Bioengineered Nanomaterials, 1st Edition

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Edited by Atul Tiwari • Ashutosh Tiwari

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Version Date: 20130509

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Contents

Preface............................................................................................................................................. vii
Editors...............................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors.....................................................................................................................................xi

1. Emerging Potential of Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

and Metastasis..........................................................................................................................1
Daniela Schmid and Christopher J. Scott

2. Aptamer–Nanomaterial Conjugates for Medical Applications................................... 29

Christine Reinemann and Beate Strehlitz

3. Recent Advances in Immobilization Strategies in Biomaterial

Nanotechnology for Biosensors.......................................................................................... 61
Mambo Moyo, Jonathan O. Okonkwo, and Nana M. Agyei

4. Nanofibers and Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications......................................... 93

Ana Baptista, Paula Soares, Isabel Ferreira, and João Paulo Borges

5. Nanoemulsions as a Vaccine Adjuvant........................................................................... 125

Grace Ledet, Levon A. Bostanian, and Tarun K. Mandal

6. Inorganic Nanomaterials of Carbonate Apatite as Intracellular Nucleic

Acid/Drug Transporters..................................................................................................... 149
Sharif Hossain, Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury, and Toshihiro Akaike

7. Bioceramic Nanomaterials in Medical Applications................................................... 163

Jagat R. Kanwar, Ganesh Mahidhara, Kislay Roy, and Rupinder K. Kanwar

8. Imaging and Triggered Release through Design of Ultrastable Core–Shell

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.................................................................................................. 177
Erik Reimhult

9. Natural and Synthetic Nanoporous Membranes for Cell Encapsulation

Therapy.................................................................................................................................. 199
Sachin Kadam and David H. Gracias

10. Lipid and Cyclodextrin Nanocarriers Loading Bioactive Agents:

Stabilization on Polymeric Supports...............................................................................225
Jesús Hierrezuelo, Laura Peláez, Juana Benavente, Juan Manuel López-Romero,
Rodrigo Rico, and Ricard Armengol

11. Silver Nanoparticles: Nanotoxicity Testing and Bioapplications.............................. 241

R. Sharma, S. Kwon, and C.J. Chen

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v

vi Contents

12. Nanoparticle Production for Biomedical Applications via Laser Ablation

Synthesis in Solution.......................................................................................................... 269
Reza Zamiri, Hossein Abbastabar Ahangar, and Gregor P.C. Drummen

13. Nanomedicine in Brain Tumors....................................................................................... 295

Gerardo Caruso, Maria Caffo, Lucia Merlo, Giuseppe La Fata, Marcello Passalacqua,
and Francesco Tomasello

14. Inorganic Nanoparticle Materials for Controlled Drug Delivery Systems............. 327
R.M. Freire, E. Longhinotti, E.H.S. Sousa, and P.B.A. Fechine

15. Gold Nanoshells and Carbon Nanotubes as a Therapeutic Tool for Cancer
Diagnosis and Treatment................................................................................................... 349
José M. Lanao, Laura Martínez-Marcos, and Cristina Maderuelo

16. Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering.......................................... 369

Eilis Ahern, Timothy Doody, and Katie B. Ryan

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Preface

Many varieties of new, complex diseases are constantly being discovered, which leaves
­scientists with little choice but to embrace innovative methods for controlling the invasion
of life-threatening problems. The use of nanotechnology has given scientists an opportu-
nity to create nanomaterials that could help medical professionals in diagnosing and treat-
ing problems quickly and effectively. This book focuses on the novel methodologies and
strategies adopted in the research and development of bioengineered nanomaterials and
technology. It has been written to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information on
cutting-edge research in the area of nanomaterials of biotechnological importance.
Chapter 1 introduces the applications of nanoparticles that have clinical utility in can-
cer treatment. Chapter 2 provides a brief overview of research related to aptamers. The
development of aptamer-modified nanoparticles and their use in medical applications are
discussed. Chapter 3 describes five immobilization techniques, that is, adsorption, entrap-
ment, encapsulation, covalent coupling, and cross-linking, that are used in the develop-
ment of biomaterial-based electrodes. Likewise, Chapter 4 reviews research related to the
processing of functional nanostructures with a focus on the crucial role of nanofibers and
nanoparticle systems. Chapter 5 examines the historical perspective of nanoemulsion vac-
cine adjuvants, the latest advancements in nanoemulsion adjuvant research, and the direc-
tion of future development. Chapter 6 describes the fascinating properties of biocompatible,
inorganic nanoparticles of carbonate apatite, including electrostatic interactions with a
variety of charged molecules for capturing and subsequent cellular delivery of potential
therapeutics. Chapter 7 reviews the synthesis, applications, and biological properties of
various ceramic platforms used in medical applications and their potential application as
therapeutic nanoparticles in anticancer protein delivery. Chapter 8 discusses the essential
aspects in designing the colloidally stable iron oxide nanoparticles. The encapsulation of
transplanted cells in nanoporous semipermeable membranes to facilitate adequate dif-
fusion while minimizing immune and foreign cell responses is described in Chapter 9.
This chapter also outlines the structural and chemical attributes of various encapsulants.
Chapter 10 describes the release of actives from nanoparticles for the application related
to topical drug delivery as transdermal patches. A detailed description of toxicity mecha-
nisms, as well as limitations and future prospects of nanotoxicity testing with potential
new applications of silver nanocomposites as antibacterial support systems, is provided in
Chapter 11. Chapter 12 is devoted to the laser ablation of solid targets to produce a myriad
of morphologically distinct nanostructures. This will help readers in understanding the
unique one-pot green synthesis method, which gives a precise control over the size, com-
position, and biofunctionalization, and their results into multifunctional nanoparticles for
use in theranostics. The principal applications of nanomedicine in brain tumor treatment,
followed by a report on various preclinical and/or clinical studies conducted in brain
tumor treatment, are covered in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 provides detailed information on
the development of nanomaterials, especially mesoporous silica nanoparticles, that can
incorporate high volumes of therapeutic drugs. Such mesoporous nanoparticles can be
promising in a wide range of applications, such as information storage systems, magnetic
nanodevices, drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, medical diagnostics, and ferrofluids.
Chapter 15 demonstrates the use of near-infrared-resonant gold nanoshells and carbon
nanotubes in tumor imaging and nanodelivery systems for theranostics of carcinomas.

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii

viii Preface

Finally, Chapter 16 has critically upended the requirements for bone regeneration and how
biological inspiration is being coupled with the nanoscale engineering of biomaterials in
order to create innovative biomimetic scaffolds. The chapter also describes innovative
approaches to improve bioactive properties and molecular signaling in cells to stimulate
bone repair.
This book contains in-depth information on bioengineered nanomaterials being devel-
oped in leading research laboratories around the world. Although the primary focus of
attended nanomaterials is on biomedical applications, these technologies would be inter-
esting if explored in multidisciplinary passage. The comprehensively written chapters
are targeted to a broad readership, including students and researchers from diverse back-
grounds such as chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science,
pharmacy, biotechnology, and biomedical engineering. This book can be used as a text-
book by students of bioengineering courses as well as a reference book for researchers.
We are confident that the most recent and detailed information in this book will be use-
ful for students, researchers, scientists, engineers, and professors.

Atul Tiwari
Ashutosh Tiwari

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Editors

Atul Tiwari, PhD, is faculty in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University
of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. He earned an MS in chemistry from the University of Kanpur,
India, a PhD in polymer science from Macromolecular Research Centre, RD University,
Jabalpur, India, and an MS in mechanical engineering from the University of Hawaii at
Manoa in the United States. He earned chartered chemist and chartered scientist status from
the Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom, and is a member of several professional
bodies in the United Kingdom, the United States, and India.
Dr. Tiwari has invented and patented several technologies and has published more than
60 research articles, book chapters, and books in the area of materials science and engi-
neering. He has been actively engaged as a consultant in various fields of materials science
and engineering. Dr. Tiwari also serves as a reviewer and coeditor for international publi-
cation houses and as a board member in many prestigious institutions worldwide.

Ashutosh Tiwari, PhD, is faculty at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-
Linkoping University and editor in chief of Advanced Materials Letters. He is a materials
chemist and a graduate of the University of Allahabad, India. He currently serves as
adjunct/visiting professor at many prestigious institutions worldwide. He is also actively
engaged as a reviewer, editor, and member of scientific bodies worldwide.
Dr. Tiwari obtained various prestigious fellowships, including JSPS, Japan; SI, Sweden;
and Marie Curie, England/Sweden. In his academic career, he has published over
175 articles, acquired several patents, and participated in conference proceedings in the
field of materials science and technology. He has also edited or authored ten books on
the state of the art of materials science.

