Human Herpesviruses Biology, Therapy, and

Immunoprophylaxis, 1st Edition

Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:

https://medipdf.com/product/human-herpesviruses-biology-therapy-and-immunoprophy
laxis-1st-edition/

Click Download Now

Human Herpesviruses

This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses

provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virol-
ogy and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses
includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr
virus, Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytom-
egalovirus, HHV6A, 6B, and 7, and varicella-zoster virus.
The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant
and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed
world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a
result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysi-
ology of infection and immunobiology. Another important
area covered within this volume concerns antiviral ther-
apy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are
covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical
guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously
throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and
developments.

a n n a rv i n is Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology, and

Immunology at Stanford University.

g a b r i e l l a c a m pa d e l l i -fi u m e is Professor of Micro-
biology and Virology at the University of Bologna, Italy.

e dwa r d m o c a r s k i is Professor of Microbiology and

Immunology at Emory University.

pat r i c k m o o r e is Professor of Molecular Genetics and

Biochemistry at the University of Pittsburgh.

b e r n a r d r o i z m a n is Professor of Molecular Genetics,

Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology at the
University of Chicago.

r i c h a r d w h i t l e y is Professor of Pediatrics, Microbi-

ology, Medicine, and Neurosurgery at the University of
Alabama Birmingham.

k o i c h i ya m a n i s h i is Professor of Microbiology at Osaka

University, Japan.
 Human Herpesviruses
Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis

Edited by

Ann Arvin
Stanford University, CA School of Medicine

Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
University of Bologna, Italy

Edward Mocarski
Emory University School of Medicine, USA

Patrick S. Moore
University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA, USA

Bernard Roizman
The University of Chicago, IL, USA

Richard Whitley
University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA

Koichi Yamanishi
Osaka University School of Medicine, Japan
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521827140

© Cambridge University Press 2007

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2007

ISBN-13 978-0-511-28889-0 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-10 0-511-28889-1 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-82714-0 hardback

ISBN-10 0-521-82714-0 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Every effort has been made in preparing this Publication to provide accurate and up-to-
date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of
publication. Although case histories are drawn fromactual cases, every effort has been made
to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and
publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free
fromerror, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research
and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaimall liability for direct
or consequential damages resulting fromthe use of material contained in this publication.
Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the
manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
Contents

List of contributors page ix

Preface xix

Part I Introduction: definition and

classification of the human herpesviruses
Bernard Roizman

1 Overview of classification 3
Andrew Davison

2 Comparative analysis of the genomes 10

Andrew Davison

3 Comparative virion structures of human

herpesviruses 27
Fenyong Liu and Z. Hong Zhou

4 Comparative analysis of herpesvirus–common

proteins 44
Edward Mocarski, Jr.

Part II Basic virology and viral gene effects on

host cell functions: alphaherpesviruses
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume and Bernard Roizman

5 Genetic comparison of human

alphaherpesvirus genomes 61
Joel Baines and Philip Pellett

6 Alphaherpes viral genes and their functions 70

Bernard Roizman and Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume

7 Entry of alphaherpesviruses into the cell 93

Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume and Laura Menotti

v
vi Contents

8 Early events pre-initiation of alphaherpes viral Part II Basic virology and viral gene effects on
gene expression 112 host cell functions: gammaherpesviruses
Thomas Kristie
Patrick S. Moore
9 Initiation of transcription and RNA synthesis,
22 Introduction to the human ␥ -herpesviruses 341
processing, and transport in HSV and VZV
Richard Longnecker and Frank Neipel
infected cells 128
Rozanne Sandri-Goldin 23 Gammaherpesviruses entry and early events
during infection 360
10 Alphaherpesvirus DNA replication 138
Bala Chandran and Lindsey Hutt-Fletcher
John Hay and William Ruyechan

11 Envelopment of HSV nucleocapsids at the 24 Gammaherpesvirus maintenance and

inner nuclear membrane 144 replication during latency 379
Joel Baines Paul Lieberman, Jianhong Hu, and Rolf Renne

