MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I)

Shailesh Trivedi
Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus.
 Module 11
Line integrals of vector fields and Green’s theorem in
plane
Contents

Line Integrals

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 3 / 90
Contents

Line Integrals
Work, Circulation, Flux

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 3 / 90
Contents

Line Integrals
Work, Circulation, Flux
Path Independence, Potential Function,
Conservative Fields

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 3 / 90
Contents

Line Integrals
Work, Circulation, Flux
Path Independence, Potential Function,
Conservative Fields
Green’s Theorem

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 3 / 90
Contents

Line Integrals
Work, Circulation, Flux
Path Independence, Potential Function,
Conservative Fields
Green’s Theorem

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 3 / 90
 Section 16.1
Line Integrals of Scalar
Functions

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 4 / 90
Line integral of scalar functions
Suppose that f (x, y, z) is a real-valued function defined
over the curve C, where
C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b.
The values of f along the curve are given by the
composite function f (x(t), y(t), z(t)).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 5 / 90
Line integral of scalar functions
Suppose that f (x, y, z) is a real-valued function defined
over the curve C, where
C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b.
The values of f along the curve are given by the
composite function f (x(t), y(t), z(t)).To define
integration of f over C, we partition the curve C into a
finite number (Say n) of subarcs with a typical subarc
having length ∆sk . In each subarc we choose a point
(xk , yk , zk ) and form the sum
n
X
Sn = f (xk , yk , zk )∆sk .
k=1
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 5 / 90
Line integral of scalar functions

Definition
If f is defined on a curve C given parametrically by

r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b,

then the line integral of f overC is

Z n
X
f ds = lim f (xk , yk , zk )∆sk
n→∞
C k=1

provided this limit exists.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 6 / 90
Properties of Line Integrals

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 7 / 90
Properties of Line Integrals
Let C be a smooth curve and let f and g are any
continuous functions. Then

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 7 / 90
Properties of Line Integrals
Let C be a smooth curve and let f and g are any
continuous functions. Then
Linearity Property:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 7 / 90
Properties of Line Integrals
Let C be a smooth curve and let f and g are any
continuous functions. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(f + g) ds = C
f ds + C
g ds.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 7 / 90
Properties of Line Integrals
Let C be a smooth curve and let f and g are any
continuous functions. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(f + g) ds = C f ds + C g ds.
R R
C
af ds = a C f ds, a is a constant.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 7 / 90
Properties of Line Integrals
Let C be a smooth curve and let f and g are any
continuous functions. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(f + g) ds = C f ds + C g ds.
R R
C
af ds = a C f ds, a is a constant.

Additivity: If a curve C is constructed by joining

curves C1 and C2 , then
Z Z Z
f ds = f ds + f ds.
C C1 C2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 7 / 90
Evaluation of a Line Integral

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 8 / 90
Evaluation of a Line Integral

To integrate a continuous function f over a curve C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 8 / 90
Evaluation of a Line Integral

To integrate a continuous function f over a curve C

Find a smooth parametrization of C along with the
limit of parameter.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 8 / 90
Evaluation of a Line Integral

To integrate a continuous function f over a curve C

Find a smooth parametrization of C along with the
limit of parameter.
Evaluate the integral as
Z Z b
f (x, y, z) ds = f (x(t), y(t), z(t))|v(t)| dt.
C a

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 8 / 90
Evaluation of a Line Integral

To integrate a continuous function f over a curve C

Find a smooth parametrization of C along with the
limit of parameter.
Evaluate the integral as
Z Z b
f (x, y, z) ds = f (x(t), y(t), z(t))|v(t)| dt.
C a

ds
As dt = |v(t)| and so ds = |v(t)|dt.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 8 / 90
Evaluation of a Line Integral

To integrate a continuous function f over a curve C

Find a smooth parametrization of C along with the
limit of parameter.
Evaluate the integral as
Z Z b
f (x, y, z) ds = f (x(t), y(t), z(t))|v(t)| dt.
C a

ds
As dt = |v(t)| and so ds = |v(t)|dt.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 8 / 90
Independent of orientation
The line integral of a scalar field along a curve C is
independent of the orientation of C.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 9 / 90
Independent of orientation
The line integral of a scalar field along a curve C is
independent of the orientation of C.
Theorem
Let f (x, y, z) be a real-valued function and C be a
smooth curve lying within the domain of f and
parametrized by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b.
Then Z Z
f (x, y, z) ds = f (x, y, z)ds,
C −C
where −C is the curve traversed in the direction
opposite to C.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 9 / 90
Independent of orientation

Proof.
Refer to the notes on Nalanda.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 10 / 90
Question
Evaluate the line integral
Z
(xy + y + z) ds,
C

where C is the line segment joining (0, 0, 2) to (2, 1, 0).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 11 / 90
Question
Evaluate the line integral
Z
(xy + y + z) ds,
C

where C is the line segment joining (0, 0, 2) to (2, 1, 0).

