6.2 6.

7
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn (i) Due to their variable oxidation state, they form 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5KNO2 $ K2SO4 + Outer Electronic configuration of Lanthanum and
+1 (+1) unstable intermediate compounds and provide 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + 3H2O Lanthanides
+2 +2 +2 (+2) (+2) (+2) (+2) (+2) (+2) a new path with lower activation energy for the Atomic Element Electronic
2KMnO4 + 10HI + 3H2SO4 $ K2SO4 +
(+3) (+3) (+3) (+3) +3 (+3) (+3) (+3) reaction (intermediate compound formation 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5I2 Number Name Configuration
(+4) +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 theory). 57 La 5d1 6s2
2KMnO4 + 5C2H2O4 + 3H2SO4 $ K2SO4 +
(+5) +5 +5 (ii) In some cases the finely divided metal or 58 Ce 4f1 5d1 6s2
2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
(+6) +6 +6 their compounds provide a large surface area
for adsorption and the adsorbed reactants react 59 Pr 4f3 6s2
(+7)
faster due to the closer contact (Adsorption 60 Nd 4f4 6s2
Oxidation states of the first row of transition metals (the
theory). 61 Pm 4f5 6s2
most common ones are in circles)
3. Complex formation (complexation):- Transition 8. Ionization energy:- The ionization energies of The elements from atomic number 58 (cerium) to 71 62 Sm 4f6 6s2
metal ions form variety of complex due to the transition elements are higher than those of S-block (lutetium) are known as lanthanides as they follow the 63 Eu 4f7 6s2
following reasons: elements but lower than p-block elements. element lanthanum (atomic number 57). These elements
64 Gd 4f7 5d1 6s2
(i) Small size and high nuclear charge In a particular transition series, ionization are placed together at the bottom of the periodic table.
energy increases gradully as we move from left These elements are characterized by the filling up of 65 Tb 4f9 6s2
(ii) Availability of vacant d-orbital of suitable energy, to right, and it is due to the increase in nuclear the antipenultimate 4f energy levels. The compound of 66 Dy 4f10 6s2
which can accept lone pair of electrons donated charge. these elements show +III oxidation state and form ionic
by the molecule or ion (ligand). 67 Ho 4f11 6s2
compounds. Some of the elements also show +II and +IV
4. Magnetic Properties:- Two types of magnetic oxidation states. 68 Er 4f12 6s2
provide an indication of the energy needed to
behaviour are found in substances diamagnetism 69 Tm 4f13 6s2
raise the metal to a particular oxidation state in Many trivalent lanthanide ions are coloured both in the
and paramagnetism. Paramagnetic substances are
a compound. From the knowledge of values of solid state and in aqueous solution. The colour seems to 70 Yb 4f14 6s2
attracted by the magnetic field and weigh more while
ionization energies of the metal it is possible depend on the number of unpaired electrons. Elements 71 Lu 4f14 5d1 6s2
the diamagnetic substances are slightly repelled by
to rationalize the relative stabilities of various with nf electrons offer a similar colour to those with
the magnetic field and weight less. Outer Electronic configuration of Actinium and
oxidation state. (14-n) f electrons. The atomic and ionic sizes of lanthanides
As the transition metal ions generally contain one progressively decreases from the first element to the last Actinoids
or more unpaired electrons in them and hence their element. The contraction is about 20 pm and is known as Atomic Element Electronic
stable than Pt(II) compounds, on the other hand
complexes are generally paramagnetic. Paramagnetic the lanthanide contraction. This is due to the poor shielding Number Name Configuration
Pt(IV) compounds are more stable than Ni(IV)
character increases with increase in number of effect of 4f electrons causing more and more attraction
compounds. It is due to that sum of first four 89 Ac 6d1 7s2
unpaired electrons. Paramagnetism is expressed in between the nucleus and the outer electrons.
ionization energies is less for platinum whereas 90 Th 6d2 7s2
terms of magnetic moment.
sum of the first two ionization energies is less for The properties of an ion depends on its size and its charge.
91 Pa 5f2 6d1 7s2
µ= n(n 2) BM (Bohr magneton) nickel. Because of the very small decrease in ionic size, the
chemical properties of lanthanides are very similar. The 92 U 5f3 6d1 7s2
n – number of unpaired electrons 9. Coloured compounds:- Compounds of transition
elements are usually coloured due to the promotion sizes of the last four elements of the lanthanide series 93 Np 5f4 6d1 7s2
More the magnetic moment, more will be the
of an electron from one d-orbital to another by the become lower than that of the element Y of the preceding 94 Pu 5f6 7s2
paramagnetic character.