12 The egress of alphaherpesviruses from the cell 151 25 Reactivation and lytic replication of EBV 403
Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume Shannon Kenney
13 The strategy of herpes simplex virus replication 26 Reactivation and lytic replication of KSHV 434
and takeover of the host cell 163 David Lukac and Yan Yuan
Bernard Roizman and Brunella Taddeo
27 EBV gene expression and regulation 461
Part II Basic virology and viral gene effects on Lawrence S. Young, John R. Arrand, and Paul G. Murray
host cell functions: betaherpesviruses
28 KSHV gene expression and regulation 490
Edward Mocarski Thomas Schultz and Yuan Chang
14 Comparative betaherpes viral genome and 29 Effects on apoptosis, cell cycle and
virion structure 177 transformation, and comparative aspects of
Andrew Davison and David Bhella EBV with other DNA tumor viruses 514
15 Betaherpes viral genes and their functions 204 George Klein and lngemar Emberg
Edward Mocarski 30 KSHV manipulation of the cell cycle and
16 Early events in human cytomegalovirus programmed cell death pathways 540
infection 231 Patrick Moore
Teresa Compton and Adam Feire 31 Human gammaherpesvirus immune evasion
17 Immediate–early CMV gene regulation and strategies 559
function 241 Robert Means, Sabine Lang, and Jae Jung
Mark Stinski and Jeffrey Meier

18 Early CMV gene expression and function 264

Elizabeth White and Deborah Spector
Part III Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host
response, and epidemiology:
19 CMV DNA synthesis and late viral gene HSV-1 and HSV-2
expression 295
David Anders, Julie Kerry and Gregory Pari Ann Arvin and Richard Whitley

20 CMV maturation and egress 311 32 HSV-1 AND 2: pathogenesis and disease 589
William Britt Richard Whitley, David Kimberlin, and Charles Prober

21 CMV modulation of the host response to 33 HSV-1 and 2: molecular basis of HSV latency
infection 324 and reactivation 602
A. Louise McCormick and Edward Mocarski, Jr. Christopher Preston and Stacey Efstathiou
 Contents vii

34 HSV-1 and 2: immunobiology and host 45 HCMV: persistence in the population: potential
response 616 transplacental transmission 814
David Koelle Lenore Peirera, Ekaterina Maidji, and Susan Fisher

35 HSV: immunopathological aspects of HSV

infection 642 Part III Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host
Kaustuv Banerjee and Barry Rouse response, and epidemiology:
36 HSV: persistence in the population: HHV- 6A, 6B, and 7
epidemiology, transmission 656 Ann Arvin and Richard Whitley
Anna Wald and Lawrence Corey
46 HHV-6A, 6B, and 7: pathogenesis, host
response, and clinical disease 833
Part III Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host Yasuko Mori and Koichi Yamanishi
response, and epidemiology: 47 HHV-6A, 6B, and 7: molecular basis of latency
VZU and reactivation 843
Ann Arvin and Richard Whitley Kaszuhiro Kondo and Koichi Yamanishi

37 VZV: pathogenesis and the disease 48 HHV-6A, 6B, and 7: immunobiology and host
consequences of primary infection 675 response 850
Jennifer Moffat, Chia-chi Ku, Leigh Zerboni, Marvin Fu-Zhang Wang and Philip Pellet
Sommer, and Ann Arvin
49 HHV-6A, 6B, and 7: persistence in the
38 VZV: molecular basis of persistence (latency population: epidemiology, transmission 875
and reactivation) 689 Vincent Emery and Duncan Clark
Jeffrey Cohen

39 VZV: immunobiology and host response 700 Part III Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host
Ann Arvin and Allison Abendroth response, and epidemiology:
gammaherpesviruses
40 VZV: persistence in the population:
transmission and epidemiology 713 Patrick S. Moore
Jane Seward and Aisha Jumaan 50 Clinical and pathological aspects of EBV And
KSHV infection 885
Richard Ambinder and Ethel Cesarman
Part III Pathogenesis, clinical disease, host
response, and epidemiology: 51 EBV: Immunobiology and host response 904
HCMV Denis Moss, Scott Burrows, and Rajiv Khanna