Sol. The line segment C is parallel to the vector

u = (2, 1, 0) − (0, 0, 2) = (2, 1, −2).

Therefore, a parametrization for the line segment is

r(t) = (0, 0, 2) + t(2, 1, −2) = (2t, t, 2(1 − t)), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 11 / 90
Now v = (2, 1, −2) and so |v| = 3. Hence
Z Z 1
13
(xy + y + z) ds = (2t2 + t + 2 − 2t) 3dt = .
C 0 2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 12 / 90
Now v = (2, 1, −2) and so |v| = 3. Hence
Z Z 1
13
(xy + y + z) ds = (2t2 + t + 2 − 2t) 3dt = .
C 0 2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 12 / 90
Question
Evaluate the integral
Z
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds,
C

where C is the curve consisting of straight lines joining

P (1, 0, 0) to Q(1, 1, 0) and then Q(1, 1, 0) to R(3, 3, 2).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 13 / 90
Question
Evaluate the integral
Z
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds,
C

where C is the curve consisting of straight lines joining

P (1, 0, 0) to Q(1, 1, 0) and then Q(1, 1, 0) to R(3, 3, 2).
Sol. The line segment P Q is parallel to the vector

u = (1, 1, 0) − (1, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 0).

Hence, a parametrization for the line segment P Q is

r(t) = (1, 0, 0) + t(0, 1, 0) = (1, t, 0), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 13 / 90
Thus v(t) = (0, 1, 0) and so |v(t)| = 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 14 / 90
Thus v(t) = (0, 1, 0) and so |v(t)| = 1.
Now, the line segment QR is parallel to the vector

u = (3, 3, 2) − (1, 1, 0) = (2, 2, 2).

Hence, a parametrization for the line segment QR is

r(t) = (1, 1, 0)+t(2, 2, 2) = (1+2t, 1+2t, 2t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 14 / 90
Thus v(t) = (0, 1, 0) and so |v(t)| = 1.
Now, the line segment QR is parallel to the vector

u = (3, 3, 2) − (1, 1, 0) = (2, 2, 2).

Hence, a parametrization for the line segment QR is

r(t) = (1, 1, 0)+t(2, 2, 2) = (1+2t, 1+2t, 2t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

√
Thus v(t) = (2, 2, 2) and so |v(t)| = 2 3.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 14 / 90
Now, we have
Z
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds
CZ Z
2 2 2
= (x + y + z ) ds + (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds
PQ QR
Z 1 Z 1 √
= [(1 + 2t)2 + (1 + 2t)2 + (2t)2 ] 2 3 dt
(1 + t2 ) dt +
Z0 1 0
√ Z 1
2
= (1 + t ) dt + 2 3 (12t2 + 8t + 2) dt
0 0
4 √
= + 20 3.
3

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 15 / 90
Question
√
Integrate f (x, y, z) = − x2 + z 2 over the circle

r(t) = (a cos t)j + (a sin t)k, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 16 / 90
Question
√
Integrate f (x, y, z) = − x2 + z 2 over the circle

r(t) = (a cos t)j + (a sin t)k, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Sol. We have v(t) = (−a sin t)j + (a cos t)k and so

|v(t)| = |a|. Now
p p
x2 + z 2 = 02 + (a sin t)2 = |a sin t|.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 16 / 90
 Z Z 2π
f (x, y, z) ds = −|a sin t||a| dt
C 0
Z 2π
2
= −a | sin t| dt
0
Z π Z 2π 
= −a2 sin t dt − sin t dt
0 π
2
= −a [(− cos t)π0 − (− cos t)2π
π ]
2
= −4a .

