APA Referencing Style – Updated to 7th Edition

What is APA style?

APA referencing style is an author-date referencing system published by the American Psychological Association. This form of writing research
papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields.

There are two components in the APA referencing style: in-text citations and their corresponding reference list entries. With anything that you have
read, used and referred to in your academic writing, you must:

 acknowledge in text (i.e. in the work / assignment/ essay you are writing)
 include in your reference list (i.e. the list at the end of your work of all the sources you refer to)

This guide has been modified to reflect updates to the APA referencing style published in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2020).

There are both significant and minor changes in the new edition.

Significant changes from the 6th edition to 7th edition:

 Multiple authors – in text citations for three or more authors should include the name of the first author only, followed by et al. Reference list entries for
works by up to and including 20 authors should include all authors’ names. For works by more than 20 authors, include the names of the first 19
authors followed by an ellipsis (…) and then the final author’s name.
 Place of publication is no longer included in references.
 Include the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number, for all journals that have an issue number.
 DOIs are now given in the following format: https://doi.org/xxxxx
 It is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” before a URL.
 Database names and URLs for items in academic research databases should not be included in references, except for databases such as Cochrane,
ERIC and Factiva that include works of limited circulation – for these items include the name of the database and the URL for the specific work.
 For electronic works that do not have a DOI or a directly linking URL, the reference should be the same as the reference for a printed version of the
work.

See all examples for details on how to construct references for specific resources such as books, journals and web pages.

Assignments
 Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Assignment from (Amin, 2016) Amin, A. D. (2016). The science of life [Unpublished manuscript], SPSKB223: Research Method for Social
Another Unit Science, University of Life.

A-V Materials

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

DVD (Moore, 2003) Moore, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine [DVD]. AV Channel.

Radio Programme (Browning, 2006) Browning, D. (Presenter). (2006, June 9). Black soccer heroes. Message Stick [Radio
programme]. Guest speaker Dr. John Maynard. ABC Radio.

Sound Recording (Javanese Voice & Amin, 1999) Javanese Voice (Performers), & Amin, Z. (Director). (1999). Music for simple
life [Album]. Javanese Studies, University of Life.

Television Series Episode (Masters, 2006) Masters, C. (Presenter). (2006, March 27). Big fish, little fish. Four
Corners [Television series episode]. ABC Television.

Video Recording (Russell & Wiseman, 1995) Russell, G. (Writer, Producer and Narrator), & Wiseman, P. (Producer).
(1995). Tackling bullies: An Australian perspective [Video recording]. Video
Classroom.
YouTube/Vimeo Video (NRK, 2007) NRK. (2007, February 26). Medieval helpdesk with English subtitles. [Video].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ

Book Chapters

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Chapter or Article in Edited (Yura, 2020) Yura, P. (2020). „Good or bad‟: How people think of me is not important. In B. Rudy & H.
Book Dion (Eds.), Mental health policy (pp. 368-389). University of Life Press.

Article in an encyclopedia (Ford-Martin, 2003) Ford-Martin, P. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In E. Thackery & M. Harris
(Eds.), Gale encyclopedia of mental disorders (Vol.1, pp. 226-228). Gale.

Books

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Book: Including Page (Wells, 2009, pp. 225-226) Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression in psychology. Guilford
Numbers Press.

Book: Single Author (Matthews, 1999) Matthews, J. (1999). The art of childhood and adolescence: The construction of meaning.
Falmer Press.
Book: Two Authors (Colcough & Colcough, Colclough, B., & Colclough, J. (1999). A challenge to change. Thorsons.
1999)

Book: 3-20 Authors (Dwee et al., 2012) Dwee, D., Dion, H. B., & Brown, I. S. (2012). Information behaviour concept: A basic
introduction. University of Life Press.

Book: More than 20 Authors (Author et al., Year) Include the first nineteen authors‟ names, then insert three ellipses and follow with the final
author‟s name.

Book: Different Works by Kubler-Ross, 1993a) Kubler-Ross, E. (1993a). AIDS: The ultimate challenge. Collier Books.
Same Author in Same Year (Kubler-Ross, 1993b) Kubler-Ross, E. (1993b). Questions and answers on death and dying. Collier Books.

Book: Organisation as (American Educational American Educational Research Association. (1985). Standards for educational and
Author Research Association, 1985) psychological testing. American Psychological Association.

Conference Papers

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Paper Presentation from the (Balakrishnan, 2006) Balakrishnan, R. (2006, March 25-26). Why aren’t we using 3d user interfaces, and will we
Internet ever? [Paper presentation]. IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces, Alexandria, VA.
https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2006.148.

Unpublished Paper (Brown & Caste, 2004) Brown, S., & Caste, V. (2004, May). Integrated obstacle detection framework [Paper
Presentation presentation]. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Detroit, MI..
Paper Presentation in Print (Rowling, 1993) Rowling, L. (1993, September). Schools and grief: How does Australia compare to the
Proceedings United States [Paper presentation]. In Wandarna coowar: Hidden grief. 8th National
Conference of the National Association for Loss and Grief (Australia), Yeppoon,
Queensland (pp. 196-201). National Association for Loss and Grief.

Datasets

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Dataset (Ryff et al., 2019) Ryff, C., Almeida, D., Ayanian, J., Binkley, N., Carr, D. S., Coe, C., Davidson, R.,
Grzywacz, J., Karlamangla, A., Krueger, R., Lachman, M., Love, G., Mailick, M., Mroczek,
D., Radler, B., Seeman, T., Sloan, R., Thomas, D., Weinstein, M., Williams, D.
(2019). Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 3), 2013-2014 (ICPSR 36346) [Dataset].
https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36346.v7

Dataset Repository (University of Life, Centre University of Life, Centre of Animals. (2011). Concept of animal behaviour.
of Animals, 2011) https://www.concept/NYTRW

Dataset Deposit Record (Theure & Gentaz, 2018) Theure, A., & Gentaz, E. (2018). Data from: The regulation of emotions in adolescents: age
differences and emotion-specific patterns [Dataset]. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n230404.
Referenced in https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195501

Dataset Description Article (Lemaignan et al., 2018) Lemaignan, S., Edmunds, C.E.R., Senft, E., & Belpaeme, T. (2018). The PInSoRo dataset:
Supporting the data-driven study of child-child and child-robot social dynamics. PLoS ONE,
13(10), Article e0205999+. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205999
E-books

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

E-book (Eckes, 2000) Eckes, T. (2000). The developmental social psychology of gender. Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates. https://lib.ugm.ac.id/443/record=b1600608

Chapter from an E-book (Jones & Gagnon, 2007) Jones, N. A., & Gagnon, C. M. (2007). The neurophysiology of empathy. In T. F. D. Farrow
& P. W. R. Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in mental illness. Cambridge University Press.
https://lib.ugm.ac.id:443/record=b2130403

Article from an Electronic (Lai, 1999) Lai, M. C. C. (1999). Hepatitis delta virus. In A. Granoff & R. Webster (Eds.), Encyclopedia
Encyclopaedia of virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374410-4.00417-9

Article from an Electronic (“Alka-Seltzer”, 2019) Alka-Seltzer. (2019). In MIMS online. MIMS Australia. http://www.mimsonline.com.au
Reference Work: No author

Journal articles

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Journal Article with a DOI (Vogels et al., 2009) Vogels, A. G. C., Crone, M. R., Hoekstra, F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009). Comparing
three short questionnaires to detect psychosocial dysfunction among primary school
children: a randomized method. BMC Public Health, 9, 489.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-489
Journal Article with a DOI: (Wiskunde et al., 2019, p. 1936) Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L.,
More Than 20 Authors and Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A.,
Including Page Number Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A.
(2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the
empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968.
https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

Journal Article with a URL (Ahmann, 2018) Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A descriptive review
of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. Journal of
Postsecondary Education and Disability, 31(1): 24-58.
https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-
volume-31

Journal Article with an Article (March & Springer, 2019) March, E., & Springer, J. (2019). Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of
Number schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy. PLoS One, 14(12): Article
e0225964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225964

Journal Article from a URL and (Munro, 1999, para. 12) Munro, C. (1999). Facing grief. Synergy, 3(3).
Including Paragraph Number http://about.ugm.ac.id/synergy/0303/grie

Journal Article in Print (Kyratsis, 2004) Kyratsis, A. (2014). Talk and interaction among children and the co-construction of
peer groups and peer culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33(4), 231-247.

Journal Article in Print (Parker & Roy, 2001, p. 574) Parker, G., & Roy, K. (2011). Adolescent depression: A review. Australian and New
Including Page Number Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 572-580.
Journal Article in Print with 3- (Zhang et al., 2016) Zhang, B., Cohen, J., Ferrence, R., & Rehm, J. (2016). The impact of tobacco tax
20 Authors cuts on smoking initiation among Canadian young adults. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 474-479.

Images

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Image, Photograph or (Leibovitz, 1996, p. 72) Leibovitz, A. (1996). Olympic portraits. Little Brown.
Artwork from a Book

Image, Photograph or (Leibovitz, 1996, p. 72) Leibovitz, A. (1996). Olympic portraits. Little Brown.
Artwork from a Book

Reproduction in a Book (Bedford, 2001, p. 154) Bedford, P. (2001). Dingo dreaming [ochre on canvas]. Reproduced in McCulloch, S., &
McCulloch Childs, E. (2008). McCulloch’s contemporary Aboriginal art: The complete
guide (p.154). McCulloch & McCulloch Australian Art Books.

Image from a Book Chapter (Ardagna et al., 2008, Figure Ardagna, C. A., Damiani, E., Frati, F., & Madravio, M. (2008). Open-source solution to
1) secure e-government services. In A-V. Anttiroiko & M. Malkia (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
digital government (pp. 1300-1305). Idea Group Reference. http://www.igi-global.com/

Image from a Journal Article (Yeh & Xu, 2010, Table 1) Yeh, Q-J., & Xu, X. (2010). The effect of Confucian work ethics on learning about science
and technology knowledge and morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 111-128.
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0352-1

Image from a Newspaper (Leunig, 1995, p. 24) Leunig, M. (1995, July 27). Thoughts of a baby lying in a child care centre. The Sydney
Morning Herald, p. 24.

Image from a Database (Kessel, 1995, 10:10) Kessel, M. (Director). (1995). The making of a monologue: Robert Wilson’s
Hamlet [video,1:02:18 mins]. Cinema Guild.

Online Image/Artwork (Nolan, 1946) Nolan, S. (1946). The encounter [enamel paint on composition board]. National Gallery of
Australia. http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=28938

Online Map (Google Maps, 2015) Google Maps. (2015, February 5). The British Library, London, UK. Google.
https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/The+British+Library/@51.529972,-0.127676,17z
/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x48761b3b70171395:0x18905479de0fdb25

Original Image/Artwork (Adam, 2004) Adam, L. (2004). Sweet and sour [wood veneers, nylon]. Culture Home Art of University of
(Viewed in a Gallery or Life.
Collection)

Internet Documents

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Electronic Document (Murray, 2005) Murray, G. (2005). A duty of care to children and young people in Western Australia:
Report on the quality assurance and review of unsubstantiated allegations of abuse in care:
 1 April 2004 to 12 September 2005. Western Australia, Department of Child Protection.
http://www.community.wa.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/851183A4-A822-4592-AB66-
C410E453AEEC/0/DCDRPTGwennMurrayreportwithcover2006.pdf

Government Publication (Australia. Department of Australia. Department of Health and Aged Care. (2000). National youth suicide prevention
Health and Aged Care, strategy. http://www.health.gov.au/hsdd/mentalhe/sp/nysps/about.htm
2000)

Government Publication: (Western Australia. School Western Australia. School Curriculum & Standards Authority. (2017). Curriculum and
Curriculum Document Curriculum & Standards assessment outline: Humanities and Social Science.
Authority, 2017) http://k10outline.scsa.wa.edu.au/home/p-10-curriculum/curriculum-browser/humanities-
and-social-sciences

Whole Internet Site (Goldberg, 2010) Goldberg, I. (2010). Dr. Ivan’s depression central.
http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.html

Newspaper articles

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Newspaper Article in Print (Kissane, 1998) Kissane, K. (1998, September 5). Kiss or kill: Who is the victim when a battered woman
kills? The Age: Extra, p. 6.

Newspaper Article with (Devlin, 2010) Devlin, H. (2010, January 28). Neuron breakthrough offers hope on Alzheimer‟s and
URL Parkinson‟s. The Times.
 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/medicine/article7005401.ece

Newspaper Article from (Delalande, 2019) Delalande, J. (2019, October 26). Our teens struggle the most. The West Australian, p. 32.
Factiva Factiva. https://global-factiva-
com.libproxy.ugm.ac.id/ha/default.aspx#./!?&_suid=1576141953014019681669927131606.

Podcasts

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Podcast (Brown, 2018) Brown, D. (Speaker). (2018). Scholarship strategies, 2018 University of Life Lecture [Audio
podcast]. University of Life. https://listeningme./083729

Podcast Lecture from LMS (Huge, 2019) Huge, F. (Speaker). (2019, Dec 29). Challenges in rural development [Audio podcast].
In Rural and Global Studies. University of Life. https://ruraldevelopment//874814

Podcast Radio Programme (Gary, 2007) Gary, S. (Host). (2007, December 23). Black hole death ray. StarStuff [Audio podcast]. ABC
News Radio. http://abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml

Readers/Study Guides

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Study Guide and Reader (Woofey, 2005) Woofey, G. (2005, April 23). Freedom of speech. Reprinted in Press and freedom study
 guide and unit reader 2002 (pp. 12-23). University of Life.

Reader (Swan & Carey, 2018) Swan, S., & Carey, L. (2018). Climate change: How to prevent. Global Change, 32, 20.
Reprinted in Development of climate (UO143): Unit reader. University of Life.

Secondary Sources

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Secondary Source Seidenberg and McClelland Reid, A. S. (2020). Study of multiple paranormal phenomena. Journal of Abnormal
(as cited in Reid, 2020) Psychology, 45, 17-26.

Social Media

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Blog Post (Flower, 2015) Flower, R. (2015, June 1). How a simple formula for resolving problems and conflict
can change your reality. Pick The Brain. http://www.pickthebrain.com/blog/how-a-
simple-formula-for-resolving-problems-and-conflict-can-change-your-reality/

Blog Comment (Stephen, 2017) Stephen. (2017, February 21). Re: Why you should let your passion die
[Comment]. PsychCentral. https://psychcentral.com/blog/discuss/102347/
Facebook Post (University of Life Office, 2010) University of Life Office. (2010, December 20). Psychology of learners [Status
update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/41764892

Facebook Comment (Toto, 2011) Toto, H. (2011, September 1). Re: Psychology of learners [Comment]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/qu4qwyierqw

Tweet (Kruszelnicki, 2017) Kruszelnicki, K. [@DoctorKarl]. (2017, February 19). Fact-checker scientist
@bengoldacre, evidence-based medicine, dead cat #Shirtloadsofscience:
http://apple.co/2kXmeCd: http://bit.ly/2faxmw5 [Tweet].
https://twitter.com/DoctorKarl? ref_src=twsrc^google| twcamp^serp|twgr^author

YouTube/Vimeo/Ted Talk video (Setrakian, 2017) Setrakian, L. (2017, January). Lara Setrakian: 3 ways to fix a broken news industry.
[Video]. https://www.ted.com/talks/lara_setrakian_3_ways_to_fix_a_
broken_news_industry#t-521404

YouTube Comment (Kirk, 2017) Kirk, J. (2017, February). Re: Medieval helpdesk with English subtitles. [Comment].
YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ

Instagram Post (University of Life Library, University of Life Library. (2019, May 22). An artwork showing history of
2019) animals {Photographs]. https://www.instagram.com/73q64723648913

Instagram Comment (Black, 2011) Black. (2011, May 23). Re: An artwork showing history of animals {Comment].
Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/3649238y

App (StudentVIP, 2017) StudentVIP. (2017). Lost on Campus (Version 4.1.3) [Mobile app]. Apple App Store.
 https://www.apple.com/au/ios/app-store/

Game (Persson & Bergensten, 2011) Persson, M., & Bergensten, J. (2011). Minecraft [Game]. Mojang Synergies AB.
https://minecraft.net/en-us/

Theses

Material Type In Text Citation Reference List Entry

Unpublished Thesis (Neo, 2000) Neo, M. C. (2000). The role of education as a process of human release from various
problems of life [Unpublished M.Appl.Psy. thesis]. University of Life.

Published Thesis (May, 2017) May, B. (2017) A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. Canopus Publishing.

Thesis from a Database Sonny, 1999) Sonny, Z. (1999). Computer education for children (Publication No. 01230123) [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Life]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Thesis from a Repository (Vells, 2015) Vells, T. (2015). Language for life [PhD thesis, University of Life]. UOL Library
Repository. https://reporepo/9iqw4qwriq

The source of the content is originally from https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/APA/home. with several adaptations and modifications in some areas
and citation examples.