Ann Arvin and Richard Whitley 52 Immunobiology and host response to KSHV
infection 915
41 HCMV: pathogenesis and disease
Dimitrios Lagos and Chris Boshoff
consequences 737
William Britt 53 The epidemiology of EBV and its association
with malignant disease 929
42 HCMV: molecular basis of persistence and
Henrik Hjalgrim, Jeppe Friborg, and Mads Melbye
latency 765
Michael Jarvis and Jay Nelson 54 The epidemiology of KSHV and its association
with malignant disease 960
43 HCMV: immunobiology and host response 780
Jeffrey Martin
Mark Wills, Andrew Carmichael, J. H. Sinclair, and J. G.
Patrick Sissons 55 EBV-induced oncogenesis 986
Nancy Raab-Traub
44 HCMV: persistence in the population:
epidemiology and transmission 795 56 KSHV-induced oncogenesis 1007
Suresh Boppana and Karen Fowler Donald Ganem
viii Contents

Part IV Non-human primate herpesviruses 67 New approaches to antiviral drug discovery

(genomics/proteomics) 1211
Ann Arvin, Patrick Moore, and Richard Whitley
Mark Prichard
57 Monkey B virus 1031
68 Candidate anti-herpesviral drugs; mechanisms
Julia Hilliard
of action and resistance 1219
58 Simian varicella virus 1043 Karen Biron
Ravi Mahalingam and Donald Gilden

59 Primate betaherpesviruses 1051

Peter Barry and William Chang Part VII Vaccines and immunothgerapy
60 Gammaherpesviruses of New World primates 1076 Ann Arvin and Koichi Yamanishi
Armin Ensser and Bernhard Fleckenstein
69 Herpes simplex vaccines 1253
61 EBV and KSHV-related herpesviruses in George Kemble and Richard Spaete
non-human primates 1093
Blossom Damania
70 Varicella-zoster vaccine 1262
Anne Gershon

Part V Subversion of adaptive immunity 71 Human cytomegalovirus vaccines 1274

Thomas Heineman
Richard Whitley and Ann Arvin
72 Epstein–Barr virus vaccines 1292
62 Herpesvirus evasion of T-cell immunity 1117 Andrew Morgan and Rajiv Khanna
Jatin Vyas, Benjamin Gewurz, and Hidde Ploegh
73 DNA vaccines for humanherpesviruses 1306
63 Subversion of innate and adaptive immunity: Thomas Evans and Mary Wloch
immune evasion from antibody and
complement 1137 74 Adoptive immunotherapy for herpesviruses 1318
Lauren Hook and Harvey Friedman Ann M. Leen, Uluhan Sili, Catherine Bollard, and Cliona
Rooney

Part VI Antiviral therapy 75 Immunotherapy of HSV infections – antibody

delivery 1332
Richard Whitley David Kimberlin
64 Antiviral therapy of HSV-1 and -2 1153
David Kimberlin and Richard Whitley
Part VIII Herpes as therapeutic agents
65 Antiviral therapy of varicella-zoster virus
infections 1175 Richard Whitley and Bernard Roizman
John Gnann, Jr.
76 Herpesviruses as therapeutic agents 1341
66 Antiviral therapy for human Frank Tufaro and James Markert
cytomegalovirus 1192
Paul Griffiths and Michael Boeckh Index 1353
Contributors

Allison Abendroth
Centre for Virus Research
Westmead Millennium Institute and Research Centres
Westmead NSW 2145
Australia

Richard Ambinder
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
1650 Orleans Street, Room 389
Baltimore, MD 21231, USA

David Anders
Wadsworth Center
The David Axelrod Institute
PO Box 22002
Albany, NY 12201, USA

John Arrand
Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham
B15 2TT, UK

Ann Arvin
Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and
Immunology
Stanford University School of Medicine
300 Pasteur Drive, Room G311
Stanford, CA 94305, USA

Joel Baines
Cornell University
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
C5169 Veterinary Education Ctr.
Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

ix
x Contributors

Kasstruf Banerjee William Britt

Department of Microbiology Department of Pediatrics
College of Veterinary Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Tennessee CHB 107, 1600 7th Avenue South
1414 W. Cumberland Avenue Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
F403 Walters Life Sciences
Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Scott Burrows
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology
Peter Barry Queensland Institute of Medical Research
Department of Pathology 300 Herston Road
Center for Comparative Medicine Herston (Qld) 4006
University of California at Davis Australia
One Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616, USA Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
Department of Experimental Pathology
David Bhella University of Bologna
Institute of Virology Via San Giacomo 12, Bologna 40126,
MRC Virology Unit Italy
Church Street
Glasgow, G11 5JR, UK Andrew Carmichael
Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge
Clinical School, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills
Karen Biron
Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Department of Clinical Virology
Glaxo Smith Kline
Ethel Cesarman
5 Moore Drive
Pathology Department
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
1300 York Avenue, Room C410
Michael Boeckh New York, NY 10021, USA
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1100 Fairview Avenue, N. Bala Chandran
Seattle, WA 98109, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and
Catherine M. Bollard Science
Center for Cell and Gene Therapy 3333 Green Bay Road
Baylor College of Medicine North Chicago
1102 Bates Street, BCM 320 IL 60064, USA
Houston, TX 77030, USA
William Chang
Suresh Boppana Center for Comparative Medicine
University of Alabama at Birmingham University of California, Davis
1600 7th Avenue, South. CHB 114 County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive
Birmingham, AL 35233, USA Davis, CA 95616, USA

Chris Boshoff Yuan Chang

Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group Department of Pathology
Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
University College London Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 1.8
Gower Street 5117 Centre Avenue
London, WC1E 6BT, UK Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
 Contributors xi

Duncan Clark Armin Ensser

Virology Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie
Royal Free University College Medical School der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Rowland Hill Street, Schlossgarten 4
London, NW3 2QG, UK D-91054Erlangen
Germany

Jeffrey Cohen
Thomas Evans
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation,
NIBRI (Novartis)
National Institute of Health
100 Technology Square
10 Center Drive, MSC 1888
Suite 4153
Bldg. 10, Rm 11N228
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
Adam Feire
Teresa Compton McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Room 610
NIBRI (Novartis) University of Wisconsin
100 Technology Madison, WI 53706, USA
Square, Suite 4153,
Cambridge MA 02139, USA Susan Fisher
Departments of Stomatology, Anatomy, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program
Lawrence Corey and the Oral Biology Graduate Program
Virology Division, Laboratory Medicine University of California, San Francisco
University of Washington 513 Parnassus Avenue MC 0512
1100 Fairview Avenue N D3-100 San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Box 358080
Seattle, WA 98109, USA Bernhard Fleckenstein
Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie
der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Blossom Damania
Schlossgarten 4
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
D-91054Erlangen
Lineberger Cancer Center, CB#7295
Germany
Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
Karen Fowler
Andrew Davison Department of Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Maternal and
Institute of Virology Child Health
MRC Virology Unit University of Alabama
Church Street 1530 3rd Avenue South, CHB 306
Glasgow, G11 5JR, UK Birmingham, AL 35294-0011, USA

Jeppe Friborg
Stacey Efstathiou Department of Epidemiology Research
Division of Virology, Department of Pathology Statens Serum Institute
University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300
Cambridge, CB2, LQP, UK Copenhagen S, Denmark

Vincent Emery Harvey Friedman

Royal Free University College Medical School Department of Medicine
Virology Department University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Rowland Hill Street 502 Johnson Pavilion
London, NW3 2PF, UK Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA
xii Contributors

Donald Ganem Julia Hilliard

Department of Medicine Georgia State University
University of California San Francisco Biology, 424 Science Annex
513 Parnassus Avenue 29 Peachtree Center Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Atlanta, GA 30303, USA

Anne Gershon
Henrik Hjalgrim
College of Physicians and Surgeons
Department of Epidemiology Research
Columbia University
Statens Serum Institute
Pediatrics, BB4-427
5 Artillerivej, DK-2300
650 W. 168th St.
Copenhagen S, Denmark
New York, NY 10032, USA

Lauren Hook
Benjamin Gewurz
Department of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
200 Longwood Avenue
502 Johnson Pavilion
Department of Pathology
Boston, MA, USA
Jianhong Hu
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
Donald Gilden
University of Florida
Department of Neurology
1376 Mowry Road, Rm 375E
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
4200 E. 9th Ave., B182
Denver, CO 80262, USA
Lindsey Hutt-Fletcher
Louisiana State University
John Gnann, Jr.
Health Sciences Center
Department of Medicine
Feist-Weiller Cancer Center
University of Alabama at Birmingham
1501 Kings Highway
845 19th St. S.
PO Box 33932
Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA

Paul Griffiths Michael A. Jarvis

Royal Free University College Medical School Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute
Virology Department Oregon Health Sciences University
Rowland Hill Street, 3181 S. W. Sam Jackson Park Road
London, NW3 2PF, UK Portland, OR 97201, USA