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 17 / 90
Question
R √
Evaluate C (x + y)ds, where C is given below:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 18 / 90
Question
R 1
Evaluate C ds, where C is given below:
x2 + y 2 + 1

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 19 / 90
 Section 16.2
Vector Fields and Line
Integrals: Work, Circulation,
and Flux

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 20 / 90
Vector Field

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 21 / 90
Vector Field

A vector field is a function that assigns a vector to each

point in its domain. A vector field on a three-dimensional
domain in space might have a formula like
F(x, y, z) = M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 21 / 90
Vector Field

A vector field is a function that assigns a vector to each

point in its domain. A vector field on a three-dimensional
domain in space might have a formula like
F(x, y, z) = M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k.
The formula for a field of two-dimensional vectors could
look like

F(x, y) = M (x, y)i + N (x, y)j.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 21 / 90
 We can also write F = (M, N, P ).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 22 / 90
 We can also write F = (M, N, P ).
F is continuous in D iff all its components are
continuous in D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 22 / 90
 We can also write F = (M, N, P ).
F is continuous in D iff all its components are
continuous in D.
F is differentiable in D iff all its components are
differentiable in D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 22 / 90
 We can also write F = (M, N, P ).
F is continuous in D iff all its components are
continuous in D.
F is differentiable in D iff all its components are
differentiable in D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 22 / 90
Line Integral of Vector Fields

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 23 / 90
Line Integral of Vector Fields
Definition (Line Integrals of Vector Fields)
Let F be a vector field with continuous components
defined along a smooth curve C parametrized by
r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Then the line integral of F along C is

r′ (t)
Z Z  
F · Tds = F(r(t)) · ′ |r′ (t)|dt
C C |r (t)|
Z b
= F(r(t)) · r′ (t)dt
Za
= F · dr.
C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 23 / 90
Properties

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Properties
Let C be a smooth curve and let F and G are vector
fields. Then

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Properties
Let C be a smooth curve and let F and G are vector
fields. Then
Linearity Property:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Properties
Let C be a smooth curve and let F and G are vector
fields. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(F + G) · dr = C
F · dr + C
G · dr.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Properties
Let C be a smooth curve and let F and G are vector
fields. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(F + G) · dr = C
F · dr + C
G · dr.
R R
C
(aF) · dr = a C F · dr, where a is a scalar.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Properties
Let C be a smooth curve and let F and G are vector
fields. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(F + G) · dr = C
F · dr + C
G · dr.
R R
C
(aF) · dr = a C F · dr, where a is a scalar.
R R
−C F · dr = − C F · dr.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Properties
Let C be a smooth curve and let F and G are vector
fields. Then
Linearity Property:
R R R
C
(F + G) · dr = C
F · dr + C
G · dr.
R R
C
(aF) · dr = a C F · dr, where a is a scalar.
R R
−C F · dr = − C F · dr.
Additivity: If a curve C is constructed by joining
two curves C1 and C2 , then
Z Z Z
F · dr = F · dr + F · dr.
C C1 C2
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 24 / 90
Work Done

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 25 / 90
Work Done

Definition
Let C be a smooth curve parametrized by
r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, and let F be a continuous force field
over a region containing C. Then the work done in
moving an object from the point A = r(a) to the point
B = r(b) along C is
Z Z b
W = F · Tds = F(r(t)) · r′ (t)dt.
C a

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 25 / 90
Question
Find the work done by the force
F = xyi + yj − yzk,
in moving a particle from r(0) to r(1) along the curve
r(t) = ti + t2 j + tk, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 26 / 90
Question
Find the work done by the force
F = xyi + yj − yzk,
in moving a particle from r(0) to r(1) along the curve
r(t) = ti + t2 j + tk, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Sol. Here
x(t) = t, y(t) = t2 , z(t) = t.
Thus
x′ (t) = 1, x′ (t) = 2t, x′ (t) = 1.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 26 / 90
Also,

M = xy = t3 , N = y = t2 , P = −yz = −t3 .

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 27 / 90
Also,

M = xy = t3 , N = y = t2 , P = −yz = −t3 .

Therefore,
Z 1
W = (M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)) dt
Z0 1
= (t3 + 2t3 − t3 ) dt
0
1
= ·
2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 27 / 90
Simple and Simple Closed Curve

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 28 / 90
Simple and Simple Closed Curve

Simple Curve
Simple curve is a curve which does not intersect itself
any where between its end points.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 28 / 90
Simple and Simple Closed Curve

Simple Curve
Simple curve is a curve which does not intersect itself
any where between its end points.

Simple Closed Curve

Simple closed curve is a curve which is simple and closed
i.e., end point values are same.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 28 / 90
1

1
Picture Courtesy: https://www.teachoo.com/
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 29 / 90
Flow and Circulation

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 30 / 90
Flow and Circulation
Definition (Flow Integral)
If r(t) parametrizes a smooth curve C in the domain of a
continuous velocity field F, the flow along the curve
from A = r(a) to B = r(b) is
Z
Flow = F · Tds.
C

The integral is called a flow integral.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 30 / 90
Flow and Circulation
Definition (Flow Integral)
If r(t) parametrizes a smooth curve C in the domain of a
continuous velocity field F, the flow along the curve
from A = r(a) to B = r(b) is
Z
Flow = F · Tds.
C

The integral is called a flow integral.

If the curve starts and ends at the same point, so that
A = B, the flow is called the circulation around the
curve.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 30 / 90
Computational Formula

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 31 / 90
Computational Formula
Let r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b, and
F = M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k. Since
r′ (t)
T= ′ , so the Flow/Circulation of F around C is
|r (t)|
given by the line integral
Z Z b
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C Za
= M dx + N dy + P dz.
C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 31 / 90
Computational Formula
Let r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b, and
F = M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k. Since
r′ (t)
T= ′ , so the Flow/Circulation of F around C is
|r (t)|
given by the line integral
Z Z b
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C Za
= M dx + N dy + P dz.
C

Note: The Iline integral over a closed curve is often

denoted as .
C
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 31 / 90
Question
Find the circulation of
F = 2xi + 2zj + 2yk,
around the closed curve consisting of the following three
curves traversed in the direction of increasing t
C1 : (cos t)i + (sin t)j + tk, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ π/2,
C2 : j + (π/2)(1 − t)k, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1,
C3 : ti + (1 − t)j, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 32 / 90
Question
Find the circulation of
F = 2xi + 2zj + 2yk,
around the closed curve consisting of the following three
curves traversed in the direction of increasing t
C1 : (cos t)i + (sin t)j + tk, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ π/2,
C2 : j + (π/2)(1 − t)k, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1,
C3 : ti + (1 − t)j, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Sol. We’ll find the required line integrals along

C1 , C2 , C3 separately, and the circulation will be the sum
of these three integrals.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 32 / 90
Integral along C1 and C2
Z Z π/2
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C1 0
Z π/2
= (−2 cos t sin t + 2t cos t + 2 sin t) dt
0
= π − 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 33 / 90
Integral along C1 and C2
Z Z π/2
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C1 0
Z π/2
= (−2 cos t sin t + 2t cos t + 2 sin t) dt
0
= π − 1.

Z Z 1
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C2 0
Z 1
= (0 + 0 + 2(−π/2)) dt = −π.
0
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 33 / 90
Integral along C3

Z Z 1
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C3 0
Z 1
= (2t + 0 + 0) dt
0
= 1.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 34 / 90
Integral along C3

Z Z 1
F · dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t) + P z ′ (t)] dt
C3 0
Z 1
= (2t + 0 + 0) dt
0
= 1.

Hence the total circulation (on adding) is 0.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 34 / 90
Flux

Definition (Flux)
If C is a smooth simple closed curve in the domain of a
continuous vector field F = M (x, y)i + N (x, y)j in the
plane, and if n is the outward pointing unit normal
vector on C, the flux of F across C is
Z
Flux of F across C = F · n ds.
C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 35 / 90
Finding Outward Normal

We can find the outward unit normal vector n by

crossing the curve’s unit tangent vector T with the
vector k. We have two choices, k × T and T × k.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 36 / 90
Finding Outward Normal

We can find the outward unit normal vector n by

crossing the curve’s unit tangent vector T with the
vector k. We have two choices, k × T and T × k.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 36 / 90
Right Hand Rule

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 37 / 90
Flux of a Vector Field

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 38 / 90
Flux of a Vector Field
If C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j, a ⩽ t ⩽ b
(counter-clockwise direction), then
1  ′ ′

T= ′ x (t)i + y (t)j .
|r (t)|
Now,
1  ′ ′

n=T×k= ′ y (t)i − x (t)j .
|r (t)|
Thus, we get
1  ′ ′

F·n= ′ M y (t) − N x (t) .
|r (t)|
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 38 / 90
Therefore, the flux is given by
Z
Flux = F · n ds
ZCb
1
= [M y ′ (t) − N x′ (t)] ′ |r′ (t)| dt
a |r (t)|
Z b
= [M y ′ (t) − N x′ (t)] dt
Za
= M dy − N dx.
C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 39 / 90
Thus the following formula will be used for calculating
the flux across a smooth closed plane curve:
Z
Flux = [M y ′ (t) − N x′ (t)] dt
ZC
= (M dy − N dx) .
C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 40 / 90
Question
Find the flux of the field
F = 2xi − 3yj,
across the circle r(t) = (a cos t, a sin t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 41 / 90
Question
Find the flux of the field
F = 2xi − 3yj,
across the circle r(t) = (a cos t, a sin t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.
Sol.
Z 2π
Flux = [M y ′ (t) − N x′ (t)] dt
Z0 2π
= [(2a cos t)(a cos t) − (−3a sin t)(−a sin t)] dt
0
Z 2π
= [2a2 cos2 t − 3a2 sin2 t] dt
0
= −πa2 .
Question
Find the flux of the field
F = 2xi − 3yj,
across the circle r(t) = (a cos t, a sin t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.
Sol.
Z 2π
Flux = [M y ′ (t) − N x′ (t)] dt
Z0 2π
= [(2a cos t)(a cos t) − (−3a sin t)(−a sin t)] dt
0
Z 2π
= [2a2 cos2 t − 3a2 sin2 t] dt
0
= −πa2 .
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 41 / 90
 Section 16.3
Path Independence,
Potential Functions and
Conservative Fields

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 42 / 90
Definitions

1 Piecewise smooth curves- The curves that are made

up of finitely many smooth pieces connected end to
end.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 43 / 90
Definitions

1 Piecewise smooth curves- The curves that are made

up of finitely many smooth pieces connected end to
end.
2 A domain D is said to be connected if any two
points in D can be joined by a smooth curve that
completely lies in the region.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 43 / 90
Definitions

1 Piecewise smooth curves- The curves that are made

up of finitely many smooth pieces connected end to
end.
2 A domain D is said to be connected if any two
points in D can be joined by a smooth curve that
completely lies in the region.
3 A domain D is said to be simply connected if every
loop in D can be contracted to a point in D
without ever leaving D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 43 / 90
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 44 / 90
Path Independence and
Conservative Field

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 45 / 90
Path Independence and
Conservative Field

Let F be a field defined in an open region D in space.

The line integral Z
F · dr,
AB
is said to be path independent in D if the value of the
integral is same along all paths from A to B lying in D.
In this case the field F is said to be conservative on D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 45 / 90
Potential Function

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 46 / 90
Potential Function

Potential Function
If F is a field defined on D and F = ∇f for some real
valued function f on D, then f (x, y, z) is called a
potential function for F.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 46 / 90
Fundamental Theorem

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 47 / 90
Fundamental Theorem

Theorem: Fundamental Theorem of Line

Integrals
Let F be a continuous vector field in an open connected
region D in the plane (or in space) and f is a
differentiable function such that F = ∇f . Then,
Z
F · dr = f (B) − f (A),
C

for every smooth curve C in D joining A to B.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 47 / 90
Fundamental Theorem
Proof.
Let C be any smooth curve joining A and B. Suppose
that C is parametrized by r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k,
a ≤ t ≤ b. Then r(a) = A and r(b) = B. Thus, we get
Z Z Z
∂f ∂f ∂f
F · dr = ∇f · dr = dx + dy + dz
C C C ∂x ∂y ∂z
Z b
∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz 
= + + dt
a ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
Z b
d
= f (r(t))dt = f (r(b)) − f (r(a))
a dt
= f (B) − f (A).
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 48 / 90
Conservative Fields and Gradient Fields

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 49 / 90
Conservative Fields and Gradient Fields

Theorem: Conservative Fields and Gradient Fields

Let F = M i + N j + P k be a continuous vector field in
an open connected region D in space. Then F is
conservative if and only if there exists a differentiable
function f such that F = ∇f .

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 49 / 90
Loop Property

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 50 / 90
Loop Property

Theorem: Loop Property of Conservative Fields

Following statements are equivalent:
H
(i) C F · dr = 0 around every closed curve in D.
(ii) The field F is conservative on D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 50 / 90
Loop Property

Theorem: Loop Property of Conservative Fields

Following statements are equivalent:
H
(i) C F · dr = 0 around every closed curve in D.
(ii) The field F is conservative on D.
Proof. (i) implies (ii): Let A and B be two points in
D, and C1 and C2 be two curves lying in D and joining
A to B. Reverse the direction of C2 to make a new path
−C2 form B to A. Then, C1 and −C2 together make a
closed loop C.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 50 / 90
Now, we have
I
F.dr = 0
Z Z C

F.dr + F.dr = 0
C1 −C2
Z Z
F.dr − F.dr = 0
C1 C2
Z Z
F.dr = F.dr.
C1 C2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 51 / 90
Now, we have
I
F.dr = 0
Z Z C

F.dr + F.dr = 0
C1 −C2
Z Z
F.dr − F.dr = 0
C1 C2
Z Z
F.dr = F.dr.
C1 C2

Thus the line integral along C1 and C2 have the same

value. Hence, the field is conservative.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 51 / 90
(ii) implies (i): Let C be a closed curve lying in D.
Choose two points A and B on C. Then C becomes the
union of two curves C1 from A to B and C2 from B to
A. Then, we have
I Z Z
F.dr = F.dr + F.dr
C
ZC1 ZC2
= F.dr − F.dr
C1 −C2
=0 (as the field is conservative).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 52 / 90
Main Results

Z
F = ∇f on D ⇔ F is conservative on D ⇔ F·dr = 0,
C

where C is any closed loop in D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 53 / 90
Main Results

Z
F = ∇f on D ⇔ F is conservative on D ⇔ F·dr = 0,
C

where C is any closed loop in D.These conditions can be

combined in one theorem as
Theorem
F = ∇f onHD if and only if F is conservative on D if
and only if C F.dr = 0 over any closed loop C in D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 53 / 90
Working method

Now there are two questions:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 54 / 90
Working method

Now there are two questions:

How do we know whether a given vector field F is
conservative?

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 54 / 90
Working method

Now there are two questions:

How do we know whether a given vector field F is
conservative?
If F is in fact conservative, how do we find a
potential function f (so that F = ∇f )?

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 54 / 90
Example
Let F = (2xy + y 2 )i + (x2 + 2xy)j and

C1 : r(t) = (1 − t, t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1,
C2 : r(t) = (cos t, sin t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ π/2,

be two curves joining the points A(1, 0) and B(0, 1).

Verify that the line integral of F along C1 and C2 have
the same value.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 55 / 90
Sol. We have
Z Z
F.dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t)] dt
C1 C1
Z 1
= [(2(1 − t)t + t2 )(−1) + ((1 − t)2 + 2(1 − t)t] dt
Z0 1
= (1 − 2t)] dt
0
= 0.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 56 / 90
Also,
Z Z
F.dr = [M x′ (t) + N y ′ (t)] dt
C2 C2
Zπ/2
= [(2 cos t sin t + sin2 t)(− sin t)
0
+ (cos2 t + 2 cos t sin t) cos t] dt
= 0.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 57 / 90
Test for a Conservative Field

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 58 / 90
Test for a Conservative Field

Component Test for Conservative Fields

Let F = M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k be a
field whose component functions have continuous first
partial derivatives on an open simply connected domain
D. Then, F is conservative if and only if
∂M ∂N ∂N ∂P ∂P ∂M
= , = , = .
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 58 / 90
Question
Decide whether the field
F = (ex cos y)i − (ex sin y)j + zk,
is conservative.
Sol. Here M = ex cos y, N = −ex sin y, P = z, so
∂M ∂N
= −ex sin y = ,
∂y ∂x
∂N ∂P
=0= ,
∂z ∂y
∂P ∂M
=0= .
∂x ∂z
Hence, the field is conservative.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 59 / 90
If F is a vector field then curl(F) is defined as

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl(F) = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
M N P

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 60 / 90
If F is a vector field then curl(F) is defined as

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl(F) = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
M N P

Remark If F is conservative then Curl(F) = 0.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 60 / 90
Exact Differential Forms

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 61 / 90
Exact Differential Forms

The form M dx + N dy + P dz is called a differential

form. This differential form is called exact on a domain
D, if there exists a function f (x, y, z) such that
∂f ∂f ∂f
M= , N= , P = ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
throughout D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 61 / 90
Test for Exactness of Differential Form

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 62 / 90
Test for Exactness of Differential Form

M dx + N dy + P dz is exact in D if and only if

∂M ∂N ∂N ∂P ∂P ∂M
= , = , = ,
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z
in D.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 62 / 90
Question

Show that
 
1 1
F(x, y, z) = (2 cos y)i + − 2x sin y j + k,
y z

is conservative and find a potential function for it. Also

evaluate the integral
Z (1,π/2,2)  
1 1
(2 cos y) dx + − 2x sin y dy + dz.
(0,2,1) y z

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 63 / 90
Sol. Since
∂M ∂N
= −2 sin y = ,
∂y ∂x
∂N ∂P ∂P ∂M
=0= , =0= .
∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 64 / 90
Sol. Since
∂M ∂N
= −2 sin y = ,
∂y ∂x
∂N ∂P ∂P ∂M
=0= , =0= .
∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z
Therefore the field is conservative and so there exists a
potential function f such that
∂f
M= = 2 cos y, (1)
∂x
∂f 1
N= = − 2x sin y, (2)
∂y y
∂f 1
P = = . (3)
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) ∂zF111 (MATHEMATICS-I)
MATH z October 30, 2024 64 / 90
Integrating (1):

f = 2x cos y + g(y, z).

