
​ (a − b) km/hr

Alligation and Mixtures

Alligation
Alligation is a rule used to determine the ratio in which two or more ingredients of different
costs must be mixed to achieve a mixture at a desired cost.

Mean Price
The mean price is the cost per unit quantity of the mixture.

Rule of Alligation
If two ingredients are mixed, then:


Quantity of cheaper C.P. of dearer−Mean Price
r ​ = ​

Quantity of dearer Mean Price−C.P. of cheaper

We represent it as follows:

(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d − m) : (m − c) 

Replacement Formula

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 28

 If a container contains x units of a liquid, and y units are removed and replaced with water n
n
times, the quantity of pure liquid left is: x (1 − x ) units
y
​

Logarithm
If a is a positive real number (other than 1) and am = x , then we write:

m = log
a
​ x 

This means that the logarithm of x to the base a is m.

Examples
1. 10
3
= 1000 ⟹ log
10
​ 1000 = 3 

2. 3
4
= 81 ⟹ log
3
​ 81 = 4 

3. 
−3 1 1
2 = ⟹ log = −3
2 8
​ ​ ​

4. (0.1)
2
= 0.01 ⟹ log
0.1
​ 0.01 = 2 

Properties of Logarithms
1. log (xy) = log
a
​

a
​ x + log
a
​ y 

2. log
a
​ (
x

y
​ ) = log x − log y
a a
​ ​


3. log
x
​ x = 1 

4. log
a
​ 1 = 0 

5. log (x ) = n log
a
​
n
a
​ x 

6. loga x = ​

log
1

a
​

x
​

log x
7. 
b
​
log x
loga x = ​ ​

= ​

log a log a
b
​

Common Logarithms
Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms.

A logarithm consists of two parts:

1. Characteristic (Integer part)

2. Mantissa (Decimal part)

Characteristic
Case I: If the number is greater than 1, the characteristic is one less than the number of
digits to the left of the decimal point.

Case II: If the number is less than 1, the characteristic is one more than the number of
zeros between the decimal point and the first nonzero digit, and it is negative. Instead of
writing -1, -2, etc., we use bar notation: 1̅ (one bar), 2̅ (two bar), etc.

Examples of Characteristic

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 29

 Number Characteristic Number Characteristic

654.24 2 0.6453 1̅ (one bar)

26.649 1 0.06134 2̅ (two bar)

8.3547 0 0.00123 3̅ (three bar)

Mantissa
The mantissa is the decimal part of the logarithm of a number.

To find the mantissa, refer to logarithm tables.

Races and Games

Races
A race is a contest of speed in running, riding, driving, sailing, or rowing.

Key Terms in Races

1. Race Course: The ground or path where the race takes place.

2. Starting Point: The point where the race begins.

3. Winning Point (Goal): The endpoint of the race.

4. Winner: The person who reaches the winning point first.

5. Dead Heat Race: A race where all contestants reach the goal at the same time.

Start in a Race
Suppose A and B are contestants.

If B starts 12 meters ahead of A, we say that "A gives B a start of 12 meters."

In a 100-meter race, A runs 100 meters, while B runs only (100 - 12) = 88 meters.

If A wins, we say:

"A can give B 12 meters"

"A beats B by 12 meters"

Games
A game of 100 means the first contestant to score 100 points is the winner.

If A scores 100 points while B scores only 80 points, we say:

"A can give B 20 points."

Stock and Shares

1. Stock Capital
The total money required to run a company is called Stock Capital.

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 30

 2. Shares or Stock
The total capital is divided into small units called Shares or Stock.

A share certificate is issued, showing:

The value of each share

The number of shares held by a person

A person who invests in shares is called a Shareholder or Stockholder.

3. Dividend
The annual profit distributed among shareholders.

It is paid annually, either per share or as a percentage of Face Value.

4. Face Value (Nominal Value or Par Value)

The printed value of a share on the share certificate.

5. Market Value
Shares are bought and sold in the open market through brokers at stock exchanges.

A share can be:

At Premium (Above Par): Market value > Face value

At Par: Market value = Face value

At Discount (Below Par): Market value < Face value

Example:

If a ₹100 stock is quoted at a premium of ₹16, then Market Value (M.V.) = ₹(100 + 16) =
₹116.

If a ₹100 stock is quoted at a discount of ₹7, then Market Value = ₹(100 - 7) = ₹93.

6. Brokerage
Broker’s charge for trading stocks.

When purchasing stock: Brokerage is added to the cost price.

When selling stock: Brokerage is subtracted from the selling price.

7. Important Points
✅ The face value of a share remains the same.
✅ The market value changes over time.
✅ Dividend is always paid on the face value of a share.
8. Number of Shares Calculation
Number of shares =
Total Investment

Investment in 1 share
​ =
Total Income

Income from 1 share

​ =
Total Face Value

Face Value of 1 share

​ 

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 31

 9. Example Calculation
₹100, 9% stock at ₹120

Face Value = ₹100

Market Value = ₹120

Annual Dividend = 9% of ₹100 = ₹9

Investment of ₹120 gives ₹9 annual income

Rate of Interest per annum: = ((

9

120
​
× 100) = 7.5% 

Probability
1. Experiment
An operation that produces well-defined outcomes.