John Hay Aisha Jumaan

State University of New York Center for Disease Control
Microbiology, Farber Hall, Rm. 138 1600 Clifton Road., MS E-61
3435 Main Street, Bldg. 26 Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
Buffalo, NY, 14214, UK

Jae Jung
Thomas Heineman Division of Tumor Virology
St. Louis University Health Sciences Center New England Primate Research Center
3635 Vista Avenue at Grand Blvd. Harvard Medical School
PO Box 15250 One Pine Hill Drive
St. Louis, MO 63110, USA Southborough, MA 01772, USA
 Contributors xiii

George Kemble Thomas Kristie

MedImmune, Inc. National Institute of Health
297 North Bernardo Avenue Building – 133
Mt. View, CA 94043, USA 9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD, 20910, USA
Shannon Kenney
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Chia-chi Ku
1400 University Avenue Department of Pediatrics
Madison, WI 53706, USA Stanford University School of Medicine
102 Mason Farm Road, Box 7295 300 Pasteur Drive, Room G312, MC 5208
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA Stanford, CA 94305, USA

Julie Kerry
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology Dimitrios Lagos
Eastern Virginia Medical School Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group
700 West Olney Road, Lewis Hall #3152 Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research
Norfolk, VA 23507, USA Gower Street
University College London
Rajiv Khanna WC1E 6BT, UK
Australian Centre for Vaccine Development
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Sabine Lang
Queensland Institute of Medical Research Department of Pathology
300 Herston Road Yale University School of Medicine, LH 304
Herston (Qld) 4006 New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Australia

David Kimberlin Ann Leen

Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine
University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Cell and Gene Therapy
1600 7th Avenue South 1102 Bates Street, Suite 760.01
CHB 303 Houston, TX 77030, USA
Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
Paul Lieberman
George Klein The Wistar Institute
Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center 3601 Spruce Street
Karolinska Institute Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
PO Box 280
S-171, 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Fenyong Liu
University of California at Berkeley
David Koelle
School of Public Health
Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases
140 Warren Hall
University of Washington
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
HMC Virology Division, M.S. 359690
325 9th Avenue
Seattle, WA 98104, USA Richard Longnecker
Department of Microbiology-Immunology
Kaszuhiro Kondo Feinberg School of Medicine
Osaka University School of Medicine Northestern University
2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 303 East Chicago Avenue
Osaka 565-9871, Japan Chicago, IL 60611, USA
xiv Contributors

David Lukac Jeffrey Meier

UMDN/NJ Medical School Department Internal Medicine
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Iowa
Int’l Center for Public Health Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
225 Warren Street, Room E350T
Newark, NJ 07103, USA
Mads Melbye
Department of Epidemiology Research
Louise McCormick
Statens Serum Institute
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
5 Artillerivej, DK-2300
Emory University School of Medicine
Copenhagen S, Denmark
1462 Clifton Road,
Suite 429
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Laura Menotti
Department of Experimental Pathology
Susan McDonagh University of Bologna
University of California San Francisco Via San Giacomo 12, Bologna 4016
513 Parnassus Avenue Italy
HSW-604
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Edward Mocarski
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Ravi Mahalingam
Emory University School of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Current address:
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Emory Vaccine Center
4200 East 9th Avenue, Mail Stop B182
1462 Clifton Road, Suite 429
Denver, CO 80262, USA
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Ekaterina Maidji
University of California San Francisco
Jennifer Moffat
513 Parnassus Avenue
SUNY Upstate Medical University
HSW-604
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
750 E. Adams, Room 2215
Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
James M. Markert
Department of Surgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham Patrick Moore
FOT#1050 Molecular Virology Program
1530 3rd Avenue S. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
Birmingham, AL 35294-3410, USA Hillman Cancer Center
Research Pavilion, Suite 1.8
Jeffrey Martin 5117 Centre Avenue
University of California at San Francisco Pttsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA
185 Berry Street, Suite 5700
San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
Andrew Morgan
Robert Means University of Bristol
Department of Pathology School of Medical Sciences
Yale University School of Medicine Department of Pathology and Microbiology
310 Cedar Street LH 315 B University Walk, Clifton, Bristol
New Haven, CT 065201, USA BS8 1TD, UK