On differentiating w.r.t. y:
∂f ∂g(y, z)
= −2x sin y + .
∂y ∂y
On comparing with (2):

∂g(y, z) 1
= .
∂y y

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 65 / 90
On integrating w.r.t. y:

g(y, z) = ln |y| + h(z),

and so
f = 2x cos y + ln |y| + h(z).
On differentiating w.r.t. y:
∂f
= h′ (z).
∂z
On comparing with (3):
1
h′ (z) = ,
z
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 66 / 90
and so
h(z) = ln |z| + C.
Hence
f = 2x cos y + ln |y| + ln |z| + C.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 67 / 90
and so
h(z) = ln |z| + C.
Hence
f = 2x cos y + ln |y| + ln |z| + C.

Finally, we have
Z (1,π/2,2)  
1 1
(2 cos y) dx + − 2x sin y dy + dz
(0,2,1) y z
= f (1, π/2, 2) − f (0, 2, 1)
= ln(π/2).

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 67 / 90
Questions I
1 Show that

F = (2x − 3)i − zj + cos zk,

is not conservative.
2 Show that the differential form in the integral is
exact. Then evaluate the integral
Z (2,1,1)  2 
x
(2x ln y − yz) dx + − xz dy − xy dz.
(1,2,1) y

Ans. f = x2 ln y − xyz + C, − ln 2.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 68 / 90
Questions II
3 Show that the vector field F given by
−y x
F= i + j + 0k.
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
satisfies the equations in the Component Test, but
is not conservative over its natural domain. Explain
why this is possible.

Sol. See, example 5 on page 982 of the textbook.

In the following questions, check if F is
conservative. If it is, find a potential function.
4 F = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 69 / 90
Questions III

5 F = −yi + xj + zk
6 F = ez sin xi − ez cos xj + xyk
x y
7 F = x2 +y 2 i + x2 +y 2 j + zk

8 F = (z 2 − y)i + (x2 − z)j + (y 2 − x)k

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 70 / 90
 Section 16.4
Green’s theorem in the
Plane

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 71 / 90
Motivation

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 72 / 90
Motivation

In the previous sections, we have seen that the circulation

of a conservative vector field along a simple closed curve
is 0. In this section, we will focus our attention to the
circulation of a non-conservative vector field along a
piecewise smooth simple closed curve. Although, we
have already learned the circulation of any arbitrary
vector field along a smooth curve, but that method
requires several things such as parametric equation of the
curve, unit tangent vector etc. In this regard, the Green’s
theorem simplifies the situation significantly.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 72 / 90
Motivation

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 73 / 90
Motivation
Let’s calculate the circulation of
F(x, y) = M (x, y)i + N (x, y)j along the following closed
curve:

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 73 / 90
Motivation

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 74 / 90
Motivation
Total circulation around the rectangle is
 
= M (x, y) − M (x, y + ∆y) ∆x +
 
N (x + ∆x, y) − N (x, y) ∆y
∂M ∂N
≈ − ∆y∆x + ∆x∆y
∂y ∂x
 ∂N ∂M 
≈ − dx dy.
∂x ∂y
This motivates us for the first version of the Green’s
theorem.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 74 / 90
Circulation density

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 75 / 90
Circulation density

Circulation density or k-component of Curl of a vector

field F = (M, N ) at the point (x, y) is
∂N ∂M
curl(F) · k = − ·
∂x ∂y

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 75 / 90
Green’s Theorem

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 76 / 90
Green’s Theorem

There are two forms

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 76 / 90
Green’s Theorem

There are two forms

Circulation-Curl or Tangential form.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 76 / 90
Green’s Theorem

There are two forms

Circulation-Curl or Tangential form.

Flux-Divergence or Normal form.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 76 / 90
Green’s Theorem

There are two forms

Circulation-Curl or Tangential form.

Flux-Divergence or Normal form.
Green’s Theorem relates a Line Integral along a simple
closed plane curve with the Double Integral over the
region bounded by this curve.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 76 / 90
Circulation-Curl/Tangential form

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 77 / 90
Circulation-Curl/Tangential form
Theorem (Green’s Theorem)
Let C be a piecewise smooth, simple closed curve which
bounds a region R. Let F = M i + N j be a vector field
with M and N having continuous first order partial
derivatives in an open region containing R. Then,
I I
F · T ds = M dx + N dy
C
| {z } C
Counterclockwise Circulation
ZZ  
∂N ∂M
= − dx dy .
R ∂x ∂y
| {z }
Curl Integral
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 77 / 90
Flux-Divergence/Normal form

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 78 / 90
Flux-Divergence/Normal form

Theorem (Green’s Theorem)

Let C be a piecewise smooth, simple closed curve which
bounds a region R. Let F = M i + N j be a vector field
with M and N having continuous first order partial
derivatives in an open region containing R. Then,
I I ZZ  
∂M ∂N
F · n ds = M dy−N dx = + dx dy
C C R ∂x ∂y
| {z } | {z }
Outward flux Divergence
Integral

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 78 / 90
Generally, Green’s Theorem is applied, in evaluating line
integrals along a (complicated) but simple closed curve,
by means of the equivalent double integrals. We
illustrate this by the following example.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 79 / 90
Question
Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate the integral
I
(y 2 dx + x2 dy),
C

where C is the triangle bounded by

x = 0, x + y = 1, y = 0.

Sol. Using Green’s theorem, we have

I ZZ  
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dx dy,
C R ∂x ∂y
which gives
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 80 / 90
 I ZZ
M dx + N dy = (2x − 2y) dx dy
C
ZR1 Z 1−x
=2 (x − y) dy dx
0 0
= 0.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 81 / 90
Question
Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate the integral
I
(6y + x) dx + (y + 2x) dy,
C
where C is the circle (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 4.
Sol. Using Green’s theorem, we have
I ZZ  
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dx dy
C ∂x ∂y
Z ZR
= (2 − 6) dx dy
R
= −4(Area of the circle)
= −16π.
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 82 / 90
Question
Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate the integral
I
(3x2 − 8y 2 ) dx + (4y − 6xy) dy,
C

where C is the boundary of the triangle formed by the

lines x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
Sol. Using Green’s theorem, we have
I ZZ  
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dx dy,
C R ∂x ∂y

which gives
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 83 / 90
 I ZZ
M dx + N dy = (−6y + 16y) dx dy
C
ZR 1 Z 1−x
= 10 y dy dx
0 0
= 5/3.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 84 / 90
Question
Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate the integral
I
(x + y 2 ) dx − (x + y) dy,
C

where √
the closed curve C made up of the semi-circle
y = − 1 − x2 below the x-axis and the parabola
y = 1 − x2 above the x-axis.
Sol. Using Green’s theorem, we have
I ZZ  
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dx dy
C R ∂x ∂y

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 85 / 90
 I ZZ
M dx + N dy = (−1 − 2y) dx dy
C R
Z 1 Z 1−x2
= √ (−1 − 2y) dy dx
−1 − 1−x2
 
16 π
=− + .
15 2

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 86 / 90
Area with Green’s theorem

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 87 / 90
Area with Green’s theorem

If a simple closed curve encloses the region R, then the

area A of region R is given by
I
1
A= x dy − y dx.
2 C

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 87 / 90
Question
Find the area of the astroid
r(t) = (cos3 t)i + (sin3 t)j, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 88 / 90
Question
Find the area of the astroid
r(t) = (cos3 t)i + (sin3 t)j, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Sol.
I
1
A= x dy − y dx
2 C
1 2π
Z
= [cos3 t(3 sin2 t cos t) − sin3 t(−3 cos2 t sin t)] dt
2 0
1 2π
Z
= 3 cos2 t sin2 t dt
2 0
Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 88 / 90
 3 2π 2
Z
A= sin 2t dt
8 0
3 2π
Z
= (1 − cos 4t) dt
16 0
3π
= .
8

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 89 / 90
Homework Verify both forms of Green’s theorem for
the field
F = (x − y)i + xj,
and the region R bounded by the unit circle

C : r(t) = cos ti + sin tj, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 90 / 90
Homework Verify both forms of Green’s theorem for
the field
F = (x − y)i + xj,
and the region R bounded by the unit circle

C : r(t) = cos ti + sin tj, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Ans. Curl-Circulation Form: 2π.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 90 / 90
Homework Verify both forms of Green’s theorem for
the field
F = (x − y)i + xj,
and the region R bounded by the unit circle

C : r(t) = cos ti + sin tj, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 2π.

Ans. Curl-Circulation Form: 2π.

Flux-Divergence Form: π.

Shailesh Trivedi (BITS Pilani) MATH F111 (MATHEMATICS-I) October 30, 2024 90 / 90