2. Random Experiment
An experiment where:

All possible outcomes are known.

The exact outcome cannot be predicted in advance.

Examples:

Rolling an unbiased die.

Tossing a fair coin.

Drawing a card from a shuffled deck.

Picking a colored ball from a mixed set.

3. Details of Common Experiments

✅ Tossing a Coin:
Possible outcomes: Head (H) or Tail (T).

✅ Rolling a Die:
A die is a cube with 6 faces numbered 1 to 6.

Possible outcomes: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

✅ Deck of Cards:
A standard deck has 52 cards.

Four suits: Spades, Clubs, Hearts, and Diamonds (each has 13 cards).

Black cards: Spades & Clubs.

Red cards: Hearts & Diamonds.

Face cards: King, Queen, Jack (4 from each suit).

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 32

 4. Sample Space (S)
Definition: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

Examples:

Tossing one coin:

S = {H , T }

Tossing two coins:

S = {HH , H T , T H , TT } 

Rolling a die:

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 

5. Event (E)
Definition: Any subset of the sample space.

6. Probability of an Event (E)

Formula:
n(E )
P (E ) =
n(S )
​


P (E ) = Probability of event E occurring.

n(E ) = Number of favorable outcomes.

n(S ) = Total number of outcomes in sample space.

7. Probability Rules
1. Probability of the Sample Space:

P (S ) = 1 

2. Probability Range:
0 ≤ P (E ) ≤ 1 

3. Probability of an Impossible Event:

P (ϕ) = 0 

4. Union of Two Events (A and B):

P (A ∪ B ) = P (A) + P (B ) − P (A ∩ B ) 

5. Complement Rule (Not A):

′
P (A ) = 1 − P (A) 

True Discount
Key Concept
Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years at an interest rate of 14% per annum.

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 33

 The equivalent present worth (P.W.) of Rs. 156 today would be Rs. 100, since:

Rs. 100 at 14% per annum grows to Rs. 156 in 4 years.

The True Discount (T.D.) is the difference between the sum due and the present worth:

T .D. = Sum Due − P.W. = 156 − 100 = Rs.56 

Key Definitions:

Present Worth (P.W.): The amount which, if invested today, would grow to the sum
due.

True Discount (T.D.): The interest on P.W., which is deducted from the future sum.

Amount:

Amount = P.W. + T.D. 

Important Notes
Interest is calculated on Present Worth (P.W.).

True Discount is calculated on the Amount.

Important Formulas
Let:

Rate of Interest = R%per annum

Time = T years

Amount = Sum due

1. Present Worth (P.W.)

P .W . =
100×Amount

100+(R×T )
​ =
100×T .D.

R×T
​ 

2. True Discount (T.D.)

T .D. =
P .W .×R×T

100
​ =
Amount×R×T

100+(R×T )
​ 

3. Sum Calculation

Simple Interest×True Discount
Sum = ​

Simple Interest−True Discount

4. Relation Between S.I. and T.D.

Simple Interest − True Discount = Simple Interest on T.D. 

5. Present Worth Under Compound Interest

P .W . =
Amount

R
T
​ 
(1+ 100 ) ​

Banker’s Discount

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 34

 Key Concept
Suppose merchant A buys goods worth Rs. 10,000 from merchant B on a credit of 5
months.

B issues a bill of exchange, which A signs. This bill allows B to withdraw the amount after
exactly 5 months.

Key Terms
1. Nominally Due Date – The exact date after 5 months.

2. Legally Due Date – The nominally due date plus 3 grace days.

3. Banker's Discount (B.D.) – If B needs money before the legally due date, he can get it from
a banker or broker. The banker deducts simple interest (S.I.) on the face value for the
period between the date of discounting and the legally due date.

4. Banker’s Gain (B.G.) – The difference between Banker’s Discount (B.D.) and True
Discount (T.D.) for the unexpired time.

Note:
If the bill’s date is not given, grace days are not added.

Important Formulas

1. Banker's Discount (B.D.)

B .D. = S.I. on the bill for the unexpired time 

2. Banker’s Gain (B.G.)

2
(T .D.)
B .G. = B .D. − T .D. =
P .W .
​


3. Relation Between True Discount (T.D.) and Present Worth (P.W.)

T .D. = P .W . × B .G. 

4. Banker’s Discount Formula

Amount×Rate×Time
B .D. = ​

100

5. True Discount Formula

T .D. =
Amount×Rate×Time

100+(Rate×Time)
​


6. Amount Calculation
Amount =
B .D.×T .D.

B .D.−T .D.
​


7. True Discount Using Banker’s Gain

T .D. =
B .G.×100

Rate×Time
​ 

Aptitude Formulas One Shot 35