absorption of visible light. It can be clearly explained trasition series. Also the elements which follows in the
5. Formation of Alloys:- As the transition elements third transition series are considerable smaller than 95 Am 5f7 7s2
have similar atomic sizes hence in the crystal lattice, as follows:
the expected value. The pairs Zr-Hf, Nb-Ta and Mo-W 96 Cm 5f7 6d1 7s2
one metal can be readily replaced by another metal In the transition elements which have partly filled have almost identical sizes. The sizes of the third row of
giving solid solution and smooth alloys. The alloys so d-orbitals, the transition of electron can take from 97 Bk 5f9 7s2
transition elements are very similar to those of the second
formed are hard and have often high melting point. one of the lower d-orbitals to some higher d-orbital row elements. 98 Cf 5f10 7s2
6. Interstitial compound:- Transition metal form within the same subshell. The energy required for this 99 Es 5f11 7s2
transition falls in the visible region. So when white The elements from atomic numeber 90 (Thorium) to 103
number of interstitial compounds, in which they take 100 Fm 5f12 7s2
light falls on these complexes they absorb a particular (Lawrencium) are known as actinides as they follow the
up atoms of small size, e.g., H, C and N in the vacant
colour from the radiation for the promotion of electron element actinium (atomic number 89). The actiinides also 101 Md 5f13 7s2
spaces in the their lattices. The presence of these
and the remaining colours are emitted. The colour of have an oxidation state of +III but this state is not always
atoms results in decrease in ductility and malleability 102 No 514 7s2
the complex is due to this emitted radiation. the most stable state. All the actinides are very reactive
of the metals but increases their tensile strength. 103 Lr 5f14 6d1 7s2
and show the phenomenon of radioactivity. Their melting
7. Catalytic properties:- Transition metals and their A few of the transition metal ions such as Cu+, Ag+, points are moderating high but are considerable low as
compounds are known to act as a good catalyst due to Sc3+ are colourlesss. In these ions, the d-orbital are compared to those of transition elements. They also show
the following reasons: either completely filled or empty. actinide contraction to the lanthanide contraction.
6.4 6.5
(D) Zinc Chloride, (ZnCl2.2H2O) 3. On heating, green FeSO4 7H2O gives a white 5. 2CuSO4 + 2KSCN + SO2 + 2H2O $ 2CuSCN. 2AgNO3 + 2NaOH $ Ag2O. + 2NaNO3+ H2O
Preparation: anhydrous salt. On strong heating it forms Fe2O3, + + K2SO4 2H2SO4 Brown ppt.
SO2 and SO3. 2AgNO3 + 2NH4OH$Ag2O. + 2NH4NO3+H2O
1. ZnO + 2HCl $ ZnCl2 + H2O (G) Zinc sulphate: ZnSO4.7H2O (white vitriol)
ZnCO3+ 2HCl $ ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O → FeSO4 + 7H2O
FeSO4.7H2O ∆ Ag2O + 4NH4OH $ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O
Prepareation:
White 6. Ammonical AgNO3 is called Tollen's reagent and
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl $ ZnCl2 + 2H2O 1. It is prepared by the action of dil. H2SO4 on Zn
2FeSO4 ∆
→ Fe2O3 + SO2- + SO3- is used to identify reducing sugars (including
The solution on concentration and cooling give metal or its oxide or carbonate
Brown aldehydes). It is called silver mirror test of
hydrated zinc chloride crystals ZnCl2.2H2O. ZnCO3 + H2SO4 $ ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2 aldehydes and reducing sugar (like glucose,
2. Anhydrous ZnCl2 is obtained by heating zinc in 4. FeSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O $ FeSO4.(NH4)2 ∆
SO4.6H2O
→ ZnO + ZnSO4 + SO2
2ZnS + 3.5O2  fructose).
the atmosphere of dry Cl2 or Dry HCl gas.
(Mohr salt) ZnO + H2SO4 $ ZnSO4 + H2O 7. It dissolves in excess of KCN:
Zn + Cl2 $ ZnCl2 AgNO3 + KCN $ AgCN + KNO3
5. Aqueous solution of FeSO4 is acidic due to Properties:
Zn + 2HCl $ ZnCl2 + H2 White ppt.
hydrolysis of Fe2+: 1. It is highly soluble in water. The solution is acidic
3. Anhydrous ZnCl2 can also be formed by distilling AgCN + KCN $ K[Ag(CN)2]
Fe2+ + !!
↽
2H2O !⇀
! Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ in nature due to hydrolysis.
zinc powder with mercuric chloride. Soluble potassium
ZnSO4 + 2H2O $ Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4
Zn + HgCl2$ + Hg
ZnCl2 6. Acidified MnO4– and Cr2O72– oxidize Fe2+ to argentocyanide
C C
Properties: Fe3+. 
2. ZnSO4.7H2O 100°
∆

→ ZnSO4.6H2O 280°
∆
→ (I) Silver (I) oxide (Ag2O)
1. Anhydrous zinc chloride is white solid, MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ $ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O ZnSO4 Preparation:
C
deliquescent and soluble in water. It melts at 660° Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+$ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 
3. ZnSO4 760° → ZnO + SO3 2AgNO3 + 2NaOH$Ag2O. + 2NaNO3 + H2O
and boils at 730°C. 4. It is isomorphous with Epsom salt and green Properties:
(F) Copper sulphate(CuSO4.5H2O) or Blue vitriol
2. Hydrated ZnCl2 on heating from zinc vitriol. 1. It is brownish powder, insoluble in water,
Preparation:
hydroxychloride or zinc oxychloride. (H) Silver Nitrate, AgNO3 (Lunar Caustic):- thermally unstable and soluble in aqueous
ZnCl2.2H2O $ Zn(OH) Cl + HCl + H2O 1. It is prepared by dissolving copper (II) oxide or ammonia.
copper (II) carbonate in dil Sulphuric acid. Preparation:
2ZnCl2.2H2O $ Zn2OCl2 + 2HCl + 3H2O 2. It decomposes to silver and oxygen.
CuO + H2SO4 $ CuSO4 + H2O 1. It is prepared by dissolving the metal in dilute 2Ag2O $ 4Ag + O2
Zinc oxychloride
CuCO3 + H2SO4$ Cu + +
SO4 CO2 H2O nitric acid and crystallizing the solution
3. 4ZnCl2 + 4Na2CO3 + 3H2O $ ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2 3Ag + 4HNO3 $ 3AgNO3 + 2H2O + NO- (J) Silver thiosulphate (Ag2S2O3)
On evaporation, solution is concentrated, blue
+ 8NaCl + 3CO2 Preparation:
crystal of CuSO4.5H2O separate out on cooling. Properties:
ZnCl2+2NaHCO3$ZnCO3+2NaCl+H2O+CO2 1. With Na2S2O3,
2. On a large scale, copper (II) sulphate is obtained 1. It is a colourless crystalline solid, soluble in water
4. ZnCl2 + 4NH3 $ ZnCl2.4NH3 2AgNO3 + Na2S2O3$Ag2S2O3. + 2NaNO3
by passing air through a hot mixture of copper and alcohol; melting point 212°C.
(E) Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) or green and dil H2SO4 white ppt.
2. On heating, it gives metallic silver and nitrogen
vitriol + 2+ 2AgBr + Na2S2O3 $ Ag2S2O3. + 2NaBr
2Cu + 4H + O2 $ 2Cu + 2H2O dioxide.
Preparation: ∆ Properties:
3. CuFeS2 + 4O2 $ CuSO4 + FeSO4 2AgNO3 450°  C
→ 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
1. It is prepared by the action of dil. H2SO4 on iron. 1. Ag2S2O3 + 3Na2S2O3 2Na3[Ag(S2O3)2]
Properties: 3. It reacts with iodine in two ways
Fe + H2SO4 $ FeSO4 + H2 sodium
1. On heating CuSO4 . 5H2O looses water molecules 5AgNO3 + 3I2 (excess) + 3H2O $ HIO3 + 5AgI argentothiosulphate
This should be mode in a reducing atmosphere in as follows. + 5HNO3
order to prevent the oxidation of Fe2+ into Fe3+. (K) Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
373 K
CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4.H2O 6AgNO3 (excess) + 3I2 + 3H2O $ AgIO3 + 5AgI Preparation:
2. FeCO3 + H2SO4 $ FeSO4 + H2O + CO2 432 K strong + 6HNO3
→ CuO + SO3
→ CuSO4 heating 1. It is prepared from chromite ore (FeCr2O4)
3. FeS + H2SO4 $ FeSO4 + H2S (kipp's apparatus)
4. It gives turbidity with tap water (Cl–) and turbidity
Properties: 2. CuSO4 + 6NH4OH $[Cu(NH3 )4 ](OH)2 + 4FeCr2O4 + 16NaOH + 7O2(air) $
Schweitzer ’s reagent is soluble in NH4OH.
8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8H2O
1. It is pale green crystalline solid, soluble in water. (NH4)2SO4 + 4H2O AgNO3 + Cl– $ AgCl. + NO3
Sodium chromate
It turns brown due to oxidation into the ferric 3. 2CuSO4 + 4KI $ Cu2I2. + I2-+ 2K2SO4 (CuI is tap water turbidity
Or, 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 $
compound by atmospheric oxygen. not formed) AgCl + 2NH4OH $ Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O
8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
2. It is an effloresccent substance, and in isomorphous 4. A mixture of copper sulphate and lime, under the (soluble)
2Na2CrO4 + dil. H2SO4$Na2Cr2O7+Na2SO4+H2O
with Epson salt (MgSO4.7H2O) and white vitriol name of Bordeaux mixture is used as fungicide in 5. When treated with alkali, it gives precipitate of Sodium dichromate
(ZnSO4.7H2O). agriculture. silver oxide, which dissolves in excess of NH4OH.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl $ K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl