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The document discusses the definition and classification of resources, including biotic and abiotic, renewable and non-renewable, and various ownership types. It highlights the importance of sustainable development in resource planning and addresses issues like resource depletion and environmental destruction. Additionally, it covers land resources, soil types in India, and conservation methods to combat land degradation and soil erosion.

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7 views

Chapter 1 notes

The document discusses the definition and classification of resources, including biotic and abiotic, renewable and non-renewable, and various ownership types. It highlights the importance of sustainable development in resource planning and addresses issues like resource depletion and environmental destruction. Additionally, it covers land resources, soil types in India, and conservation methods to combat land degradation and soil erosion.

Uploaded by

shrey gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1: Resources and Development

� 1. What is a Resource?
 Definition: Everything available in our environment which can
be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is:
o Technologically accessible,
o Economically feasible,
o Culturally acceptable.
 Examples: Land, water, minerals, forests, etc.

� 2. Classification of Resources
A. On the basis of Origin

 Biotic: Living resources (e.g., plants, animals, humans).


 Abiotic: Non-living resources (e.g., minerals, water, air).

B. On the basis of Exhaustibility

 Renewable (Replenishable):
o Can be regenerated (e.g., solar energy, forests).
o May require careful planning to remain sustainable.
 Non-renewable:
o Limited in quantity (e.g., coal, petroleum).
o Cannot be regenerated within a human lifespan.

C. On the basis of Ownership

 Individual: Owned by individuals (e.g., farms, houses).


 Community: Accessible to all members of a community (e.g.,
village ponds).
 National: Belongs to the nation (e.g., roads, railways).
 International: No individual/nation can own; under
international laws (e.g., oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical
miles).
D. On the basis of Development

 Potential: Present in a region but not developed (e.g., solar


energy in Rajasthan).
 Developed: Already in use with current technology.

� 3. Development of Resources
Issues:

 Depletion of resources due to overuse.


 Environmental destruction due to exploitation.
 Inequitable distribution leads to social conflicts (e.g., rich vs poor
areas).

Solution: Sustainable Development

“Development should take place without damaging the environment, and


development in the present should not compromise the needs of future
generations.”

� 4. Resource Planning in India


Importance:

 India has unequal resource distribution (e.g., Jharkhand – rich in


minerals; Rajasthan – rich in solar and wind but lacks water).

Stages:

1. Identification and mapping of resources.


2. Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology, skills,
institutions.
3. Matching resource development with national development plans.

� 5. Land Resources
 India has a diverse landscape: mountains (30%), plains (43%), plateaus
(27%).

Land Use Pattern in India (as per 2011-12 data):

Use Percentage
Net sown area ~45%
Forests ~23%
Barren/waste land ~8.5%
Non-agricultural uses ~8%
Permanent pastures ~4%
Fallow land ~7.5%

� 6. Land Degradation and Conservation


Causes:

 Deforestation
 Overgrazing
 Mining
 Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides

Remedies:

 Afforestation
 Controlled grazing
 Strip farming
 Bio-fertilizers and organic farming
 Proper waste management from mining

� 7. Soil as a Resource
 Soil Formation: Due to weathering of rocks, climate, organic matter,
time.

Factors affecting formation:

1. Parent rock
2. Climate
3. Relief (topography)
4. Flora, fauna
5. Time

� 8. Types of Soil in India

Type Features Found In


Fertile, ideal for agriculture, rich in
Alluvial Northern plains, deltas
potash & lime
Also called Regur, ideal for cotton, Deccan plateau (MP,
Black
clayey, moisture-retentive Maharashtra)
Sandy, less fertile, low in humus, iron- Tamil Nadu, Odisha,
Red
rich Chhattisgarh
Formed due to leaching, poor fertility,
Laterite Karnataka, Kerala, MP
needs fertilizers
Arid Sandy, dry, infertile; needs irrigation Rajasthan, Gujarat
Mountain Thin, acidic, humus-rich soil Himalayan region

� 9. Soil Erosion and Conservation


Causes:

 Deforestation
 Overgrazing
 Shifting cultivation
 Construction & mining

Types of erosion:

 Sheet erosion: Topsoil is removed uniformly.


 Gully erosion: Deep channels (ravines) are formed, like in Chambal
basin.

Conservation Methods:

 Contour ploughing
 Terrace farming
 Strip cropping
 Shelter belts
 Afforestation
� Extra Deep NCERT Facts & Board Tips

 India's total geographical area: 3.28 million sq. km.


 Forest Policy (1952): 33% of the total area should be under forest.
 Alluvial soils are further divided into:
o Khadar: Newer, more fertile
o Bhangar: Older, less fertile
 Leaching: Process by which nutrients are washed away from the soil.
 Black soil contains high calcium carbonate and develops cracks in
summer.
 Laterite soil is good for cashew cultivation.
 Red soil gets its colour due to iron content.

� Keywords to Remember

 Resource Planning
 Sustainable Development
 Land Degradation
 Soil Conservation
 Leaching
 Khadar & Bhangar
 Contour Ploughing
 Gully Erosion

# One Word/Term You Must Know

Term Meaning

Leaching Loss of nutrients due to rainwater washing

Bhangar Old alluvial soil

Khadar New alluvial soil (more fertile)

Sheet erosion Uniform topsoil loss

Gully erosion Deep ditches or ravines formed

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