Human Development A Cultural Approach, 3rd Edition

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Contents
•
Preface XI The Theory of Genotype ~ Environment Effects 54
•
About th e Au th ors XXI • RESEARCH FOCUS: Twin Studies: The Story of
Oskar and Jack 55
1 A Cultural Approach to Human Gen es and Individual Develop m en t 57
Development 1 Sperm and Egg Formation 57
Section 1 Human Development Today Conception 58
and Its Origins Summary: Genetic Influences on Development 60
4
A Demographic Profile of H umanity 4 Section 2 Prenatal Development and Prenatal Care 61
Population Growth and Change 4 Prenatal Development 61
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Niger and the Netherlands: The Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks) 61
An Up-Close Look at the Demographic Divide 6 The Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8) 62
Variations Across Countries 8 The Fetal Period (Week 9-Birth) 63
Variations Within Countries 10 Prenatal Care 65
Human Origins: The Rise of a Cultural and Variations in Prenatal Care 65
Glob al Species 11 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Pregnancy and Prenatal Care Across
Our Evolutionary Beginnings 12 Cultures 66
The Origin of Cultures and Civilizations 14 Teratogens 68
Human Evolution and Human Development Today 16 Summary: Prenatal Development and Prenatal Care 71
Summary: Human Development Today and Its Origins 17 Section 3 Pregnancy Problems 72
Section 2 Theories of Human Development 19 Prenatal Problems 72
Ancient Conceptions 19 Chromosomal Disorders 72
Conceptions of Development in Three Traditions 19 Prenatal Diagnosis 74
Scientific Conceptions 22 Infertility 75
Freud's Psychosexual Theory 22 Psychological and Social Implications 76
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 23 Causes and Treatments 76
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory 25 Summary: Pregnancy Problems 79

A Cultural-Developmental Model for This Text 27 Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 79

Summary: Theories of Human Development 29

Section 3 How We Study Human Development 30 3 Birth and the N ewborn Child 80
The Scientific Meth od 30
Section 1 Birth and Its Cultural Context 82
The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 30
The Birth Process 82
Research Measurem ents, Designs, and Ethics 32
Stages of the Birth Process 82
Research Measurements 32
Birth Complications and Cesarean Delivery 84
Research Designs 35
Historical and Cultural Variations 86
• RESEARCH FOCUS: Darwin's Diary, A Case Study 38
The Peculiar History of Birth in the West 86
Ethics in Human Development Research 41
Birth Across Cultures: Who Helps? 89
Summary: How We Study Human Development 43
Birth Across Cultures: Practices Aimed at
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 43
Diminishing Danger and Pain 90
2 Genetics and Prenatal Development 44 Cultural Variations in Neonatal and
Maternal Mortality 92
Section 1 Genetic Influences on Development 46 Summary: Birth and Its Cultural Context 93
Genetic Basics 46 Section 2 The Neonate 95
Genotype and Phenotype 46 The Neonate's Health 95
The Sex Chromosomes 49 Measuring Neonatal Health 95
Genes and the Environment 51 Low Birth Weight 98
Principles of Behavior Genetics 51 The Neonate's Physical Functioning 100
Gene-Environment Interactions: Epigenetics Neonatal Sleeping Patterns 101
and Reaction Ranges 53 Neonatal Reflexes 102

v
 •
VI Contents

Neonatal Senses 103 Goodness-of-Fit 162

Summary: The Neonate 106 Infan ts' Emotions 162
Section 3 Caring for the Neonate 108 Primary Emotions 163
Nutrition: Is Breast Best? 108 Infants' Emotional Perceptions 164
Historical and Cultural Perspectives The Social World of the Infan t 166
on Breast-Feeding 108 Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life 166
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Breast-Feeding Practices The Foundation of Social Development:
Across Cultures 109 Two Theories 167
Benefits of Breast-Feeding 110 Summary: Social and Emotional Development 168

• RESEARCH FOCUS: Breast-Feeding Benefits: Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 169

Separating Correlation and Causation 111
Social and Emotional Aspects of Neonatal Care 113 5 Toddlerhood 170
Crying and Soothing 114 Section 1 Physical Development 172
Bonding: Myth and Truth 117 Growth and Change in Years 2 and 3 172
Postpartum Depression 118 Bodily Growth 172
Summary: Caring for the Neonate 120 Brain Development 174
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 121 Changes in Sleep 175
Motor Development 176
4 Infancy 122
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Gross Motor Development
Section 1 Physical Development 124 Across Cultures 177
Growth and Change in Infancy 124 Socializing Physical Functions: Toilet Training
Growth Patterns 124 and Weaning 178
Brain Development 126 Toilet Training 179
Sleep Changes 130 Weaning 180
Infant Health 133 Summary: Physical Development 180

Nutritional Needs 133 Section 2 Cognitive Development 182

Infant Mortality 135 Cognitive Development Theories 182
Motor and Sensory Development 137 Cognitive Development in Toddlerhood:
Motor Development 138 Piaget's Theory 182
Vygotsky' s Cultural Theory of Cognitive
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Infant Fine Motor Development
Development 184
Across Cultures 141
Language Development 187
Sensory Development 141
The Biological and Evolutionary Bases of Language 187
Summary: Physical Development 142
Milestones of Toddler Language: From First
Section 2 Cognitive Development 144
Words to Fluency 189
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 144
Learning Language in a Social and Cultural Context 192
Basic Cognitive-Developmental Concepts 144
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Language Development
The Sensorimotor Stage 146
Across Cultures 194
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Object Permanence Across Cultures 147 Summary: Cognitive Development 194
Information Processing in Infancy 148 Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 196
Information-Processing Approaches 149 Emotional Development in Toddlerhood 196
Attention 149 Toddlers' Emotions 196
Memory 150 The Birth of the Self 199
Assessing Infant Development 151 Gender Identity and the Biology of Gender
Approaches to Assessing Development 151 Development 200
Can Media Enhance Cognitive Development? Attachment Theory and Research 202
The Myth of "Baby Einstein" 152 Attachment Theory 202
The Beginnings of Language 153
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Stranger Anxiety Across Cultures 204
First Sounds and Words 154
Quality of Attachment 205
Infant-Directed (ID) Speech 155
• RESEARCH FOCUS: Early Child Care and Its
Summary: Cognitive Development 157
Consequences 207
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 159
The Social World of the Toddler 211
Temperament 159
The Role of Fathers 211
Conceptualizing Temperament 159
The Wider Social World: Siblings, Peers, and Friends 212
• RESEARCH FOCUS: Measuring Temperament 161
 ••
Contents VII

Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Disruption in Social Health Issues 278

Development 215 Malnutrition and Obesity 278
Media Use in Toddlerhood 216 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Is Contemporary American Culture
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 218 Setting Off a Genetic Tripwire for Obesity? 280
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 219 Illness and Injuries 281
Summary: Physical Development 283
6 Early Childhood 220 Section 2 Cognitive Development 284
Section 1 Physical Development 222 Theories of Cognitive Development 284
Growth from Age 3 to 6 222 Concrete Operations 284
Bodily Growth 222 Information Processing 286
Brain Development and "Infantile" Amnesia 224 Intelligence and Intelligence Tests 291
Health and Safety in Early Childhood 225 Language Development 296
Motor Development 228 Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pragmatics 297
Gross and Fine Motor Skills 228 Multilingualism 297
Handedness 229 School in Middle Childhood 300
Summary: Physical Development 230 School Experiences and Achievement 300
Section 2 Cognitive Development 232 • CULTURAL FOCUS: School and Education in
Theories of Cognitive Developmen t 232 Middle Childhood Across Cultures 302
Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Learning the Cognitive Skills of School:
Development 232 Reading and Mathematics 303
Young Children's Social Cognition: The Summary: Cognitive Development 305
Development of Theory of Mind 235 Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 306
Cultural Learning in Early Childhood 237 Emotional and Self-Development 306
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Guided Participation Across Cultures 238 Smooth Sailing: Advances in Emotional
Early Childhood Education 239 Self-Regulation 306
The Importance of Preschool Quality 239 Self-Understanding 308
Preschool as a Cognitive Intervention 241 Gender Development 310
Language Development 243 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle
Advances in Vocabulary and Grammar 243 Childhood 312
Pragmatics: Social and Cultural Rules of Language 243 Family Relations 312
Summary: Cognitive Development 245 Friends and Peers 317
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 246 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Friendship and Play in Middle
Emotional Regulation and Gender Socialization 246 Childhood Across Cultures 318
Emotional Regulation 246 Work 321
Moral Development 248 Media Use 323
Gender Development 250 • RESEARCH FOCUS: TV or Not TV? 324
Parenting 252 Summary: Emotional and Social Development 326

Parenting "Styles" 253 Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 327

Discipline and Punishment 256

The Child's Expanding Social World 260 8 Adolescence 328
Mead's Classifications of Childhood Social Stages 260 Section 1 Physical Development 330
Siblings and "Only Children" 261 The Metamorphosis: Biological Changes of Puberty 330
Peers and Friends 263 The Physical Changes of Puberty 330
• RESEARCH FOCUS: Shyness in China and Canada: The Timing of Puberty 333
Cultural Interpretations 265 Cultural Responses: Puberty Rituals 336
Media Use in Early Childhood 267 Health Issues in Adolescence 337
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 270
Eating Disorders 338
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 271
Substance Use 340
Summary: Physical Development
7 Middle Childhood 272 342

Section 2 Cognitive Development 343

Section 1 Physical Development 274 Adolescent Cognition 343
Growth in Middle Childhood 274 Piaget's Theory of Formal Operations 343
Physical Growth and Sensory Development 274 Information Processing: Selective Attention and
Motor Development 275 Advances in Memory and Executive Function 345
viii Contents

Social Cognition: The Imaginary Audience and the Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 412
Personal Fable 346 Emotional and Self-Development 412
Culture and Cognition 348 Self-Esteem 412
Education and Work 348 Identity Development 413
Schools: Secondary Education 349 Gender Development: Cultural Beliefs
Work 352 and Stereotypes 418
Summary: Cognitive Development 354 Cultural Beliefs 420
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 356 Religious Development 420
Emotional and Self-Development 356 Political Development 421
Emotionality in Adolescence: Storm and Stress? 357 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Emerging
Self-Development in Adolescence 358 Adulthood 423
Gender Development 359 Family Relationships 423
Cultural Beliefs: Morality and Religion 362 Friendships 425
Moral Development 362 Love and Sexuality 426
Religious Beliefs 364 Media Use 429
The Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence 365 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Media Use in Emerging Adulthood
Family Relationships 365 Across Cultures 431
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 431
• RESEARCH FOCUS: The Daily Rhythms of
Adolescents' Family Lives 366 Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 433

• CULTURAL FOCUS: Adolescent Conflict with Parents 368

Peers and Friends 369
10 Young Adulthood 434
Love and Sexuality 372 Section 1 Physical Development 436
Media Use 376 The Transition to Adulthood 436
Problems 377 What Makes an Adult? 436
Crime and Delinquency 378 Aging Begins 438
Depression 380 Physical Health 439
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 381 Overweight and Obesity 439
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 383 • RESEARCH FOCUS: What Is "Overweight"? What
Is "Obesity"? 440
9 Emerging Adulthood 384 The Importance of Exercise 443
Summary: Physical Development 445
Section 1 Physical Development 386
The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood 386 Section 2 Cognitive Development 446
Five Features 387 Adult Intelligence 446
The Cultural Context of Emerging Adulthood 391 IQ Scores and Career Success 446
• CULTURAL FOCUS: The Features of Emerging Adulthood 392 Cultural Conceptions of Intelligence 447
Physical Changes of Emerging Adulthood 392 Cognitive Advances in Young Adulthood 448
The Peak of Physical Functioning 393 Expertise 448
Sleep Patterns and Deficits 394 Creativity 449
Summary: Cognitive Development 450
Risk Behavior and Health Issues 395
Injuries and Fatalities: Automobile Accidents 395 Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 451
Emotional Development in Young Adulthood 451
• RESEARCH FOCUS: Graduated Driver Licensing 397
Substance Use and Abuse 398 Intimacy Versus Isolation: Erikson's Theory 452
Resilience 400 Sternberg's Theory of Love 452
Summary: Physical Development 402 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Young Adulthood 454
Section 2 Cognitive Development 403 Marriage in Young Adulthood 454
Education and Work 403 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Marriage and Love Relationships
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Tertiary Education Across Cultures 403 Across Cultures 457
Tertiary Education: College, University, and Training Divorce in Young Adulthood 459
Programs 404 Single Adults 460
Tertiary Education's (Possible) Digital Future: Gay and Lesbian Partnerships 461
Online Learning 407 Sexuality in Young Adulthood 462
Finding Adult Work 408 Becoming a Parent 463
Summary: Cognitive Development 411 Work 468
 Contents ix

Community Activities and Media Use 472 Changes in Sleep Patterns 535
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 474 Health in Late Adulthood 536
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 475 Chronic Health Problems 536
Health Care and Health Promotion 538
11 Middle Adulthood 476 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Physical Health in Late Adulthood
Section 1 Physical Development 478 Across Cultures 539
Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood 478 Successful Aging: A New Way to Think
Changes in Sensory Abilities 479 About "Old Age" 541
Summary: Physical Development 543
Changes in Reproductive Systems 480
Health and Disease 482 Section 2 Cognitive Development 545
Health Problems 482 Cognitive Changes and Decline 545
Influences on Midlife Health and Later Development 487 Changes in Attention and Memory 545
The Improving Health of Midlife Adults- With Brain Changes and Brain Diseases: Dementia
One Troubling Exception 487 and Alzheimer's Disease 547
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Physical Health in Middle Adulthood
Alternative Views of Cognitive Changes 551
Across Cultures 489 Wisdom 551
Summary: Physical Development 490 Responding to Cognitive Decline 552
Summary: Cognitive Development 555
Section 2 Cognitive Development 491
Intelligence, Expertise, and Career Development 491 Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 556
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 491 Emotional and Self-Development 556
The Peak of Expertise 492 Positive Emotions and Self-Concept 556
• RESEARCH FOCUS: Intelligence in Middle
Theories on Emotions in Late Adulthood 557
Adulthood: Two Research Approaches 493 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Late Adulthood 558
Work 495 Family Relationships 559
Information Processing in Middle Adulthood 498 Living Arrangements in Late Adulthood 561
Processing Speed 498 Love and Sexuality 562
Attention and Memory 499 Work and Retirement 565
Summary: Cognitive Development 500 • CULTURAL FOCUS: Work and Retirement Across Cultures 565
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development 501 Life Outside Work and Home: Leisure, Community,
Emotional and Self-Development 501 Religion, and Media Use 567
Changes in Self-Concept and Self-Acceptance 501 • RESEARCH FOCUS: Do People Become More Religious
with Age? 569
The Mostly Mythical Midlife Crisis 503
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 572
Generativity 504
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 573
Gender Issues in Midlife 505
The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle
Adulthood 508 13 Death and Afterlife Beliefs 574
Family Relationships 508 Section 1 Physical Aspects of Death 576
• CULTURAL FOCUS: Family Relationships in The Biological Processes of Death and Aging 576
Middle Adulthood Across Cultures 510 Major Causes of Death 576
Love and Sexuality 515 Beyond Death? Attempts to Extend the Human
Community and Leisure Activities 519 Life Span 580
Summary: Emotional and Social Development 521 • RESEARCH FOCUS: Growing Telomeres 582
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 523 The Sociocultural Contexts of Death 584
Where We Die: Homes and Hospitals 584
12 Late Adulthood 524 Options and Decisions Regarding the End of Life 585
Section 1 Physical Development 526 Summary: Physical Aspects of Death 589

Cultural Beliefs About Late Adulthood 526 Section 2 Emotional Responses to Death 590
How Old Is "Old"? 526 Bereavement and Grief 590
Global Aging Patterns: The Worldwide Boom The Emotional Arc of Grief 590
in Older Adults 529 Variations in Grieving 591
Physical Changes 532 Confronting Death 593
Changes in Appearance 532 Stage Theory of Dying 593
Changes in the Senses 532 Summary: Emotional Responses to Death 594
x Contents

Section 3 Beliefs About Death and the Afterlife 595 Summary: Beliefs About Death and the Afterlife 605

Beliefs About Death Throughout the Life Span 595 Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional 606
Beliefs About Death in Childhood and Adolescence 595 Ep ilogue 607
Beliefs About Death in Adulthood 596
Glossary G-1
Afterlife Beliefs and Mourning Rituals 597
What Do Individuals Believe About Life References R-1
After Death? 598
Answers A-1
Mourning Rituals of the Major Religions 600
Remembering and Honoring the Dead 603 Credits C-1

• CULTURAL FOCUS: Remembering and Honoring

the Dead Across Cultures 605
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1
Preface
Introducing the Third
Edition

elcome to the third edition of Human humans have evolved to be an incomparably cultural and
Development: A Cultural Approach! This edition global species, and that current research shows startling
features updated coverage and current research ways that genes and the environment influence one another.
th roughout, as well as an increased focus on the cultural di- While we cover scien tific findings from across the
versity that exists within the United States. During the revi- world, our goal is to do something even more important.
sion process, we have worked closely with the Pearson team We wish to teach students to think culturally, so that w hen
to develop and enhance a wide range of interactive features they apply human development to the work they do or to
th at make the content and cultural approach even more en- their own lives, they understand that there is, always and
gaging. Throughout the text, you'll see exciting new videos, everywhere, a cultural basis to development. The cultural
interactive maps and figures, digital writing p rompts, and approach also includes learning how to critique research
self-assessments with instant feedback that will allow stu- for the extent to which it does or does not take the cultural
den ts to become more active and enthusiastic learners. We basis of development into account. We p rovide this kind of
tailored this edition to fit the learning approach of the most critique at numerous points throughou t the text, with the
tech-savvy generation of college students yet, and we think in tent that students will learn how to do it themselves by
you will find that the in teractive resources are unmatched the time they reach the end.
by any other human development text. We know from our experience as teachers that students
find it fascinating to learn about the different forms that
Thinking Culturally human development takes in various cultures, b ut there
are also practical benefits to the cultural approach. It is
What sets this text apart more than anything else is that it more importan t than ever for students to have knowledge
presents a portrayal of development that covers the whole of the wider world because of the increasingly globalized
amazing range of human cultural diversity. Having taught economy and because so many problems, such as disease
human development courses for years and being familiar and climate change, cross borders. Whether they travel the
with the available texts, we are struck by how narrow they globe or remain in their home towns, in a culturally diverse
seem to be. They focus on human development in the United and globalized world, students will benefit from being able
States as if it is the typical pattern for people everywhere, to think culturally about development. They are likely to
with only the occasional mention of people in other parts of encounter people from diverse backgrounds in social in-
the world. If you knew nothing about human development teractions with family, friends, and neighbors, or in their
except what you read in a standard textbook, you would con- careers, as they may have patients, students, or coworkers
clude that 95°/o of the human population must reside in the who come from different cultures.
United States. Yet the United States makes up less than 5°/o Were you surprised by the frog on the cover of the text?
of the world's population, and there is an immense range of The Chinese have an expression that loosely translates as "the
patterns of human development in cultures around the globe, frog in the well knows not of the great ocean," and it is often
with most of those patterns strikingly different than the main- used as a cautionary reminder to look beyond our own expe-
stream model characteristic of the American majority culture. rience and not to assume that what is true for ourselves is true
Indeed, even within the United States, cultural diversity is for everyone else as well. All of us are like that frog, in a way.
much greater than what is found in the typical textbook. We've grown up in a certain culture. We've learned to think
So here, we take a cultural approach. We portray the dif- about life in a certain way. And most of us don't realize how
ferent cultural pathways of development that people have broad and diverse our world really is. On the cover, do you
devised in response to their local conditions and the creative also see how the black dots are the eyes in the profiles of two
inspiration of their imaginations. To be clear, this does not human faces? With Human Development: A Cultural Approach,
mean that biology is not important. Transcending the old we hope that you will come to understand the interactions of
"nature versus nurture" division, students will learn that culture and development in ways previously unseen.

•
XI
 ••
XII Preface

The cultural approach makes this text much different the commitmen ts that structure adu lt life in most cultures:
from other life-span texts. This will be clear from the outset. marriage, paren thood, and stable work. Some texts call
Chapter 1 provides students not only with an introduction the whole period from age 18 throu gh 40 "young adult-
to major developmental theories and the scientific method, hood," b u t that makes little sense, in that for most people
but also an account of how h uman s evolved to be an in- in developed countries the ages 18-29 are vastly differen t
comparable cultural species and a description of how the than the ages 30-40. Jeff originally proposed the theory
diverse cultures that exist both within and across nations of emerging adulthood in 2000, and it has now become
often intersect in importan t ways with socioeconomic cir- widely u sed in the social sciences. It is a fascin ating and
cumstances, ethnicity, and gender. dynamic time of life, and we know students enjoy learn-
ing about it, as many of them are in that life stage or have
Rethinking the Life Span recently passed th rough it.
Some texts do include a chapter on emerging adulthood,
There are other features that make this text distinct. This is then lump you ng and m iddle adulthood together as" adult-
the only major text to include a separate chapter on toddler- hood." That does not make much sense either, given that it
hood, the second and third years of life. We have always means applying one life-stage term to ages 25-60. Being in
been puzzled by the way other texts gloss over toddler- the later part of mid dle adulthood ou rselves, we are acutely
hood, usually inclu ding the second year of life as part of aware on a personal level of how man y changes take place
"infancy" and the third year of life as part of "early child- in the cou rse of adult development. More broadly, as the
hood." Yet any parent or caretaker knows that years 2 and length of the typical life expectancy con tinues to increase
3 are a lot different from what comes before or after, and worldwide, and the proportion of adults relative to children
we remember this well from our own experiences as par- increases in every society, it is more important than ever to
ents of twins. Infants cannot walk or talk, and once toddlers p rovide students with a full understanding of chan ges and
learn to do both in years 2 and 3, their experience of life- cultural variations du ring the adult years.
and the experiences of those around them-change u tterly. This text is somewhat shorter than most other texts
Toddlers are also different from older children, in that their on h uman development. There is one chapter devoted to
ability for emotional self-regulation and their awareness each phase of life, for a total of 13 chapters. Each chapter
of w hat is and is not acceptable behavior in their culture is is divided into three major sections, which correspond to
much more limited. the p hysical, the cognitive, and the emotional and social
This text is also alone among major texts in d ivid- domains of development. This is an introductory text, and
ing the adult life span in to stages of emerging adult- the goal is not to teach students everything there is to know
hood, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late about every aspect of human developmen t, but rather to
adulthood. Emerging adulthood, roughly ages 18-25, is p rovide them with a foundation of knowledge on human
a new life stage that has arisen in developed cou ntries development that hopefully will inspire them to learn more,
over the past 50 years, as people have entered later into in other courses an d throughout life.
 •••
Preface XIII

her research focuses on moral developmen t across the life

What's New in the Third cou rse among diverse groups within the United States as
Edition? well as in several other coun tries. She has also written ex-
tensively on identity developmen t in the context of global-
The third edition marks the addition of a new coauthor,
ization. Just as is the case for Jeff, Lene has taught a w ide
along with several exciting new enhan cemen ts to studen ts'
range of developmental psychology courses at different col-
learning experience. Here, we also highlight some of the
leges and universities.
most important and compelling conten t changes to this
While ou r attention to culture d raws on ou r teaching
edition.
and research experiences, it also grows out of our personal
lives. Lene grew u p in Denmark and Belgium, and Jeff in the
Lene Arnett Jensen is Now a United States. Together, we have lived in Denmark, France,
Coauthor with Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Ind ia, and the United States. We have shared the wonder-
ful experience of being involved in the development of ou r
As you might guess from ou r names, we are related. When twins, now 18 years old, who have traveled with us to all
we married, we each took the other person's last name as a those places an d consider themselves fully American and
new mid dle name. In add ition to being partners in marriage fully Danish.
and parenthood, for more than two d ecades we have thor- For decades, we have valued writing together and here,
oughly enjoyed coau thoring. Ou r first p ublication was in too, we have aimed to use a lively, clear, and coherent writ-
the jou rnal Child Development in 1993 on the cultural bases ing style to keep studen ts focused and thinking. We ask
of risk behavior among Danish ad olescents. Our most re- questions, give vivid examples, and use active voice. We
cent publication is a first edition of a topical child develop- have also includ ed a carefully chosen selection of anecdotes
ment text, Child Development Worldwide: A Cultural Approach about our twins' adventures that have p roven to be memo-
(Pearson, 2018). rable and illustrative to students. Both of us take a cultural
Lene received her Ph.D. from the Committee on approach to understanding human development, bu t we
Comparative Human Development at the University of have different childhood experiences and d ifferen t areas of
Chicago, a program renowned for its atten tion to culture. expertise in our research, so we hope studen ts will benefit
As described in more detail later in " About the Au thors," from the combination of our voices throughou t the text.

Enhanced Emphasis on Cultural

Diversity
ADDITIONAL CULTURA L VIDEOS. The second
edition in troduced culturally-based "Chapter Introduc- Watch RELIGION IN THE LIVES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS

tion " videos with diverse Americans for each chapter,

as well as "Cultu ral Focus" videos filmed in Botswana,
Mexico, an d the United States. In this third edition we
have added new vid eos to broaden and deepen un-
derstanding of culture, for example on the interaction
between genes and culture in childhood obesity, and
an unforgettable account of a young ad olescent boy in
Congo who sells cakes on the street to help support his
family. There are also new videos homing in on cultural
diversity within the United States, including one with
Latina adolescen ts recoun ting changes to views of gen-
der in their community and one on religiosity among
African American adolescen ts and emerging adults.
 •
XIV Preface

NEW INTERACTIVE RESEARCH AND ARTWORK. Map 11.3 Gender Development Index (GOI) 0
Building on the previous edition, we have continued +
to incorporate interactive maps, figu res, and tables ~

to help students ap preciate the diversity that exists

within the United States, and understand the role of
cultu re, ethnicity, SES, and other factors in human de-
velopment. In this edition, we have also added new
"Social Explorer" interactive maps of the world that
allows stud ents to examine both regional patterns
and cou ntry-specific statistics for p henomena such as
p ostpartum maternal d epression and cosleeping.

"
::: Social Explorer

Tbc map tho11c• GOI raung' from 110 s. \\ 11.b I indicating b1tlt.~1 e~nd.tr cql.lal11}' aud S lo\1~1 Click Ltaald and scroll
01cr pnctniaic mau Scioll 01cr map to explore \'aum«is by~

Expanded Opportunities
to Apply Knowledge
UPGRADED "APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE AS A
Apply Your Knowledge as a Professional
PROFESSIONAL" VIDEOS. The previous edition
The topics covered in this chapter apply to a wide variety of career professions. Watch featured several videos at the end of each chapter with
this video to learn how they apply to an instructor of maternity nursing.
career professionals who describe their jobs and ex-
Watch INSTRUCTOR OF MATERNITY NURSING
plain h ow a knowledge of human development and
culture influence their work on a daily basis. In this
edition, based on instructor and student feedback, we
have chosen the best video clip for each chap ter and
shortened them all to 3-4 min utes. These pithy and
engaging videos allow students to learn about a wide
variety of career paths. Diverse careers are p rofiled in
the cou rse of the text, including a reproductive endo-
crinologist, a pediatric n urse p ractitioner, a nanny, an
Connie Beal, RN, MS early learning specialist, a college counselor, a mar-
Professor, Nursing
riage and family counselor, and the president of the
S nclair Con1munity Col ege
advisory board at a senior center.

Journaling Question: App y tt'e top cs from this chapter 10 your everyday exper ences

NEW "JOURNALING QUESTIONS." A new feature

Reflect on your own development. How did you become the person you are now? This
in this edition is a "Journaling Question" at the end of chapter has introduced a variety of dimensions such as CtJlture, developmental stage,
each chapter in the digital Revel format of the text. This ethnicity, gender, SES, and globalization. Which of these dimensions, and potentially
others too, are most imPortant to how you have developed?
question encou rages studen ts to apply key information
The response entered here will appear in the performance dashboard and can
from across a chapter to their everyday experiences. be viewed by your instructor.

Studen ts' responses are easily shared with the instruc-

tor, p roviding the instructor with feedback on how well
students are attaining and applying new knowledge.
 Preface xv

New Feature to Stay Up-to-Date

Chapters
"BREAKING D EVELOPMENTS." Important new find-
ings on human development are published continuously. In July2018

the digital Revel format of the text we have added a new

feature in this edition called "Breaking Developments," in Just Whistle
which we summarize an exciting new research finding at Ntw Jitld rtSllfrrh 1$ docummting lht txisltntt ofUllrfJtltd languagt! 1111 ovn- tht world, and lhr$ ~h
i> e11.>ling ntw light cm Uat eoolutionary and biul.ogiad base:. of languages, ~ uidl II> the d.evtlqpmtnt of
the end of a chapter. We also include summaries of new
/a,,guagt fo childrm.
landmark cultural trends pertaining to human develop-
ment. This feature allows students and instructors to keep
up with the latest findings in human development research,
rather than waiting 3-4 years between editions for updates
of current research. We will add "Breaking Developments"
at the beginning of January and July of each year, in selected
chapters as research warrants.

Content Highlights of New Research

Pooling our energies for this third edition, we have revised • Findings on the impact of culture on the development
every chapter to incorporate the latest and most important of the social smile.
human development research, as well as to enhance exist-
Chapter 5: Toddlerhood
ing materials. While we cannot catalog every change here,
we will highlight two key updates to each chapter. We have • Updated information on the parent-child relationship,
included: including findings from a meta-analysis on the long-
term implications of early attachment, research on fa-
Chapter 1: Introduction ther involvement, and Scandinavian public policies to
encourage paternal care of young children.
• New data on the global demographic divide, including
a new video. • Revised terminology and diagnostic criteria for autism
spectrum disorder (ASD), including a new video with a
• A differentiation of research measurements from re-
clinician who diagnoses ASD in children.
search designs, including new summary tables.
Chapter 6: Early Childhood
Chapter 2: Genes and Prenatal Development
• Information on the diets of American children, including
• The latest statistics on assisted reproductive technolo-
the roles of SES, ethnicity, and immigrant generation.
gies and age of viability in developed countries, as well
as sex ratios at birth across diverse countries. • A new section on theory of mind, including how differ-
ent measurement techniques yield different findings on
• New glossary terms and descriptions pertaining to
when children acquire it.
neurogenesis, multifactorial disorders, and maternal
blood screening. Chapter 7: Middle Childhood
Chapter 3: Birth and the Newborn • A new section on executive function in middle child-
hood, including how its development is impacted by
• Information from diverse countries on maternal and
physical exercise and multilingualism.
paternal postpartum depression.
• Explication of the revised Wechsler-V measurement of IQ.
• The latest statistics for episiotomies (within the United
States) and C-section rates (across countries). Chapter 8: Adolescence
Chapter 4: Infancy • New material on adolescents' work in developing coun-
tries, including a memorable new video on a Cambodian
• Exciting contemporary cognitive development research
girl sifting through discarded food at a dump at dawn
on object permanence across species, and the roles of
to find food for her family's pigs.
babbling, gesturing, and tum-taking in the emergence of
speech. (The substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage were • Updated statistics and research on adolescents' uses of
deleted to make room for these current research foci). digital devices.
xvi Preface

Chapter 9: Emerging Adulthood women who have been involved in caring for one or
more children, along with a new video in which women
• Important information about sleep in emerging adult-
in midlife discuss their diverse approaches to balancing
hood, including the concepts of delayed sleep phase syn-
work and family.
drome and sleep debt, as well as tips for sleep hygiene.
• A new section on the opportunities and limitations Chapter 12: Late Adulthood
of online learning, and on blended learning, in which
• The latest research on the ApoE gene and the risk of
students learn partly online and partly through face-to-
Alzheimer's disease.
£ace learning in the classroom.
• Introduction of the concept of the bridge job, in which
Chapter 10: Young Adulthood
older workers reduce their work hours but remain in
• Intriguing new ideas on the neuropsychology of the labor force, or they take another job that is less de-
expertise. manding and involves fewer hours per week.
• New findings showing the relation between marriage
Chapter 13: Death and Afterlife Beliefs
timing and divorce risk.
• The latest statistics on the continued dramatic decline
Chapter 11: Middle Adulthood
in rates of heart disease in the United States, across
• Exciting new research on the use of immunotherapy to ethnic groups.
treat cancer. • Addition of the concept of "prolonged grief disorder,"
• The addition of the important concept of the "mother- including an examination of the difficulty of determin-
hood penalty" that is evident in the careers of midlife ing what classifies as "prolonged."
 ••
Preface XVII

Teaching and Learning Aids

Learning Objectives
Leaming Objectives (LOs) for each chapter Five Features
are listed at the start of each section as well
LO 9.1 Name the fou r revolutions that contributed to the rise of em erging
as alongside every section heading. Based
adulthood, and th e five developm en tal featu res distinctive to emerging
on Bloom's taxonomy, these numbered adulthood.
objectives help students better organize
Perhaps the most obvious indicator of the emergence of emerging adulthood as a nor-
and understand the material. The end- mative life stage in developed countries is the rise in the ages of entering marriage and
of-section summary is organized around parenthood. As recently as 1960 the median age of marriage in most developed countries
these same objectives, as are all of the sup- was in the very early 20s, around 21 for women and 23 for men (Douglass, 2005). Now
plements and assessment materials. the median age of marriage is 28 in the United States, and close to 30 in most other devel-
oped countries, as Figure 9.1 shows (Arnett, 2015). Age at entering parenthood followed
a similar rise.

Summary: PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Section Summaries

LO 9.1 Name th e four revolutions that contributed to Good sleep hygiene includes waking up at the same time
the rise of emerging adulthood, and the five each day, getting regular exercise, and limiting caffeine and Organized by Learning Objective
developmental features d istinctive to emerging alcohol consumption.
adulthood.
(LO), a summary appears at the
LO 9.5 Explain why young d rivers have the highest
The rise of emerging adulthood was due to four revolu- rates of crashes, and n ame the most effective end of each major section.
tions that began in the 1960s and '70s: the Technological approach to reducing those rates.
Revolution, the Sexual Revolution, the Women's
Rates of automobile fatalities are high in adolescence and
Movement, and the Youth Movement. The five features of
emerging adulthood due to a combination of inexperience
emerging adulthood include identity explorations, insta-
and risky driving behaviors such as driving too fast or
bility, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities/
while intoxicated. Factors that influence emerging adults'
optimism.
risky driving include being male, sensation seeking and
LO 9.2 Describe some of th e ways emerging adulth ood aggressiveness, and the belief that peers approve of risky
varies among cultures, with specific reference to driving. Fatalities among novice drivers have been reduced
European and Asian countries. substantially by GDL programs.

Practice Quizzes Q.-.an I Of 20 •

and Chapter Quiz

In the digital Revel version of this third edition,
multiple-choice practice quizzes appear after
each section to help students assess their com-
prehension of the material. A cumulative
multiple-choice test appears at the end of every
chapter.
 •••
XVIII Preface

REVEL
Educational Technology Designed for the Way Today's
Students Read, Think, and Learn
When students are engaged deeply, they learn more effectively and perform better in
their courses. This simple fact inspired the creation of Revel: an immersive learning expe-
rience designed for the way today's students read, think, and learn. Built in collaboration
with educators and studen ts nationwid e, Revel is the newest, fully digital way to d eliver
respected Pearson content.
Revel enlivens course content with media interactives and assessments-integrated
directly within the authors' narrative-that p rovide op portunities for studen ts to read
about and practice course material in tandem. This immersive experience boosts studen t
engagement, which lead s to better understanding of concepts and improved performan ce
throughout the course.

Learn More about Revel

http: IIwww.pearsonhighered.com / revel/

The third edition inclu des integrated videos and media content throughout, allowing stu-
dents to explore topics more deeply at the point of relevancy.

Research has also shown that newborns prefer tastes, smells, voices, and even languages
that they experienced while in the womb (Mennella et al., 2001; Moon et al., 1993; Varendi
et al., 2002). Even prenatally, then, fetuses are learning and remembering, and they are de-
veloping initial preferences that are culturally shaped, such as for spicy or mild flavors, and
for French or Russian. For more, watch the video Key Events in Prenatal Development.

Watch KEY EVENTS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Revel also offers the ability for students to assess their content mastery by taking
multiple-choice quizzes that offer instant feedback and by participating in a variety of writing
assignments such as peer-reviewed questions and auto-graded assignments. Additionally:

• MyVirtualChild and MyVirtualLife. MyVirtualChild is an interactive simulation

now available in Revel that allows students to play the role of a parent an d raise their
 •
Preface XIX

own virtual child. By making d ecisions about specific scenarios, stud ents can raise
their children from birth to age 18 and learn firsthand how their own decisions and
other parenting actions affect their child over time. In MyVirtualLife, students make
decisions for a virtual version of themselves from emerging adu lthood through the
end of life.
• Media assignments for each chapter-inclu ding videos with assignable questions-
feed directly into the grad ebook, enabling instructors to track student progress
automatically.
• The Pearson eText lets students access their text anytime and anywhere, and any
way they want, including listening online.

Presentation and Teaching Resources

The Instructor 's Resou rce Center (www.pearsonhighered.com/irc) provides information
on the following supplements and downloadable files:

TEST BAN K (ISBN : 0134635825) Revised by Professor Regina M. Hughes (Collin Col-
lege), the Test Bank contains over 4,000 questions, many of which were class-tested in multi-
ple classes at both 2-year and 4-year institutions across the country prior to publication. Item
analysis is provided for all class-tested items. All conceptual and applied multiple-choice
questions include rationales for each correct answer and the key distracter. The item analy-
sis helps instructors create balanced tests, while the rationales serve both as an added guar-
antee of quality and as a time-saver when students challenge the keyed answer for a specific
item. Each chapter of the test bank includes a Total Assessment Guide, an easy-to-reference
grid that organizes all test items by learning objective and question type.
The test bank comes with Pearson MyTest (ISBN: 0134625366), a powerful test gener-
ation program that helps instructors easily create and p rint quizzes an d exams. Questions
and tests can be authored online, allowing instructors ultimate flexibility and the ability
to efficiently manage assessments wherever and w henever they want. Instructors can
easily access existing questions and then edit, create, and store using simple drag-and-
drop and Word-like controls. Data on each question provid es information relevant to dif-
ficulty level and page n umber. In addition, each question maps to the text's major section
and learning objective. For more information go to www.PearsonMyTest.com.

ENHANCED LECTURE POWERPOINT SLIDES WITH EMBEDDED VIDEOS

(ISBN: 0134891856) The Enhanced Lecture PowerPoints offer detailed outlines of key
points for each chapter supported by selected visuals from the text, and include the vid eos
from the hu man development video series featured in the text. ADA compliant Standard
Lecture PowerPoints (ISBN: 0134635744) without embedded videos are also available. A
separate Art and Figure version (ISBN: 0134891864) of these presentations contains all art
from the text for which Pearson has been granted electronic permissions.

IN STRUCTOR'S MANUAL (ISBN: 0134635752) Written and compiled by Paul G. Koch-

manski (Niagara University), the Instructor's Manual inclu des suggestions for p reparing
for the course, sample syllabi, and current tren ds and strategies for successful teaching.
Each chapter offers integrated teaching outlines and a list of the key terms for quick refer-
ence, and includes an extensive ban k of lectu re launchers, as well as activities. Answers to
the in-text features are p rovided. Detailed critical-thin king problems with accomp an ying
rub rics an d a set of questions for using MyVirtualChild with the cultural approach are
also included. The electronic format features click-and-view hotlinks that allow instruc-
tors to quickly review or print any resou rce from a particular chapter. This tool saves prep
work and helps you maximize you r classroom time.