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix

Contributors

Nana M. Agyei João Paulo Borges

Department of Chemistry Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
University of Limpopo (Faculty of Sciences and Technology)
Medunsa, South Africa Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais
(Materials Science Department and
Hossein Abbastabar Ahangar CENIMAT/I3N)
Department of Materials Science and Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Engineering (New University of Lisbon)
Islamic Azad University Caparica, Portugal
Isfahan, Iran
Levon A. Bostanian
Eilis Ahern College of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy Xavier University of Louisiana
University College Cork New Orleans, Louisiana
Cork, Ireland
Maria Caffo
Toshihiro Akaike Department of Neurosciences Psychiatry
Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Anesthesiology
Graduate School of Bioscience and Neurosurgical Clinic
Biotechnology School of Medicine
Tokyo Institute of Technology University of Messina
Yokohama, Japan Messina, Italy
Ricard Armengol
Provital Group Gerardo Caruso
Barcelona, Spain Department of Neurosciences
Neurosurgical Clinic
Ana Baptista School of Medicine
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia University of Messina
(Faculty of Sciences and Technology) Messina, Italy
Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais
(Materials Science Department and C.J. Chen
CENIMAT/I3N) Center of Nanomagnetics and
Universidade Nova de Lisboa Biotechnology
(New University of Lisbon) Florida State University
Caparica, Portugal Tallahassee, Florida

Juana Benavente Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury

Facultad de Ciencias Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and
Departamento de Física Aplicada Health Sciences
Universidad de Málaga Monash University
Málaga, Spain Selangor, Malaysia

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xi

xii Contributors

Timothy Doody Jesús Hierrezuelo

School of Pharmacy Facultad de Ciencias
University College Cork Deptemento de Química Orgánica
Cork, Ireland Universidad de Málaga
Málaga, Spain
Gregor P.C. Drummen
Bionanoscience and Bio-Imaging
Sharif Hossain
Program
Department of Biomolecular Engineering
Cellular Stress and Ageing
Graduate School of Bioscience and
Program
Biotechnology
Bio&Nano-Solutions
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Düsseldorf, Germany
Yokohama, Japan
P.B.A. Fechine
Group of Advanced Chemistry Sachin Kadam
Materials Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Department of Analytical Engineering
Chemistry and Johns Hopkins University
Physical-Chemistry Baltimore, Maryland
Federal University of Ceará
Ceará, Brazil
Jagat R. Kanwar
Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular
Isabel Ferreira Biomedical Research
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Institute for Frontier Materials
(Faculty of Sciences and Technology) Deakin University
Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
(Materials Science Department and
CENIMAT/I3N)
Universidade Nova de Lisboa Rupinder K. Kanwar
(New University of Lisbon) Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular
Caparica, Portugal Biomedical Research
Institute for Frontier Materials
R.M. Freire Deakin University
Group of Advanced Chemistry Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
Materials
Department of Analytical
S. Kwon
Chemistry and
Department of Biological Engineering
Physical-Chemistry
Utah State University
Federal University of Ceará
Logan, Utah
Ceará, Brazil

David H. Gracias Giuseppe La Fata

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Department of Neurosciences Psychiatry
Engineering and Anesthesiology
and Neurosurgical Clinic
Department of Chemistry School of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University University of Messina
Baltimore, Maryland Messina, Italy

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contributors xiii

José M. Lanao Lucia Merlo

Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical R&D Laboratory
Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Neurosciences Psychiatry
Salamanca Institute for Biomedical and Anesthesiology
Research (IBSAL) Neurosurgical Clinic
University of Salamanca School of Medicine
Salamanca, Spain University of Messina
Messina, Italy
Grace Ledet
College of Pharmacy
Xavier University of Louisiana Mambo Moyo
New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Environmental, Water,
and Earth Sciences
E. Longhinotti Tshwane University of Technology
Group of Bioinorganic Chemistry Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Organic and Inorganic
Chemistry Jonathan O. Okonkwo
Federal University of Ceará Department of Environmental, Water,
Ceará, Brazil and Earth Sciences
Tshwane University of Technology
Juan Manuel López-Romero
Pretoria, South Africa
Facultad de Ciencias
Departamento de Química Orgánica
Universidad de Málaga Marcello Passalacqua
Málaga, Spain Department of Neurosciences Psychiatry
and Anesthesiology
Cristina Maderuelo Neurosurgical Clinic
Faculty of Pharmacy School of Medicine
Pharmaceutical R&D Laboratory University of Messina
Department of Pharmacy and Messina, Italy
Pharmaceutical Technology
University of Salamanca
Laura Peláez
Salamanca, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias
Ganesh Mahidhara Deptmento de Física Aplicada
Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Universidad de Málaga
Biomedical Research Málaga, Spain
Institute for Frontier Materials
Deakin University Erik Reimhult
Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia Department of Nanobiotechnology
Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials
Tarun K. Mandal University of Natural Resources and Life
College of Pharmacy Sciences, Vienna
Xavier University of Louisiana Vienna, Austria
New Orleans, Louisiana

Laura Martínez-Marcos Christine Reinemann

Faculty of Pharmacy Centre for Environmental Biotechnology
Pharmaceutical R&D Laboratory Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
University of Salamanca Research—UFZ
Salamanca, Spain Leipzig, Germany

© 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC