Wind energy

By

Dr. N. Kumaresan,
Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu - 620 015, India.

Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy are said to be

the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy
 CONCEPT OF WIND
Winds on earth are caused primarily by unequal heating of land and water by
the sun. The differences in temperature induce circulation of air from one zone
to another. This air in motion is called wind.
The harnessing of wind energy for power generation commercially started
only in the early 1970s and has continued to grow since then.

Wind energy is now recognized as one of the low investment high-yield

sources of power generation

Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 2
NITT
Comments we hear about wind power generation

• “Wind generation is expensive”

• “Goes 0 to 100%, and back”
• “Wind is variable and uncertain –therefore difficult to
manage”
• “Needs ‘one for one’backup”
• “Wind generation is unreliable”
• “Wind generation has no capacity value”
• “Frequency control impacts are serious”
• “Wind generation forecasts are useless”
• “There is no transmission available to transport wind
energy –no one lives where the wind blows”
Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 3
NITT
The Reality
A few misconceptions are based on a kernel of truth or fact

• Wind generation is variable and

sometimes hard to predict

• Wind generation was relatively expensive

Most are based on lack of understanding about

• Power system operation and control

• The Nature of wind generation
• Knowledge gained over the past decade

Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 4
NITT
Cost of Energy Trend
Factors Affecting Payback
• Type, size and
1979: 40 cents/kWh configuration of system
• Wind resource
• Local cost of electricity
2000: • How wind system is used
4-6
cents/kWh • Rebates available, if any
NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm
• Increased 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)
Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements

NITT
2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 5
08.06.2016 6
 Wind Cost of Energy
12
COE (¢/kWh [constant 2000 $])

10

8
Low wind speed sites

6
Bulk Power Competitive
High wind Price Band
speed sites
4

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 7
NITT
Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 8
NITT
9 9
 MHI Vestas V164-9.5MW

Power rating: 9.5MW

Rotor diameter: 164m

08.06.2016 10
Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, 12
NITT
Source : IEEE Power Engineering Society

2006 Wind Power Symposium

Integration Issues – Common Misconceptions

Robert Zavadil, EnerNex Corporation
 Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers
Blade
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

Putting a wind turbine on a shorter tower

is like putting a solar array in the shade
17 17
18 18
19 19
20 20
Largest wind turbine in the World
5 MW operating in Northern Germany

Hub height
100 – 120 m
Rotor diameter
126.0 m
 Largest wind turbine in Asia
2 MW wind turbine has been recently
installed in
Chettikulum, near Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu

Hub height = 80 m
Rotor diameter = 88 m
Swept area = 6084 sq. m

Dr.N.K. A.P/EEE, NITT 22

 A couple things to remember…

• Swept Area – A = πR2 (m2) Area R

of the circle swept by the rotor.

• ρ = air density – in Colorado its

about 1-kg/m3
 Kinetic Energy in the Wind
Kinetic Energy = Work = ½mV2
Where:
M= mass of moving object
V = velocity of moving object

What is the mass of moving air?

= density (ρ) x volume (Area x distance)

A
=ρxAxd
= (kg/m3) (m2) (m) V
= kg d
Power in the Wind

Power = Work / t
= Kinetic Energy / t
= ½mV2 / t
= ½(ρAd)V2/t
= ½ρAV2(d/t) d/t = V

= ½ρAV3

Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3

 Wind Turbine Power
Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor = Cp½ρAV3

– Cp is called the power coefficient.

– Cp is the percentage of power in the wind that is
converted into mechanical energy.

What is the maximum amount of energy that

can be extracted from the wind?
 Energy Production Terms
• Power in the Wind = 1/2AV3
• Betz Limit - 59% Max
• Power Coefficient - Cp
• Rated Power – Maximum
power generator can
produce.
• Capacity factor
– Actual energy/maximum
energy
• Cut-in wind speed where
energy production begins
• Cut-out wind speed where
energy production ends. Typical Power Curve
 Power curves

• Power in the Wind = ½ AV3

• Power Coefficient - Cp
• Rated Power – Maximum power generator can produce.
• Cut-in wind
Dr.N.K. speed where energy production begins
A.P/EEE, 28
NITT
• Cut-out wind speed where energy production ends.
 Turbine Mechanical Power
versus Wind Speed Curve
29
 Relation between power output and
wind speed
wR
Power  cube of wind speed
R
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of
the speed of the rotating
blade tip to the speed of the
free stream wind.
= wR
V
where,
w = rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Free Stream Wind Velocity 30 30
 Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios

• Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio

• Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve

ΩR
0.4 =
Cp
Where,
V
0.3
Ω = rotational speed in radians /sec
0.2
R = Rotor Radius
0.1 V = Free Stream Velocity
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tip Speed Ratio

Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor = Cp½ρAV3

08.06.2016 31
 Power speed characteristics

MPPT
 MAXIMUM POWER POINT
TRACKING (MPPT) CONTROL
33
 MAXIMUM POWER POINT
TRACKING (MPPT) CONTROL
34

 The trajectory of MPPs represents a power curve, which can

be described by
 MAXIMUM POWER POINT
TRACKING (MPPT) CONTROL
35

According to wind turbine power curve, the operation of the

wind turbine can be divided into three modes: parking mode,
generator-control mode, and pitch-control mode:
 Parking mode. When the wind speed is below cut-in speed,
the turbine system generates less power than its internal
consumption and, therefore, the turbine is kept in parking
mode. The blades are completely pitched out of the wind,
and the mechanical brake is on.
 Generator-control mode. When the wind speed is between
the cut-in and rated speed, the blades are pitched into the
wind with its optimal angle of attack. The turbine operates
with variable rotational speeds in order to track the MPP at
different wind speeds. This is achieved by the proper control
of the generator.
 MAXIMUM POWER POINT
TRACKING (MPPT) CONTROL
36

 Pitch-control mode. For higher than rated wind speeds but

below the cut-out limit, the captured power is kept constant by
the pitch mechanism to protect the turbine from damage while
the system generates and delivers the rated power to the grid.
The blades are pitched out of the wind gradually with the
wind speed, and the generator speed is controlled accordingly.
 When the wind speed reaches or exceeds the cut-out speed,
the blades are pitched completely out of the wind. No power is
captured, and turbine speed is reduced to zero. The turbine
will be locked into the parking mode to prevent damage from
the strong wind.
 Parts of Wind Turbine

Cut-in = 3.5 m/s Rated RPM Pole = 4

Gear ratio =
Cut-out = 22 m/s of WT = 167 NS = 1500 rpm 1 : 9.2
Wind energy Suitable Electrical Generator
Mechanical energy Electrical energy
(output for the given wind velocity) Grid Connected System
Stand-alone / Isolated System

Main components of WECS

Gearbox Power converters Grid
Generator Power transformer
(optional) (optional)
Rotor

Power conversion Power transmission Power conversion Power conversion & transmission
& control & control

Mechanical power Electrical power

Isolated loads
❖Various electrical generators:
Induction generators : Squirrel-cage machine & wound-rotor induction machine
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG)
Conventional Alternators and DC generators
08.06.2016 38
 3-phase Alternator

Rotor Speed, N

Infinite PNs
Alternator
f =
Bus 120
N = Ns
Field
Application Grid-connected operation & Isolated loads at power frequency

Features Slip rings / brushes on the rotor & Field excitation required

Synchronization to the grid

Voltage – field control Real power – Mechanical input

Frequency – speed Reactive power – voltage / field control
Phase sequence