Copy of STR FSA
Copy of STR FSA
NIDHI M
STRUCTURES IV PES1UG21BA014
UA21FA322B SEMESTER VI
UNIT 1
1) DEFINITION OF BUILDINGS & TYPES OF BUILDINGS
HIGH RISE DEFINITION BY DIFFERENT BODIES & DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
HISTORY OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS, GENERATION OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS),
FACTORS AFFECTING TALL STRUCTURES,
DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF TALL BUILDINGS.
TYPES OF BUILDING :
1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
2 EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
3 INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
4 ASSEMBLY BUILDING
5 BUSINESS BUILDING
6 MERCANTILE BUILDINGS
7 INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
8 STORAGE BUILDING
9 HAZARDOUS BUILDING
THERE ARE DIFFERENT DEFINITION FOR HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION BY DIFFERENT BODIES
EMPORIS STANDARDS --“A MULTI STORY STRUCTURE BETWEEN 35 100 METERS
TALL, OR A BUILDING OF UNKNOWN HEIGHT FROM 12 39 FLOORS IS TERMED ASHIGHRISE
BUILDING CODE OF HYDERABAD,INDIA A HIGH RISE BUILDING IS ONE WITH FOUR
FLOORS OR MORE, OR ONE 15 METERS OR MORE IN HEIGHT
THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FIRE SAFETY ––"ANY STRUCTURE WHERE THE
HEIGHT CAN HAVE A SERIOUS IMPACT ON EVACUATION
MASSACHUSETTS, UNITED STATES GENERAL LAWS A HIGH RISE IS BEING HIGHER THAN
70 FEET 21 M) BUILDINGS BETWEEN 75 FEET AND 491 FEET 23 M TO 150 M) HIGH ARE
CONSIDERED HIGH RISE. BUILDINGS TALLER THAN 492 FEET 150 M) ARE CLASSIFIED AS
SKYSCRAPERS
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DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
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3RD GENERATION HIGH-RISE BUILDING
THE EXTERIOR WALL IS EITHER GLASS OR SOME SORT OF
STONE MATERIAL.
THESE THIRD-GENERATION BUILDINGS CAN BE DEFINED
AS WINDOWLESS AS THE COMMON HVAC SYSTEM IS USED.
4TH GENERATION HIGH-RISE BUILDING
THIS GENERATION STRUCTURES MAKE US SEE THE
RESURRECTION OF MANY FEATURES THAT ARE SEEN IN
THE SECOND GENERATION.
LOADING
FLOOR SYSTEM
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS STOREY DRIFT
CREEP, SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT AND SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERATION
OTHER IMPORTANT SERVICES LIKE VENTILATION, ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY, AIR
CONDITIONING, HEATING, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WASTE DISPOSAL, VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATION (LIFTS)
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2) LIST OF TOP HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
SHANGAI WORLD
TAIPEI 101
FINANCIAL CENTRE
CITY : TAIPEI
CITY : SHANGAI
FLOORS : 101
FLOORS : 101
HEIGHT : 509M
HEIGHT : 492M
YEAR : 2004
YEAR : 2008
INTERNATINAL
PETRONAS TOWER 1 & 2
COMMERCE CENTRE
CITY : KUALALUMPUR
CITY : HONGKONG
FLOORS : 88
FLOORS : 118
HEIGHT : 452M
HEIGHT : 484M
YEAR : 1998
YEAR : 2010
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3) SKYSCRAPER CASE STUDY
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION :
1993 & DESIGNED BY CESAR
PELLI
TOTAL HEIGHT : 451.9 METRES
NUMBER OF FLOORS : 88
FOUNDATION DETAILS :
SKYSCRAPERS NEED STRONG, DEEP FOUNDATIONS THAT PENETRATE INTO THE GROUND
BELOW. GIVEN THE TREMENDOUS HEIGHT OF THE TOWERS, THE PETRONAS TWIN
TOWERS HAVE A GROUND-BREAKING 120 METERS (APPROX. 400 FT.) OF SOLID
FOUNDATION UNDERNEATH ITS DENSE CONCRETE FOOTINGS.
FOUNDATIONS BALSA TYPE WITH A THICKNESS OF 4.5M MADE WITH 13,200 M3
REINFORCED CONCRETE WEIGHING APPROXIMATELY 32,550T UNDER EACH TOWER AT
ABOUT 19M BELOW GROUND LEVEL. THE RAFT IS SUPPORTED ON STILTS 104 BARETTE
RANGING FROM 60 TO 115 M IN LENGTH UNDER THE BOX.
EACH OF THE TOWERS’ FLOOR PLATES IS BASED ON THE SIMPLE GEOMETRIC FORMS OF
TWO INTERLOCKING SQUARES WHICH CREATES AN 8-POINTED STAR SHAPE. THIS
REPRESENTS THE ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES OF ‘UNITY WITHIN UNITY, HARMONY, STABILITY
AND RATIONALITY’. THE RESULTING CURVED AND POINTED BAYS CREATE A FAÇADE
REMINISCENT OF TEMPLE TOWERS, AND THE BRIDGE AT THE 41ST FLOOR THAT LINKS
THE TWO TOWERS IS INTENDED TO EVOKE THE IDEA OF A DRAMATIC GATEWAY TO THE
CITY.BOTH TOWERS ARE 'INTELLIGENT' STRUCTURES, BUILT WITH A SYSTEM THAT
SEAMLESSLY AND SIMULTANEOUSLY COORDINATES TELECOMMUNICATIONS,
ENVIRONMENT CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, LIGHTING, FIRE AND SMOKE CONTROL, AND
BUILDING SECURITY.
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UNIT 2
1) CLASSIFICATION AND EXPLANATION OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS WITH
SKETCHES
LIMITATIONS:
MAY OBSTRUCT INTERNAL PLANNING AND AFFECTS THE LOCATION OFDOORS AND WINDOWS
LIMITATIONS:
NOT SUITABLE FOR BUILDINGS OVER 30 FLOORS DUE TO DEFLECTION CAUSED BY BENDING
OF BEAMS & COLUMNS RESULTING INSWAY.
CONSTRUCTION OF THIS SYSTEM WITH STEEL IS EXPENSIVE.
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C) SHEAR WALL SYSTEM
IT IS A CONTINUOUS VERTICAL WALL CONSTRUCTED FROM REINFORCED CONCRETE OR MASONRY
WALL. COMMONLY, CONSTRUCTED AS A CORE OF BUILDINGS. SHEAR WALL SYSTEMS GENERALLY
CONSIST OF WALLS IN THE PERIMETER ALONG WITH COLUMNS.
ADVANTAGES&SUITABILITY:
•IDEAL FOR HOTEL&RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WHERE THE FLOOR-BY FLOOR REPETITIVE
PLANNING ALLOWS THE WALLS TO BE VERTICALLY CONTINUOUS.
•EXCELLENT ACOUSTIC AND FIRE INSULATORS BETWEEN ROOMS AND APARTMENTS.
•30–35 STOREYS OR HIGHER
LIMITATIONS:
SYMMETRY IN PLAN IS PREFERRED TO AVOID TORSIONAL EFFECTS
D) OUTRIGGER SYSTEM
E) HYBRID SYSTEMS
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2) CORE DEFINITION-CHARACTERISTICS-TYPES OF SERVICE CORE WITH SKETCHES ,
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRAL CORE
MEGA CORE: CONSIST OF REINFORCED CONCRETE OR COMPOSITE CORE SHEAR WALLS WITH
MUCH LARGER CROSS-SECTIONS THAN NORMAL, RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY
THROUGHOUTTHEHEIGHT OF THE BUILDING.
LIMITATIONS:
SYMMETRY IN PLAN IS PREFERRED TO AVOID TORSIONAL EFFECTS.
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2) DESIGN SHEAR WALLS FOR A BUILDING WITH 7 FLOORS HAS 3 SHEAR WALLS IN Y-
DIRECTION
AND 4 WALLS IN X – DIRECTION. UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE = 24 KN/M3 ,DEAD LOAD OF SLAB
= 14 KN/M2 AND GRADE OF CONCRETE IS M 30.
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• XM(THE X-COORDINATE OF CENTER OF MASS)= TOTAL WEIGHTS IN X DIRECTION /
TOTAL WEIGHTS IN THE FLOOR
XM=27675.2/3523= 7.86 M
• YM(THE Y-COORDINATE OF CENTER OF MASS)= TOTAL WEIGHTS IN Y DIRECTION /
TOTAL WEIGHTS IN THE FLOOR
YM=21293.8/3523= 6.04 M
FIND THE CENTER OF RIGIDITY (CR)
• FIRST WE CALCULATED THE STIFFNESS OF SHEAR WALL K=3EI/[H^3*(1+.6*(1+X)
*L^2/H^2)]
Y: PASSION'S RATIO OF CONCRETE =.25
I: MOMENT OF INERTIA BH^3/123*(4)^3/12-1.6 M^4
• MODULUS OF ELASTICITY E=4700*√FC'=4700 *√30 25743 MPA
• K-(3*25743*1.6)/[4^3*(1+.6*(1+.25)*4^2/4^2)]-1103.3 *10^6 N/M-1103.3 MN/M
THEN AFTER WE CALCULATED THE STIFFNESS FOR ONE WALL WHICH ARE THE SAME
VALUE FOR OTHERS WALLS) WE WANT TO FIND THE RIGIDITY COORDINTE (X,Y)
X-DIRECTION COORDINATE AND THE RIGIDITY V -DIRECTION COORDINATE
• X-DIRECTION
• Y-DIRECTION
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UNIT 3
1) EXPLAIN THE STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGNING BUILDING FOR WIND LOAD.
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UNIT 3
2) A COMPOSITE FLOOR CONSISTING OF A 150 MM THICK REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB
SUPPORTED ON STEEL BEAMS SPANNING 5 M AND SPACED AT 3 M C/C IS TO BE DESIGNED TO
CARRY AN IMPOSED LOAD OF 3.5 KN/M.THE SELF WEIGHT OF STEEL BEAMS IS 0.5 KN/M, FLOOR
FINISH = 1 KN/M. SLAB PANELS ARE SUPPORTED ON ALL FOUR EDGES. CALCULATE THE LOADS
ON A TYPICAL INTERNAL BEAM.
1. LOAD PATH
SLAB BEHAVES AS A ONE WAY CONTINUOUS SPANNING ACROSS BEAMS AS THE
LONGITUDINAL SLAB EDGES ARE NOT SUPPORTED
EACH INTERNAL BEAM SUPPORTS A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD FROM A 3 M
WITH OF SLAB (HATCHED AREA) PLUS SELF-WEIGHT.
LOAD ON BEAM = LOAD FROM SLAB + SELF-WEIGHT OF BEAM
2. LOAD ON SLAB ( PER ME AREA)
LOAD CASE 1: DEAD LOAD (PERMANENT ACTION)
SELF-WEIGHT OF SLAB = 0.15 × 25 = 3.75 KN/M?
FLOOR FINISH = 1 KN/M?
TOTAL DEAD LOAD = 4.75 KN/M?
LOAD CASE 2: IMPOSED LOAD = 3.5 KN/M?
3. LOAD ON INTEMAL BEAM (PER M LENGTH)
LOAD CASE 1
FROM SLAB = 4.75 X 3 = 14.25 KN/M
SELF-WEIGHT OF BEAM = 0. 5 KN/M
TOTAL LOAD = 14.75 KN/M (UDL)
LOAD CASE 2: FROM SLAB = 3.5 X 3 = 10.5 KN/M (UDL)
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UNIT 3
3) LOAD PATHS SKETCH AND LOAD TRANSFER BASED ON GEOMETRY AND IMPOSED FLOOR
LOADS FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES (CLAUSES 3.1, 3.1.1 AND 4.1.1) PG NO.7 (IS 875)
LOAD TRANSFER BASED ON GEOMETRY AND IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS FOR DIFFERENT
OCCUPANCIES (CLAUSES 3.1, 3.1.1 AND 4.1.1) PG NO.7 (IS 875
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UNIT 3
4) GENERAL REASONS OF FAILURE OF RC STRUCTURES (EXPLAIN EACH WITH SKETCH)
1. SOFT STORIES:
• A SOFT STOREY IS ONE IN WHICH THE LATERAL STIFFNESS IS LESS
THAN 70% OF THE STOREY IMMEDIATELY ABOVE, OR
LESS THAN 80% OF THE COMBINED STIFFNESS OF THE THREE
STORIES ABOVE.
• A TYPICAL SOFT STORY BUILDING OF G+4 OR MORE STORIES
LOCATED OVER A GROUND LEVEL WITH LARGE OPENINGS,
SUCH AS A PARKING SPACE OR SERIES OF RETAIL BUSINESSES WITH
LARGE WINDOWS.
2.FLOATING COLUMNS:
USUALLY COLUMNS REST ON THE FOUNDATION TO TRANSFER
LOAD FROM SLABS AND BEAMS.
FLOATING COLUMN REST ON THE BEAM, MEANS THE BEAM WHICH
SUPPORT THE COLUMN IS ACT AS A FOUNDATION.
THAT BEAM IS CALLED AS TRANSFER BEAM.
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UNIT 3
4. POOR QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
• INFERIOR QUALITY OF STEEL OR WATER USED RESULT IN CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT
WHICH RESULT IN SPALLING OF
CONCRETE
• THE CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT IS ALSO CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT COVER, POROUS
CONCRETE AND LESS
COMPACTION.
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UNIT 3
5) IRREGULARITIES IN A BUILDING ,TYPES OF IRREGULARITY (EXPLAIN EACH WITH SKETCH)
TYPES OF IRREGULARITIES
STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES ARE BASICALLY DEMARCATED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:
PLAN IRREGULARITY
VERTICAL IRREGULARITY
16 Page
UNIT 3
6) DIFFERENT SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA ALONG WITH ZONE FACTORS,(05M), ASSUMPTIONS
MADE IN EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS (05M), LIMITATIONS OF EQUIVALENT STATIC
FORCE ANALYSIS(05M)
ZONE 3 - THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS, PARTS OF KASHMIR, WESTERN HIMALAYAS
FALL UNDER THIS ZONE. THIS ZONE IS CLASSIFIED AS MODERATE DAMAGE RISK ZONE AND
ALSO 7.8 THE IS CODE ASSIGNS ZONE FACTOR OF 0.16 FOR ZONE 3.
ZONE 2 - THIS REGION IS LIABLE TO HAVE LESS INTENSITY AND IS CLASSIFIED AS THE LOW
DAMAGE RISK ZONE. THE IS CODE ASSIGNS ZONE FACTOR OF 0.10 (MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL
ACCELERATION THAT CAN BE EXPERIENCED BY A STRUCTURE IN THIS ZONE IS 10% OF
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION) FOR ZONE 2.
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UNIT 3
ZONE FACTORS
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UNIT 3
7) TYPES OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS (EXPLAIN EACH TYPE), STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR
EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS, STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR RESPONSE SPECTRUM
METHOD.
C. ELASTIC TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS: A LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS OVERCOMES ALL THE
DISADVANTAGES OF MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, PROVIDED NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR
IS NOT INVOLVED.
D. PUSH OVER ANALYSIS: THE PUSH OVER ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE IS A STATIC NONLINEAR
ANALYSIS UNDER PERMANENT VERTICAL LOADS AND GRADUALLY INCREASING LATERAL LOADS.
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UNIT 3
STEP 3: COMPUTE THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE BUILDING (TA)
STEP 4: OBTAIN THE DATA PERTAINING TO TYPE OF SOIL CONDITIONS OF FOUNDATION OF THE
BUILDING
• ASSIGN TYPE, I FOR HARD SOIL, II FOR MEDIUM SOIL & III FOR SOFT SOIL.
STEP-5: USING TA AND SOIL TYPE (I / II / III), COMPUTE THE AVERAGE SPECTRAL ACCELERATION
( SA/G)
STEP-6: IMPORTANCE FACTOR, DEPENDING UPON FUNCTIONAL USE OF THE STRUCTURES,
CHARACTERIZED BY HAZARDOUS CONSEQUENCES OF IT FAILURE, POST-EARTHQUAKE
FUNCTIONAL NEEDS, HISTORICAL VALUE , OR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.
STEP-9: USING AH AND W COMPUTE DESIGN SEISMIC BASE SHEAR (VB), FROM VB = AHW
STEP-10 : COMPUTE DESIGN LATERAL FORCE ( COMPUTE DESIGN LATERAL FORCE ( QI) OF ITH
FLOOR BY DISTRIBUTING THE DESIGN SEISMIC BASE SHEAR ( VB) AS PER THE EXPRESSION.
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UNIT 3
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD:
STEP-1: DEPENDING ON THE LOCATION OF THE BUILDING SITE, IDENTIFY THE SEISMIC ZONE
AND ASSIGN ZONE FACTOR (Z)
• USE TABLE 2 ALONG WITH SEISMIC ZONES MAP OR ANNEX OF IS- 1893 (2002)
STEP-3: ESTABLISH MASS [M] AND STIFFNESS [K] MATRICES OF THE BUILDING USING SYSTEM OF
MASSES LUMPED AT THE FLOOR LEVELS WITH EACH MASS HAVING ONE DEGREE OF FREEDOM.
STEP-4: USING [M] AND [K] OF PREVIOUS STEP AND EMPLOYING THE PRINCIPLES OF DYNAMICS
COMPUTE THE MODAL FREQUENCIES, {W} AND CORRESPONDING MODE SHAPES, [Φ] .
STEP-5: COMPUTE MODAL MASS MK OF MODE K USING THE FOLLOWING RELATIONSHIP WITH N
BEING NUMBER OF MODES CONSIDERED.
STEP-7: COMPUTE LATERAL DESIGN FORCE (QIK) AT EACH FLOOR IN EACH MODE USING,
STEP-8: COMPUTE STOREY SHEAR FORCES IN EACH MODE (VIK) ACTING IN EACH STOREY I IN
MODE K AS GIVEN BY,
STEP-9: COMPUTE STOREY SHEAR FORCES DUE TO ALL MODES CONSIDERED, VI IN STOREY I, BY
COMBINING SHEAR FORCES DUE TO EACH MODE IN ACCORDANCE CLAUSE 7.8.4.4 OF IS1893
(2002).
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UNIT 4
1) :DEFINITION OF PRESTRESS, BASIC CONCEPT, TERMINOLOGY USED
BASIC CONCEPT
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE IS BASICALLY CONCRETE IN WHICH INTERNAL STRESSES OF A
SUITABLE MAGNITUDE AND DISTRIBUTION ARE INTRODUCED SO THAT THE STRESSES
RESULTING FROM THE EXTERNAL LOADS ARE COUNTERACTED TO A DESIRED DEGREE
TERMINOLOGY
1. TENDON: A STRETCHED ELEMENT USED IN A CONCRETE MEMBER OF STRUCTURE T
PRESTRESS TO THE CONCRETE
2. ANCHORAGE: A DEVICE GENERALLY USED TO ENABLE THE TENDON TO IMPART AND
MAINTAIN PRESTRESS IN CONCRETE.
3. PRETENSIONING: A METHOD OF PRESTRESSING CONCRETE IN WHICH THE TENDONS
ARE TENSIONED BEFORE THE CONCRETE IS PLACED. IN THIS METHOD, THE CONCRETE
IS INTRODUCED BY BOND BETWEEN STEEL & CONCRETE.
4. POST-TENSIONING: A METHOD OF PRESTRESSING CONCRETE BY TENSIONING THE
TENDONS AGAINST HARDENED CONCRETE. IN THIS METHOD, THE PRESTRESS IS
IMPARTED TO CONCRETE BY BEARING
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2) MATERIALS FOR PRESTRESS CONCRETE MEMBERS.
1. CEMENT:
THE CEMENT USED SHOULD BE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
(A) ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS269
(B) PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS455. BUT THE SLAG CONTENT SHOULD NOT
BE MORE THAN 50%.
(C) RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS8041
2. CONCRETE:
PRESTRESS CONCRETE REQUIRES CONCRETE, WHICH HAS A HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
REASONABLY EARLY AGE WITH COMPARATIVELY HIGHER TENSILE STRENGTH THAN
ORDINARY CONCRETE. THE CONCRETE FOR THE MEMBERS SHALL BE AIR-ENTRAINED
CONCRETE COMPOSED OF PORTLAND CEMENT, FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES,
ADMIXTURES AND WATER. THE AIR-ENTRAINING FEATURE MAY BE OBTAINED BY THE USE
OF EITHER AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENT OR AN APPROVED AIR-ENTRAINING
ADMIXTURE. THE ENTRAINED AIR CONTENT SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN 4 PERCENT OR MORE
THAN 6 PERCENT. 3 MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT OF 300 TO 360 KG/M IS PRESCRIBED FOR
THE DURABILITY REQUIREMENT.
THE WATER CONTENT SHOULD BE AS LOW AS POSSIBLE.
3. STEEL
HIGH TENSILE STEEL, TENDONS, STRANDS OR CABLES
THE STEEL USED IN PRESTRESS SHALL BE ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:-
(A) PLAIN HARD-DRAWN STEEL WIRE CONFORMING TO IS1785 (PART-I & PART-III)
(B) COLD DRAWN INDENTED WIRE CONFORMING TO IS6003
(C) HIGH TENSILE STEEL WIRE BAR CONFORMING TO IS2090
(D) UNCOATED STRESS RELIVED STRAND CONFORMING TO IS6006
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2) MATERIALS FOR PRESTRESS CONCRETE MEMBERS.
1. CEMENT:
THE CEMENT USED SHOULD BE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
(A) ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS269
(B) PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS455. BUT THE SLAG CONTENT
SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 50%.
(C) RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT CONFORMING TO IS8041
2. CONCRETE:
PRESTRESS CONCRETE REQUIRES CONCRETE, WHICH HAS A HIGH COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH REASONABLY EARLY AGE WITH COMPARATIVELY HIGHER TENSILE
STRENGTH THAN ORDINARY CONCRETE. THE CONCRETE FOR THE MEMBERS SHALL BE
AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE COMPOSED OF PORTLAND CEMENT, FINE AND COARSE
AGGREGATES, ADMIXTURES AND WATER. THE AIR-ENTRAINING FEATURE MAY BE
OBTAINED BY THE USE OF EITHER AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENT OR AN
APPROVED AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE. THE ENTRAINED AIR CONTENT SHALL BE
NOT LESS THAN 4 PERCENT OR MORE THAN 6 PERCENT. 3 MINIMUM CEMENT CONTENT
OF 300 TO 360 KG/M IS PRESCRIBED FOR THE DURABILITY REQUIREMENT.
THE WATER CONTENT SHOULD BE AS LOW AS POSSIBLE.
3. STEEL
HIGH TENSILE STEEL, TENDONS, STRANDS OR CABLES
THE STEEL USED IN PRESTRESS SHALL BE ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:-
(A) PLAIN HARD-DRAWN STEEL WIRE CONFORMING TO IS1785 (PART-I & PART-III)
(B) COLD DRAWN INDENTED WIRE CONFORMING TO IS6003
(C) HIGH TENSILE STEEL WIRE BAR CONFORMING TO IS2090
(D) UNCOATED STRESS RELIVED STRAND CONFORMING TO IS6006
HIGHER THE GRADE OF CONCRETE HIGHER THE BOND STRENGTH WHICH IS VITAL IN
PRETENSIONED CONCRETE, ALSO HIGHER BEARING STRENGTH WHICH IS VITAL IN POST-
TENSIONED CONCRETE. FURTHER CREEP & SHRINKAGE LOSSES ARE MINIMUM WITH HIGH-GRADE
CONCRETE.
GENERALLY MINIMUM M30 GRADE CONCRETE IS USED FOR POST-TENSIONED & M40 GRADE
CONCRETE IS USED FOR PRETENSIONED MEMBERS.
THE LOSSES IN PRESTRESS MEMBERS DUE TO VARIOUS REASONS ARE GENERALLY IN THE RANGE OF
250 N/MM² TO 400 N/MM². IF MILD STEEL OR DEFORMED STEEL IS USED THE RESIDUAL STRESSES
AFTER LOSSES IS EITHER ZERO OR NEGLIGIBLE. HENCE HIGH TENSILE STEEL WIRES ARE USED
WHICH VARIES FROM 1600 TO 2000 N/MM².
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5) HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRESTRESSED
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7) ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF PRESTREESING.
ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSING
THE PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE HAS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES AS COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL REINFORCED
CONCRETE (RC) WITHOUT PRESTRESSING. A FULLY PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBER IS USUALLY SUBJECTED TO
COMPRESSION DURING SERVICE LIFE. THIS RECTIFIES SEVERAL DEFICIENCIES OF CONCRETE.
THE FOLLOWING TEXT BROADLY MENTIONS THE ADVANTAGES OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBER WITH AN
EQUIVALENT RC MEMBER. FOR EACH EFFECT, THE BENEFITS ARE LISTED.
LIMITATIONS OF PRESTRESSING:
ALTHOUGH PRESTRESSING HAS ADVANTAGES, SOME ASPECTS NEED TO BE CAREFULLY ADDRESSED.
• PRESTRESSING NEEDS SKILLED TECHNOLOGY. HENCE, IT IS NOT AS COMMON AS REINFORCED CONCRETE.
• THE USE OF HIGH STRENGTH MATERIALS IS COSTLY.
• THERE IS ADDITIONAL COST IN AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS.
• THERE IS NEED FOR QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SECTIONS ARE LESS FIRE RESISTANT.
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7) LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION (WITH SKETCHES)
1) HORIZONTAL IRREGULARITY
THE IRREGULARITY IN THE BUILDING STRUCTURES MAY BE DUE TO IRREGULAR
DISTRIBUTIONS
IN THEIR MASS, STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS ALONG THE HEIGHT OF BUILDING. WHEN
SUCH
BUILDINGS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN HIGH SEISMIC ZONES, THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
BECOMES MORE COMPLICATED. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF IRREGULARITIES :-
1. PLAN IRREGULARITIES
2. VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES
I) TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY
BECAUSE OF THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECT IT CREATES, ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY
OBSERVED TYPES OF IRREGULARITY INEARTHQUAKE CALCULATIONS IS TORSIONAL
IRREGULARITY.
THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY ARE THE PLANAR
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
STIFFNESS VARIATION OF VERTICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND THE PLANAR
GEOMETRY OF THE
STRUCTURE.
IN THE FLOOR PLAN, IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE ECCENTRICITY BETWEEN THE
RIGIDITY CENTRE AND THE MASS CENTRE TO A MINIMUM. IN THE CASE OF
ECCENTRICITY
BETWEEN THE RIGIDITY CENTRE AND THE MASS CENTRE UNDER THE EFFECT OF THE
LATERAL
FORCES, TORSION MOMENT OCCURS AT THE FLOOR LEVEL.
27 Page
II) DIAPHRAGMS DISCONTINUITY IRREGULARITY
THE HORIZONTAL LOADS ON THE BUILDINGS ARE MAINLY CONCENTRATED AT THE
SLABS, AND
THE HORIZONTAL LOADS ARE DISTRIBUTED TO THE VERTICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
BY THE
SLABS. FOR THIS REASON, IT IS NECESSARY TO TRANSFER THE INERTIAL FORCES
CAUSED BY THE
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS TO THE SLABS AND THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS SUCH
AS
BEAMS, COLUMNS AND SHEAR WALLS FROM THE SLABS.
27 Page
IV) RE-ENTRANT CORNER IRREGULARITY
IN ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING, SETBACKS ON THE FACADE, SECTIONS OR PARTS PLACED AT
DIFFERENT ANGLES, DIFFERENT PLAN SOLUTIONS COMPARED TO BASIC GEOMETRIES TO
ADAPT
TO THE LAND ARE COMMON DESIGN CHOICES. THE SHAPE OF H, L, T, U, Y, CROSS, OR A
COMBINATION OF THESE FORMS ARE THE TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF BUILDING
CONFIGURATION
WHICH HAVE PROJECTIONS OR WINGS IN PLAN CONSTITUTING RE-ENTRANT CORNERS. THE
BUILDING CORNERS FORMED INWARDS, OR OUTWARDS ARE ONE OF THE MOST COMMON
APPLICATIONS OF GEOMETRIC IRREGULARITIES.
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VI) OUT OF PLANE-OFFSET IRREGULARITY
THE PLACEMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ON THE AXES AND THE CONTINUATION OF
THESE AXES ALONG THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING IS AN IMPORTANT CRITERION FOR THE
RATIONAL STRUCTURE BEHAVIOUR. UNLIKE THE VERTICAL MEMBER DISCONTINUITY
IRREGULARITY OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, OUT OF PLANE-OFFSET IRREGULARITY REFERS
TO THE
FACT THAT THE VERTICAL MEMBERS BEARING HORIZONTAL FORCE ARE LOCATED ON
ANOTHER
AXIS RATHER THAN ITS OWN AXIS CONTINUING ALONG THE HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE.
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