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MATLAB Machine

Learning Recipes

A Problem-Solution Approach

Second Edition
—

Michael Paluszek

Stephanie Thomas

MATLAB Machine

Learning Recipes

A Problem-Solution Approach

Second Edition

Michael Paluszek

Stephanie Thomas
MATLAB Machine Learning Recipes: A Problem-
Solution Approach

Michael Paluszek

Stephanie Thomas

Plainsboro, NJ

Plainsboro, NJ

USA

USA

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-3915-5

ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-3916-2

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3916-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018967208

Copyright © 2019 by Michael Paluszek and Stephanie Thomas

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Printed on acid-free paper

Contents

About the Authors

XV

Introduction

XVII

An Overview of Machine Learning

1
1.1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

Elements of Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1

Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2

Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3.1

Supervised Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3.2

Unsupervised Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4

1.2.3.3

Semi-Supervised Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.3.4

Online Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3

The Learning Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

Taxonomy of Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5

Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5.1

Kalman Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.5.2
Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6

Autonomous Learning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6.1

Regression

..............................

10

1.6.2

Decision Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

1.6.3

Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.6.4

Support Vector Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

1.7

Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16

1.7.1

What is Artificial Intelligence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1.7.2

Intelligent Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1.7.3

Expert Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

1.8

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

III

CONTENTS

Representation of Data for Machine Learning in MATLAB

19

2.1
Introduction to MATLAB Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

2.1.1

Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

2.1.2

Cell Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.1.3

Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

2.1.4

Numerics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

2.1.5

Images

................................

23

2.1.6

Datastore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25

2.1.7

Tall Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

2.1.8

Sparse Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.1.9

Tables and Categoricals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

2.1.10

Large MAT-Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

2.2

Initializing a Data Structure Using Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.2.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.2.2
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.2.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

2.3

Performing MapReduce on an Image Datastore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

2.3.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

2.3.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

2.3.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

2.4

Creating a Table from a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35
2.4.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

2.4.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

2.4.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

2.5

Processing Table Data

.............................

37

2.5.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

2.5.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

2.5.3
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

2.6

Using MATLAB Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.1

String Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.1.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.1.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.1.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.2

Arrays of Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41
2.6.2.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.2.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.2.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

2.6.3

Substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

2.6.3.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

2.6.3.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

2.6.3.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42

2.7

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

IV

CONTENTS

MATLAB Graphics

45

3.1

2D Line Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

3.1.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

3.1.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

3.1.3
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

3.2

General 2D Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

3.2.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

3.2.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

3.2.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

3.3

Custom Two-Dimensional Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

3.3.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50
3.3.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

3.3.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

3.4

Three-Dimensional Box

............................

51

3.4.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

3.4.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

3.4.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

3.5
Draw a 3D Object with a Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

3.5.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

3.5.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

3.5.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

3.6

General 3D Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

3.6.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

3.6.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56
3.6.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

3.7

Building a GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

3.7.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

3.7.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

3.7.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

3.8

Animating a Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

3.8.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64

3.8.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

3.8.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

3.9

Drawing a Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

3.9.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

3.9.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

3.9.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

3.10
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

CONTENTS

Kalman Filters

73

4.1

A State Estimator Using a Linear Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

4.1.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

4.1.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

4.1.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75
4.2

Using the Extended Kalman Filter for State Estimation . . . . . . . . . . .

.

92

4.2.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92

4.2.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

4.2.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

4.3

Using the Unscented Kalman Filter for State Estimation

...........

97

4.3.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97
4.3.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97

4.3.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

99

4.4

Using the UKF for Parameter Estimation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.4.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.4.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.4.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.5

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Adaptive Control

109
5.1

Self Tuning: Modeling an Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5.2

Self Tuning: Tuning an Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.2.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.2.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.2.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

5.3

Implement Model Reference Adaptive Control

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.3.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.3.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.3.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

5.4
Generating a Square Wave Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1

5.4.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.4.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.4.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.5

Demonstrate MRAC for a Rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.5.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.5.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.5.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.6

Ship Steering: Implement Gain Scheduling for Steering Control

of a Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.6.1
Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.6.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.6.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

VI

CONTENTS

5.7

Spacecraft Pointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.7.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.7.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.7.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

5.8

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Fuzzy Logic
135

6.1

Building Fuzzy Logic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

6.1.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

6.1.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

6.1.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

6.2

Implement Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.2.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.2.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.2.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.3

Demonstrate Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

6.3.1
Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

6.3.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

6.3.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

6.4

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Data Classification with Decision Trees

147

7.1

Generate Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

7.1.1

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

7.1.2

Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

7.1.3

How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

7.2

Drawing Decision Trees

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Chapter IV
 Decline of Sulu, 1851–1896

Expedition against Jolo

The fearlessness of the Moros in battle, their determination, persistence, and

fortitude must have disheartened the Spaniards very often in their weary
attempts to conquer and pacify Sulu. The Sulus have never had any
standing army. Every able-bodied male was a soldier and a sailor.
Thousands of Sulus and Samals stood ready at a moment’s notice to man a
fleet and defend a fort. Every fort the Spaniards reduced the Sulus could
rebuild in a short time; every fleet destroyed they could replace with little
expense. They had enough pearls to purchase guns and ammunition, and a
few months after a defeat they were ready to fight again, better prepared
than before. War with Sulu, in the way it was conducted, meant a war of
extermination and hostilities without end. Its worst evils befell the helpless
natives of the coast settlements of the Bisayas and southern Luzon to whom
Spain was unable to afford safe protection. The Moros would slip through
in the night or take advantage of a favorable wind and attack the Spanish
forces or the defenseless villages while they were unaware of danger or
unprepared for a fight. For a long while it seemed beyond the power of the
Philippine Government to reëstablish peace or restrict hostilities to Sulu
waters. The magnificent victory of Claveria was hailed as marking the
beginning of a new era of safety and glory, but its effects did not last long,
and the fear of the Moros beset the hearts of the Bisayans once more.

In the light of such profound experience as the Philippine Government had

had with Moro affairs Governor Urbiztondo might have contented himself
with punishing the Moros of Tonkil and their abettors and allies, but another
element of serious concern entered into the problem which threatened not
only to render it more vexatious and unsolvable, but dangerous in the
extreme. It was not so much the evils of disturbed relations with Sulu as the
harm that would arise from English occupation of or alliance with Sulu that
Urbiztondo feared, for in 1849, Sir James Brooke visited Jolo and made a
treaty with the Sultan of Sulu,1 the seventh article of which declared a
promise made by the Sultan of Sulu not to make any cessions of territory
within his dominion nor recognize sovereignty rights nor promise fealty to
any nation without the consent of Great Britain. The overt object of this
treaty was “to keep open for the benefit of the mercantile world that
improvable field for commercial enterprise,” but the ultimate purpose of
such an agreement was not difficult to foresee. The governor of Zamboanga
went to Jolo and protested strongly, declaring such a treaty an act of
disloyalty to Spain, for which the Sultan and his council would be held
responsible. The subject was debated with considerable feeling on both
sides. The governor remained at Jolo twenty-seven days and returned
without advantage.

The treaty was never ratified by Great Britain, but such endeavors on the
part of a strong maritime European power made it necessary for Spain to act
decisively and expeditiously. Urbiztondo then pressed to the attention of
Sultan Pulalun and his council the necessity of punishing the Samals of
Tonkil for their depredations on Samar and Kamigin and requested the
return of the captives whom they carried away. Considerable controversy
followed and the Sulus pretended that they were unable to punish Tonkil,
but offered no objection to its castigation by the Philippine Government.

Aware of the seriousness of the situation, Urbiztondo made preparations for

war and decided to attack not Tonkil only, but Jolo also, repeating there the
example of Balangingi, and to bring Sulu under the control of Spain.
Referring to this cause, Captain Keppel, in his “Visit to the Indian
Archipelago,” makes the following remarks:

His [the Sultan’s] fortified position gave him weight, which he had frequently
thrown into the scale of humanity: and it must now be feared that many whom he
was able to hold in check will again follow their evil propensities unrestrained, as
they did under previous dynasties.
 The resentment of Spain, as visited upon the Sultan of Sulu, seems equally
impolitic and unjust. The pretext was piracy, of which some solitary instance may
very possibly have been established against a Sulu prahu; but the Sultan was
certainly sincere in his wish to coöperate against that system. There is ground to
fear that national jealousy was desirous of striking its puny blow at an European
rival, through the degradation of the Sultan of Sulu—that he has incurred, in fact,
the resentment of the Spanish colonial governors, by those commercial treaties
with ourselves which were but lately concluded by Sir James Brooke.2

On the 11th day of December, 1850, Urbiztondo left Manila in command of

a force consisting of 100 troops of artillery, 500 of infantry, 2 mountain
howitzers, and a number of irregular troops and workmen. Two steamboats,
one corvette, and one brigantine carried the troops to Zamboanga, where
they arrived on the 20th. Here 2 companies of infantry and 102 volunteers
and 6 tenders under the command of the governor of Zamboanga joined the
expedition. At Belun they burned 250 houses and 20 vintas. A small force of
Moros was encountered, of which they killed 3 and captured 17 prisoners,
one of whom was a panglima. The chief of Bukutwan surrendered and
promised to remain obedient to Spain. At Tonkil bad weather was
encountered and the whole expedition turned toward Jolo.

Jolo was well fortified. It had five forts on the sea front, the strongest two of
which were that of the Sultan on the right and that of Datu Daniel on the
hill. Three other forts were located on prominent points at the base of the
hills. The town was further defended by a double line of trenches, other
fortifications and much artillery. The population was estimated at 6,000
Moros and 500 Chinese.

The fleet saluted the town and anchored in the roadstead. Two officers were
sent ashore to notify the Sultan of the presence of the Governor-General and
of his wish to have an interview with the Sultan and two of his datus, on
board. The people were excited to such a high degree, that the mob grew
violent and uncontrollable as the officers drew near the shore. Insults and
weapons were hurled at them from every side, and the people shouted to
them to return lest they be killed. They, however, pushed on in the direction
of the Sultan’s fort, where some datus came out to meet and protect them.
Even then spears were thrown at them, and one of the datus had to use his
kampilan in order to enforce his orders. The Sultan at last came out
personally, embraced the officers, and conducted them to the audience hall.
There the message was delivered to the Sultan and his council, but they all
refused to go on board. The officers met the same difficulty in leaving the
Sultan’s house as in coming in, and as soon as they embarked five shots
were discharged at them by the mob. The officers reported that the town
had more than 10,000 fighting men and that it was well provisioned and
well defended, and that all the women and children were removed to the
mountains. Urbiztondo decided that his forces and provisions were
inadequate for the occasion and did not risk a combat. On January 1, 1851,
as the fleet was preparing to sail away, the Sulus fired at it, killing seven,
wounding four, and damaging the hulls of some of the vessels. The fleet
returned the fire, but kept moving, and sailed away in the direction of
Tonkil. Here the expedition met no organized resistance. Six hundred men
were disembarked, fought some armed parties, caught 4 and killed 25 men,
and rescued 29 captives. About 1,000 houses and 106 boats were burned,
and the fleet then returned to Zamboanga.

Here Urbiztondo made further and extensive preparations to strengthen his

expedition. The commanding marine officer was sent to Manila with special
instructions to augment the fleet and bring sufficient ammunition and
provisions. The Augustinian friar Pascual Ibañez raised a force of 750
Cebuans and 21 barangay, or large boats, and volunteered his help. Lumber
was cut at Basilan, and lankan,3 rafts, and ladders were constructed.
Volunteers were further called for, and a large fleet of war vessels and
transports was assembled at Zamboanga February 12, 1851.

Besides the staff, engineers, surgeons, and chaplains, the reënforced

expedition contained 11 officers and 253 privates of artillery, 1 officer and
30 privates of sappers, 123 officers and 2,593 privates of infantry, 525
volunteers from Cebu, 100 from Iloilo, and 300 from Zamboanga; in all 142
officers, 2,876 privates, and 925 volunteers, besides rowers and other
workmen. The vessels carrying the forces were 1 corvette, 1 brigantine, 3
steamboats, 2 gunboats, 9 tenders, 9 transports, and 21 barangay, with
various vintas,4 lankan, and rafts. On February 19 mass was celebrated and
the expedition started for the haughty and arrogant city.
Jolo was reached on the 27th and the fleet anchored in two divisions
opposite both sides of the town. The troops disembarked at dawn next
morning and engaged the enemy as both divisions of the fleet began a
simultaneous bombardment of the town and forts. The marksmanship of the
Sulus and Spaniards was splendid, and the guns of the forts were very
active. The spectacle was magnificent, the attack was most valorous, and
the defense most valiant. In the heat of battle one friar was killed as he was
scaling the wall and three officers fell by his side and lay surrounded by 70
corpses of Sulus. After several attempts one of the forts on the northeast
side was taken by storm and the escaping Sulus made for Daniel’s fort. As
they were admitted into the latter, it was rushed by the Spanish troops who
entered in spite of the desperate resistance the Sulus made. As the inner
inclosure was gained the Sulus hurled themselves from the parapets and
fled. The fighting continued until next day, when every fort was reduced,
and the Sulus evacuated the town. The casualties of the attacking forces
were 36 dead and 92 wounded, while the Sulus lost 300 dead. The whole
town was burned to ashes and 112 pieces of artillery were taken. After four
days, the Governor-General and his council decided to evacuate the town
and sailed away, leaving it ungarrisoned. They evidently thought that their
purpose was accomplished and that they could not afford to leave a force
sufficiently strong to defend the place.

On April 30 a treaty was made with Sultan Pulalun by the politico-military

governor of Zamboanga, Col. José Maria de Carlos. The treaty was declared
to be “an act of incorporation of the sultanate of Sulu to the Spanish
Monarchy.” The Sulus understood it to be a firm agreement and friendly
union with Spain. They, however, appear to have recognized the supremacy
of Spain and accepted her protectorate. They agreed to use the Spanish flag
and prohibit piracy. They further bound themselves not to make any treaties
with any nation other than Spain nor to build forts nor to import firearms
without her permission. Spain promised to respect and recognize the ranks
of the Sultan and datus and to protect Sulu boats everywhere and to the
same extent as Spanish boats. Duties on foreign boats were to be paid to the
Sulus. Religious liberty was guaranteed. The Sultan issued passports to the
Sulus and countersigned Spanish passports given to people entering the
ports of Sulu.
It was agreed that Spain would build a trading post at Jolo and establish a
small garrison for its protection. The Sultan and the datus resumed their
residence in the town of Jolo, with apparently very little change from
former conditions.

In consideration of the losses incurred by the Sultan and datus through the
destruction of their houses and town, and on condition that the Sulus aid in
the construction and protection of the Jolo trading post, annuities were
granted to the Sultan, three datus, and one subordinate chief.

The treaty was written in both Spanish and Sulu and was signed and sealed
by both parties. Complete and exact translations of the Spanish and Sulu
copies of this treaty have been carefully made and are here given in full.
The Sulu copy of the treaty appears to have been written or dictated by
interpreters not versed in Sulu, and the difference in text is such as would
easily explain the frequent misunderstandings between the Spanish officials
and the Sulu authorities in cases pertaining to the application of the terms of
this treaty.

Treaty of April 30, 1851

Sultanate of Sulu

Act of Incorporation into the Spanish Monarchy, April 30, 1851

Solemn declaration of incorporation and adhesion to the Sovereignty of Her

Catholic Majesty Isabel II, Constitutional Queen of Spain, and of submission to
the Supreme Government of the Nation, made by His High Excellency the Sultan
of Sulu, Mohammed Pulalun, Datus Mohammed Buyuk, Muluk, Daniel Amil
Bahar, Bandahala, Muluk Kahar, Amil Badar, Tumanggung, Juhan, Sanajahan,
Na’ib, Mamancha and Sharif Mohammed Binsarin, in the name and in
representation of the whole island of Sulu, to Colonel José María de Carlos y
O’Doyle, Politico-Military Governor of the Province of Zamboanga, islands of
Basilan, Pilas, Tonkil, and those adjacent thereto, as Plenipotentiary specially
authorized by His Excellency Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of Solana,
Governor and Captain-General of the Philippine Islands.

Article I. His Excellency the Sultan of Sulu, for himself, his heirs and
descendants, Datus Mohammed Buyuk, Muluk, Daniel Amil Bahar, Bandahala,
Muluk Kahar, Amil Badar, Tumanggung, Juhan, Sanajahan, Na’ib, Mamancha
and Sharif Mohammed Binsarin, all of their own free will, declare: That, for the
purpose of making amends to the Spanish Nation for the outrage committed
against it on the first of January of this year, they desire and request that the island
of Jolo and all its dependencies be incorporated with the Crown of Spain, which
for several centuries has been their only sovereign and protectress, making on this
day a new solemn declaration of adhesion and submission and recognizing Her
Catholic Majesty Isabel II, Constitutional Queen of Spain, and those who may
succeed her in this supreme dignity, as their rightful Sovereign Lords and
Protectors, in virtue of the treaties made in old times, of the treaty of 1836 and the
additions made thereto by the present governor of Zamboanga in August, and also
and very particularly of the recent conquest of Jolo on the 28th of February of the
present year by Captain-General Antonio Urbiztondo, Marquis of Solana and
Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

Article 2. The Sultan and Datus solemnly promise to maintain the integrity of
the territory of Sulu and all its dependencies as a part of the Archipelago
belonging to the Spanish Government.

Article 3. The island of Sulu and all its dependencies having been incorporated
with the Crown of Spain, and the inhabitants thereof being part of the great
Spanish family which lives in the vast Philippine Archipelago, the Sultan and
Datus shall not be empowered to make or sign treaties, commercial agreements or
alliances of any kind with European powers, companies, persons or corporations,
and Malayan sultans or chiefs, under pain of nullity; they declare all treaties made
with other powers to be null and void if they are prejudicial to the ancient and
indisputable rights held by Spain over the entire Sulu Archipelago as part of the
Philippine Islands, and they ratify, renew and leave in force all documents
containing clauses favorable to the Spanish Government that may have been
drawn up before this date, however old they may be.

Article 4. They renew the solemn promise not to carry on piracy or allow
anybody to carry on piracy within the dominions of Sulu, and to run down those
who follow this infamous calling, declaring themselves enemies of all islands that
are enemies of Spain and allies of all her friends.

Article 5. From this day forth the island of Sulu shall fly the Spanish national
flag in its towns and on its ships, and the Sultan and other constituted authorities
shall use the Spanish war flag, under the principles in use in other Spanish
possessions, and shall use no other either on land or on sea.

Article 6. The island of Sulu and its dependencies having been declared an
integral part of the Philippine Archipelago, which belongs to Spain, commerce
under the Spanish flag in all the ports of the Sultanate shall be free and
unmolested, as it is in all the ports belonging to the Nation.

Article 7. The Sultan and Datus of Sulu, having recognized the sovereignty of
Spain over their territory, which sovereignty is now strongly established, not only
by right of conquest but by the clemency of the conqueror, they shall not erect
fortifications of any kind in the territory under their command without express
permission of His Excellency the Governor-General of these Islands; the purchase
and use of all kinds of firearms shall be prohibited except with a license issued by
the same supreme authority, and craft found with arms other than the edged
weapons which have from time immemorial been in use in the country shall be
considered as enemies.

Article 8. The Spanish Government, as an unequivocal proof of the protection

which it grants the Sulus, will give the Sultan and Datus adequate Royal titles
establishing their authority and their rank.

Article 9. The Spanish Government guarantees with all solemnity to the Sultan
and other inhabitants of Sulu the free exercise of their religion, with which it will
not interfere in the slightest way, and it will also respect their customs.

Article 10. The Spanish Government also guarantees the right of succession to
the present Sultan and his descendants in the order established and as long as they
observe these agreements, and equally guarantees the rank and dignities of the
privileged classes, which shall retain all their rights.

Article 11. Sulu ships and goods shall enjoy in Spanish ports, without any
distinction whatever, the same privileges and advantages granted the natives of
the Philippine Islands.

Article 12. Except in the case of Spanish ships, the duties that constitute the
income with which the Sultan and Datus maintain their respective ranks shall
remain in force, so that they may continue to keep up the proper splendor and
decorum of their station; for this purpose said duties shall be paid by all ships
coming to their ports; other measures will be taken later on to enhance their
dignity and increase their prestige.

Article 13. For the purpose of assuring and strengthening the authority of the
Sultan, and also of promoting a regular trade which may enrich the island of Sulu,
a trading post, garrisoned by Spanish forces, shall be established as soon as the
Government so orders, and in accordance with Article 3 of the Treaty of 1836; for
the building of the trading post the Sultan, Datus, and natives shall give all the
assistance in their power and furnish native labor, which will be paid for, and all
necessary materials, which they will charge at the regular market prices.

Article 14. The trading post shall be established at the place called Daniel’s
Kuta, next to the roadstead, as it is the most suitable place; but care shall be taken
not to encroach in any way on the native cemetery, which has to be religiously
respected, and no buildings whatever shall be erected in said cemetery, so as to
avoid the trouble that would ensue to those who might build there.

Article 15. The Sultan of Sulu may issue passports to all persons within his
dominions that may request them, and fix the amount of the fees; he is also
authorized to countersign or place his seal on the passports of Spaniards visiting
his place of residence.

Article 16. In view of the Sultan’s declarations regarding the losses suffered by
him in the destruction by fire of his forts and palace, and convinced of the reality
of the losses, the Spanish Government grants him an annuity of 1,500 pesos in
order to indemnify him in a certain way for these losses and at the same time to
help him to maintain, with proper splendor, the decorum due his person and his
rank. The same considerations induce the Spanish Government to grant Datu
Mohammed Buyuk, Muluk and Datu Daniel Amil Bahar 600 pesos per annum
each, and 360 pesos to Sharif Mohammed Binsarin on account of his good
services to the Spanish Government.

Article 17. The articles contained in this solemn Act shall go this day into full
effect, subject however to the superior approval of His Excellency the Governor-
General of these Philippine Islands. Any doubt which may arise in regard to the
text of this Act shall be resolved by adhering to the literal meaning of the Spanish
text.

Signed at Jolo on the 19th of April 1851.—Seal of the Sultan.—Seals of Datus

Muluk Kahar; Tumanggung; Sanajahan; Mamancha; Muluk Bandahala; Amil-
Badar; Juhan; Na’ib; and signature of Sharif Mohammed Binsarin.—The Politico-
Military Governor of the province of Zamboanga etc.: José María de Carlos y
O’Doyle.

I, Don Antonio de Urbiztondo y Eguía, Marquis de la Solana, Knight Grand Cross

of the Royal American Order of Isabel the Catholic, Knight of the Royal Order of
San Fernando of the first and third class, and of that of San Hermanegildo,
Lieutenant-General of the National Forces, Governor and Captain-General of the
Philippine Islands, President of the Royal Audiencia of the Philippine Islands,
 Judge-Subdelegate of Post Office Revenues, Vice-Royal Patron, and Director-
General of the troops, etc., approve, confirm and ratify this capitulation in the
name of Her Majesty Isabel II.

Manila, April 30, 1851.—Antonio de Urbiztondo.

True copy.—Seal of the Captain-General of the Philippines.

Royal order approving the salaries assigned to the Sultan and Datus of Sulu,
December 14, 1851.

The Queen (whom God save), in view of the letter of Your Excellency of May 3rd
last, No. 1236, and of the report of the Secretary of State on the subject, has been
pleased to approve the salaries assigned by Article 16 of the Capitulation to the
Sultan and Datus of Sulu, and amounting to 1,500 pesos for the Sultan, 600 pesos
for each of the Datus Mohammed Buyuk Muluk and Daniel Amil Bahar, and 360
for Sharif Binsarin.

By Royal order etc.

Madrid, December 14, 1851.

The Intendant of the Philippines.

Translation of the Sulu text of the treaty of 1851

A statement of firm agreement and union (in friendship) made by the Queen Spain
Isabel II, Constitutional Queen of all Spain, and the honorable officers of her
government, with the Mawlana Sultan Mohammed Pulalun and the Datus
Mohammed Buyuk, Muluk, Amil Bahar, Bandahala, Muluk Kahar, Amil Badar,
Tumanggung, Juhan, Sawja’an, Na’ib, Mamancha, and Tuan Sharif Mohammed
Binsarin.

The King was represented here by Colonel Don José María de Carlos y O’Doyle,
Politico-Military Governor of the Province of Zamboanga and islands of Basilan,
Pilas, Tonkil, and others, who was given power and authority by General Don
Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of Solana, Governor and Great Captain of the
Philippine Islands.

Article I. The Mahasari Mawlana Sultan of Sulu and his ministers together with
the datus mentioned above have the great desire to state that they had good
intentions toward the people of Spain, on January 1, of this year. They also state
that the relation of Sulu and its dependencies to Spain has been one of intimate
union from the first until now.

They make anew, to-day, a firm agreement of union in friendship with the Queen
of Spain Isabel II, Constitutional Queen of All Spain, and all her honorable
officers, to reaffirm the previous agreement of 1836, as also the agreement of last
year made with the governor of Zamboanga, in the month of August, which fully
affirmed the “Kunkista”5 of Sulu which was effected on the 28th of February, this
year, by Señor the excellent Don Antonio Urbiztondo, Marquis of Solana,
Governor and great Captain of the Philippine Archipelago.

Article II. The Sultan and Datus promise with firm intention and brotherhood
not to revoke their agreement to the occupation of Sulu and its dependencies,
regarding them as dependencies of Spain.

Article III. Sulu and her dependencies alike use the Spanish flag; the people of
Sulu and her dependencies are one with the people of Spain, and ally themselves
to the Philippine Islands.

It shall not be right for the Sultan and the Datus to make treaties with Malay datus
or any nation other than Spain, whether that nation is Spain’s ally or not. Should
such treaties be made they would be null. So also they can not make any contracts
with any persons other than Spaniards, nor any agreement contrary to the previous
ones. Such agreements, if made, will not be binding because Spain is in all the
islands of Sulu as she is in her Philippine Islands, and Sulu has previous
friendship treaties with Spain.

Article IV. New promise: Pirates shall not be allowed at all here in Sulu. Should
they commit any crime they shall be punished wherever they may be.

Article V. The subordinate rulers, and all boats, from this day on, shall use the
Spanish flag, but the Sultan and the Datus can use a war flag like the Spanish
officials. They will not use any other flag.

Article VI. The Island of Sulu and all its dependencies large and small, being the
same as the Philippine Islands in that they belong to Spain, all Spanish officers
and all ships flying the Spanish flag may navigate through the Sulu Archipelago
without any objection.
Article VII. It is recognized by the Sultan and the Datus that the King of Spain is
powerful these days and is just and merciful in acquiring “Kunkista,” and that it is
not right to build forts without informing the Spanish Government nor to buy
arms without having also informed the Spanish Government, nor to have boats
carry any arms except the kris and the spear, for other arms are signs of enmity.

Article VIII. The Spanish Government, wishing to promote fellowship with the
people of Sulu, gives the sultan and the datus titulu (titles) to increase their
respect and honor.

Article IX. The Spanish Government assures the Sultan and all the people that it
will let their religion alone, and that it will not try to change their religion, nor
object to the free exercise of their worship and the customs of their race.

Article X. The Spanish Government does also promise the people and the Sultan
that it will not break its word. It also promises to recognize the ranks of the Sultan
and the Datus, and also those of subordinate rulers and the people.

Article XI. Sulu boats and goods may go to Spanish countries without any
objection, in the same manner as if they belonged to that country.

Article XII. All ships that come to Sulu, except those of Spain, pay duties as
previously, in order that the Sultan and the Datus may get a share of the income of
their towns, and may adopt measures which will improve and benefit the town.

Article XIII. If the power of the Sultan is well established and sustained, he may
be able to secure other profits besides this, by helping the Spanish Government, in
accordance with Article 3 of the treaty of 1836, providing for the building of a
trading post which would be guarded by Spain. It will be proper for the Sultan
and the Datus to help in the erection of this trading post, and all labor and lumber
shall be paid for according to the custom of the place.

Article XIV. This trading post shall be built near the site of the fort of Amil
Bahar.6 It shall not encroach upon nor cause any injury to the cemetery of the
Mohammedans, but out of due respect to their religion no house shall be erected
there, and in case any be erected it shall be destroyed.

Article XV. The Sultan of Sulu has the right to give passports to all of his people
who request it, sign those which he issues, and countersign Spanish passports
coming to Sulu.

Article XVI. The Spanish Government, forgiving the previous offenses of the
Sultan, and in consideration of the destruction by fire of his palace and his fort,
grants the Sultan a yearly sum of ₱1,500 as a help and an indemnity for his losses.
 The Spanish Government also grants to each of the Datus Mohammed Buyuk,
Muluk, and Amil Bahar, ₱600 a year, and to Tuan Sharif Mohammed Binsarin
₱360 on account of his good services to Spain.

Article XVII. The articles of this treaty shall take effect to-day. They shall be
shown to the Captain-General of the Philippine Islands lest he would not agree to
them. They are also in Spanish.

This treaty gained its purpose in that it checkmated the agreement of Sir
James Brooke, but it certainly did not receive as much consideration at Jolo
and Zamboanga as it did at Madrid and London. Its effect was temporary
only. As early as 1854 a town on Kapul was burned by the Spanish forces
from Basilan. In 1855 the Sulus made a dash upon Zamboanga and burned
the best part of the town. The “Light Fleet” issued from Isabela de Basilan
in 1857, surprised Simisa, rescued 76 captives, and took 116 prisoners. The
chiefs against whom the expedition was directed presented themselves later
to the governor of Zamboanga and exchanged the Moro prisoners for 60
Christian captives, 1 priest, and 1 European woman. Many pirates
continued to scour the remote parts of the Archipelago. In 1858 Governor-
General Norzagaray published a proclamation calling the attention of chiefs
of provinces and municipalities to the approach of the season at which the
pirates appear, and invoking their aid to caution the people and to take
proper measures for the defense of their towns. Rewards were also offered
for catching or killing pirates and for seizing their boats wherever found,
but this had no important effect. In 1860 about 400 Moros raided the Straits
of San Bernardino and plundered several settlements.

The year 1861 marks a new era in the history of piracy and a new step in
the organization of government for Mindanao and Basilan. At this time
Spain and the Philippines were passing through a period of progress. Alive
to the truth that commerce and piracy can not coexist, the government
provided a competent naval force by which it was able to maintain
unquestionable supremacy in the Sulu Sea. It purchased eighteen steam
vessels in England and used them for chasing Moro pirates and for
blockading the port of Jolo. The operations conducted by these vessels
drove away hordes of pirates from Philippine waters, and, in the course of a
decade, terminated that long term of piracy under which the Islands had
suffered for three centuries.

Politico-military government of Mindanao and adjacent

islands

Affairs in Mindanao had progressed so satisfactorily that Pollok, Kotabato,

and Davao were occupied by permanent garrisons, and peace and
tranquillity reigned over the Celebes Sea. A politico-military government
was then established for all the pacified territory of Mindanao and Basilan,
and was designated as the Government of Mindanao. It comprised six
districts, the first five of which belonged entirely to the Island of Mindanao.
The sixth was called the district of Basilan and was defined as “comprising
Basilan and the Spanish possessions in the Archipelago of Sulu.” Sulu was
not brought under this organization until 1878, when an additional district
was created for this purpose. The form of this government and its chief
characteristics are best described in the words of the royal order creating it,
which is herein given in full because of many points of interest which are
contained in the text and form of the decree, and which can not be well
illustrated otherwise:

Superior Civil Government

Office of the Deputy Superintendent of the Philippine Treasury

CIRCULAR

The Minister of War and Colonies communicated to this Superior Civil

Government, on the 31st of July of last year, the following Royal order:

Your Excellency: The Queen (whom God protect) has been pleased to issue the
following Royal decree: Pursuant to the reasons laid before me by the Minister of
War and Colonies, and in accordance with the opinion of the Council of
Ministers, I hereby decree the following:
Article I. A politico-military Government is hereby established for the island of
Mindanao and adjacent islands.

Article II. The Government of Mindanao shall be divided into six districts: 1. the
Zamboanga District, formed of that part of the province of the same name which
includes all of Sibugay Bay, and the west coast of the island as far as Murciélagos
Point; 2. the District of the North, including, in the northern part of the island, all
the territory between the boundary line of the 1st District and Dapitan Point, on
Tutwan Bay; 3. the Eastern District, between Dapitan Point, and Karaga Bay; 4.
the Davao District, beginning on the boundary line of the 3d District and
including the Bay of Davao and all the southern extremity of the island; 5. the
Central District, including Illana Bay, situated between the 1st and 4th districts; 6.
the District of Basilan, comprising the Spanish possessions in the Archipelagoes
of Sulu and Basilan. The capital of the Government shall be in the Central
District, the most advantageous place at the mouth of the Mindanao River being
chosen. These districts shall be divided into two classes; to the first class shall
belong the Northern, Central and Eastern districts, and to the second those of
Zamboanga, Davao and Basilan.

Article III. The Governor of Mindanao shall receive 6,000 pesos as salary, and
2,000 pesos as entertainment fund. The latter shall be supplied from the revenues
from Government real estate and licenses. The Governor’s residence shall also be
supplied by the State.

Article IV. This Governorship shall correspond to the class of brigadier generals;
but the first Governor appointed may be a colonel, who will be entitled, as a
reward, to an appointment as brigadier general after three years.

Article V. The Governor of Mindanao shall be succeeded in his command by the

officer of the highest rank in the island, pending the appointment of another
Governor, or such action as the Captain General may deem advisable. In the
districts, the Governor shall be succeeded by the officer next in rank, until the
Governor of Mindanao appoints an Acting Governor and requests the Captain
General to take such action as may be called for by the regulations in force.

Article VI. The duties and powers of the Captain General in regard to the
Government of Mindanao, and those of the Governor of the island, shall be the
same as those provided for the Bisayas in my Royal decree of this date. As
military authorities, they shall observe the usual relations between Captains
General and Commanders General of Provinces. The Governor of Mindanao shall
forward each month to the Captain General of the Philippines a tabulated record
of the resolutions taken by him in the exercise of his authority, so that the latter
may be able to exercise with efficiency the general supervision to which he is
entitled. The Captain General shall forward to the Supreme Government, through
the proper channels, both this tabulated record, and a statement of the action he
has taken in the premises.

Article VII. The districts of the first class shall be governed by lieutenant-
colonels and those of the second class by senior majors.

Article VIII. The duties of these district governors shall be those specified, up to
the present time, for the politico-military Governors of the island.

Article IX. The Governor of Mindanao shall have a Secretariate with the
following personnel: a Secretary at 2,500 pesos per year; one clerk, class one, at
1,200; one clerk, class two, at 1,000, and one clerk, class three, at 800. 1,000
pesos are furthermore provided for the salaries of copyists, and 500 for office
supplies.

Article X. There is hereby created for Mindanao a Revenue Office which shall
serve as depositary of the revenues, and shall have charge of collecting all taxes,
and of the administration of the Army. It shall have the following personnel: an
Administrator at 2,500 pesos; a Controller at 2,000; one clerk, class one, at 1,000;
two clerks, class two, at 800, and a cashier at 800. 1,500 pesos are provided for
the salaries of copyists and other auxiliary employees, and 600 for office supplies.

Article XI. The chiefs of districts shall remain in charge of the collection of
taxes in the manner hitherto established, and shall be entitled to the allowances
provided for that purpose. The provisions of this article shall not interfere with
those already made for the departments of the administration which exist at the
present time in Mindanao and their dependencies.

Article XII. For expediting their official business the district governors shall
have a secretary at a salary of 800 pesos in districts of the first class, and 600 in
those of the second class. To each secretary’s office 75 pesos are assigned for
office supplies, and 150 for a copyist.

Article XIII. The mission of the Jesuits, which has already been sent to
Mindanao, shall look after the spiritual wants of the island, and Jesuits shall take
the place of the other priests as soon as the mission has a sufficient personnel, and
in the manner which may be deemed most convenient.

Article XIV. The first and principal object of the mission shall be to secure the
conversion of the races which have not yet been subjected, and even after the
parishes of the island are provided for it shall maintain a sufficient number of
missionaries for that purpose; each missionary shall be aided to the extent of 800
pesos a year from the Royal Treasury.
Article XV. The War and Navy Departments, together with the Colonial Office,
shall decide what forces of the army and navy are required for Mindanao; the
Captain-General shall have authority to make such changes as the circumstances
may require, but he shall always report such changes to the respective Ministers
for approval.

Article XVI. The Governor can use the naval forces whenever he finds it
necessary, with the assent of the commanding officer thereof.

Article XVII. It shall be the constant duty of the army to explore and to occupy
the country; for that purpose, two columns at least shall be detached each year
from each district, and go through said districts in different directions. The chiefs
of these columns shall make out a report about the territory reconnoitered by
them; said reports shall be included in a general report made by the Governor,
which shall be forwarded to the Department of War and Colonies through the
Captain-General of the Philippines; this information will allow the Governor to
give, in the following years his instructions to the columns sent out to explore the
country, without losing sight of the advantage of establishing friendly relations
with the tribes which inhabit the island, and the necessity of maintaining
communication between the different districts. These columns shall be provided
with everything that may be required to overcome the obstacles they will find on
their way; and during the expedition, officers and soldiers shall receive field
rations, issued in kind, according to the advice of the Military Health Department.
For this purpose 10,000 pesos shall be carried on the budget for the first year, and
100 pesos shall be given for each expedition to the officer commanding a column,
for extraordinary expenses.

Article XVIII. Two special agents shall be appointed by the government for the
purpose of studying means of developing all the natural resources of the island of
Mindanao.

Article XIX. In order to encourage colonists to settle in such parts of the island
as may be deemed best, they will be furnished, at their request, the tools and
implements required for their work or trade. The Governor is furthermore
authorized to pay the traveling expenses of colonists who may wish to settle in the
island without exceeding the sum hereinafter provided, the expenditure of which
shall be duly accounted for. The new settlers shall be entitled to the foregoing
privileges for ten years, and 12,000 pesos shall be appropriated for that purpose
during the first year, from the revenues accruing from government real estate and
licenses. The new settlers shall be exempt from tribute; the same favor shall be
granted all tribes that submit peacefully.

Article XX. The laws and regulations in force in the other islands of the
Philippines shall be observed in all the offices of the Treasury Department. The
prohibitions mentioned in the tariff shall apply to the custom house of
Zamboanga; articles imported into the island in Spanish bottoms, and for local
consumption, shall pay, during the next ten years, 2 per cent ad valorem, if of
Spanish origin and 5 per cent if of foreign origin. If brought under a foreign flag
said articles shall pay double the amounts specified above. If, after importing an
article for use in the island, it is reëxported to some other Spanish island, it shall
pay, on arrival at the latter the difference between what has been paid in
Mindanao and the regular duty established in the tariff.

Article XXI. Lands now under cultivation, and those placed under cultivation
during the next ten years, shall pay no other impost than that required by the
regulations now in force, per quiñon of land, as an acknowledgment of
ownership.7

Article XXII. The Government shall always have on hand a reserve fund of
10,000 pesos to meet any urgent and unexpected need that may arise; in such
cases only, the Governor shall assume the responsibility of using this sum, or part
of the same, and shall account for the expenditure, in the usual manner.

Article XXIII. A sum of 3,000 pesos per year is placed at the disposal of the
Governor for presents to the independent tribes, for the purpose of gaining their
friendship; the same amount is assigned to the mission of the Jesuits. These funds
shall be expended and accounted for in the best possible form.

Article XXIV. For the expenses of installation a special estimate shall be drawn
up, and action shall be taken thereon as provided by the laws for urgent cases.

Article XXV. No extra pay or allowances of any kind shall be given except such
as are provided in the present decree, and the per diems usually granted military
engineers when they are sent out on official business.

Article XXVI. The War, Navy, and Colonies Departments shall execute the
present Decree in the parts which respectively concern them, and shall work in
common for the execution of such parts thereof as may belong to two or more
Departments.

Article XXVII. So many of the laws and orders in force as are inconsistent with
the provisions of the present decree are hereby repealed.

Given at San Ildefonso on the 30th of July, 1860.

Rubric of Her Majesty.—The Minister of War and Colonies. Leopoldo O’Donnell.

—Communicated to you by Royal order for your information and action.
Sultan Pulalun was regarded by the Sulus as an able administrator and a just
ruler. His influence and fame and that of his father endeared the house of
Jamalul Kiram to the people to such an extent as to restrict the succession
of the sultanate to their direct line of descent for a considerable period of
time. Following the steps of his father, he published a revised code of Sulu
laws and conducted the affairs of his government with care. Pulalun died
September 24, 1862, and was followed by his son, Jamalul Aʿlam.

The succession of Jamalul Aʿlam was contested by Datu Jamalul Kiram, the
grandson of Sultan Shakirul Lah. The wife of Datu Jamalul Kiram was the
daughter of Datu Daniel Amil Bahar, and the latter was inclined to support
his son-in-law. Jamalul Aʿlam, however, had the majority of the council of
the datus on his side, and a Spanish commission sent to Jolo in November,
confirmed his sultanate. Espina states that at that time the sultan was living
with Datu Asibi, and that the portrait of Queen Isabel II was placed before
the sultan when he made his declaration before the commission to recognize
the authority and sovereignty of Spain over all the dominions of Sulu,
including her dependencies in Borneo.

It is noted in the Sulu Annals, under date of February 1, 1867, that a

Spanish war vessel arrived at Jolo and demanded the punishment and
delivery of three men, one of whom was called Imam Mindang. The sultan
arrested all these men and had them executed on February 9 in the presence
of the officer in command of the vessel. It appears that in spite of the
vigilance of the Spanish navy, piratical expeditions were kept up by
discontented Moros not fully submissive to the sultan. This led to further
activity on the part of Spanish gunboats, and war was consequently carried
into Sulu waters and territory.

Another note in the Sulu Annals, under date of March 5, 1872, states that 13
Spanish vessels attacked Jolo, killed 3 men and 1 woman and lost 2 officers
and 100 soldiers. That same year the famous warrior Datu Daniel Amil
Bahar died; and Puerta Princesa, capital of Palawan, was garrisoned by
native troops. A naval blockade of Jolo was established and hostilities
between Sulu and Spain were resumed. In 1873–1875 considerable damage
was done by the fleet throughout the Archipelago, and two German vessels
were seized while carrying contraband of war to the Sulus.

In the estimation of the Sulus, Jamalul A’lam was one of their best rulers.
He carried out many public improvements, built roads and bridges and
mosques, enforced public attendance at the Friday church services, and
executed the laws with justice and force. He was as able a ruler as any
sultan Sulu had since the days of Abu Bakr, but the vicissitudes of fortune
were certainty against him. Before his reign ended, Spain’s hand fell upon
him strong and heavy, his capital was wrested from him, and his power
waned.

1 See Appendixes XVI and XVII.

2 A visit to the Indian Archipelago, p. 58.
3 A big dugout canoe.
4 Vessels of some 11 meters length, 1½ meters beam, and 40 centimeters overhang at
the bow. They are furnished with outriggers and a removable deck [commonly of loose
slats]. (Note in Montero y Vidal’s History of the Piracy of the Mohammedan Malays.)
5 The Spanish word for conquest transliterated. The word can not be understood by the
Sulus.
6 Datu Daniel.
7 Spanish. Como reconocimiento de dominio (i.e., of Spain). The idea is that the settler
acknowledges that he does not own the land in fee simple, but holds it as a tenant of the
state.
Chapter V.
 Sulu Under Spanish Sovereignty

Occupation of Jolo

The Sulu sultanate remained practically independent for four hundred and
twenty-five years. Its decline was not caused by national retrogression or
political dissension, but by the hostility and aggression of its adversary.
Sulu’s power arose through the introduction of firearms into eastern
Malaysia and began to decline at the introduction of steam war vessels into
the Philippine Archipelago. The mobility and speed of steam war vessels
put to disadvantage all Moro sailing and rowing craft. Pirates were chased
on the sea and hunted in their lairs. The fear which steamboats struck in the
hearts of Moros made them run away from their homes and settlements and
hide in the jungles whenever they heard the whistle of a steamboat, or saw
it approaching from a distance. The steamboats purchased by Governor
Claveria in 1848, which crushed the power of the Balangingi Samals, were
referred to by Captain Keppel in the following words:

“On the 14th of January [1849] we left Zamboanga, getting under weigh in
company with such a fleet of gunboats as would have done credit to any nation.”

The vessels purchased in 1861 increased the efficiency of the navy to such a
degree as to make it possible to carry war into Sulu territory, attack many
remote islands and settlements and blockade the port of Jolo so effectively
as to check the importation of firearms and ammunition, and restore a
condition of safety and peace on the sea.

The campaign of 1876 was a very significant event in the history of Sulu. It
decided the fate of this state and definitely fixed its relation to the
Philippine Archipelago. Spain’s determination to conquer Sulu never waned
and seemed stronger then than ever before. The Governor-General was a
man of great ability and aspired to the highest military honors. Moro raids
recurred occasionally and the strained relations of the two states became so
tense that rupture was inevitable.

In reviewing the history of Spanish campaigns in Sulu up to this time, one

is strongly impressed with the futility of conquest without occupation. To
invade a Moro settlement, defeat its forces, burn its houses, kill some of its
inhabitants, and carry some away as prisoners, is not very different in
character and effect from a Moro raid. Such methods incited the Moros to
revenge themselves by waging war on their invaders. This they did by
raiding, which is their established method of warfare. Up to this time
natural advantages remained on the side of the Sulus and Spanish forces
could accomplish no permanent results, in spite of their superior methods of
warfare and excellent military organization.

Since the days of the great Corcuera, no Spanish general appears to have
recognized the importance of the occupation of Sulu as an essential factor
in its pacification. Their apparent inability to comprehend the real solution
of this question might have arisen from consciousness of their inability to
provide an adequate force for the purpose. However that may have been,
the honor of such an achievement remained for Governor-General
Malcampo, who carried it out with credit to himself and to the government
which he represented. With a clear understanding of the task to be
accomplished, he resolved to conquer Sulu and occupy it, and then suppress
piracy by striking the pirates at home. He left Manila on the 5th of
February, 1876, with a large force composed of one battalion of the
peninsular regiment of artillery, one company of mountain artillery, five
regiments of infantry, ordnance, engineers, sanitary and prison detachments,
and two companies of the Guardia Civil.1 At Zamboanga, the expedition
was reinforced by 864 volunteers, 400 of whom were from Zamboanga and
464 from Kagayan de Misamis commanded by the Augustinian friar,
Ramon Zueco.
The whole expedition, estimated at 9,000 troops, left Zamboanga on the
20th of February. They were conveyed in 10 steamboats and 11 transports,
and were escorted by a fleet of 12 gunboats under the admiral in command
of the Philippine naval forces. The Island of Sulu was reached on the 21st,
and next morning a force disembarked at Patikul, 4 miles east of Jolo. The
Moros at this place offered some resistance and caused some casualties, but
later in the day abandoned the place and fled. Here a considerable column
was detached to reconnoitre the interior and advance on Jolo from the land
side. This plan proved impracticable and the column suffered severely from
heat and thirst and returned next day to the beach at Tandu, 2 miles east of
Jolo. On the 29th, a general advance was made on Jolo by land and sea. The
fleet opened fire on the town, while the land forces rushed the forts and
trenches on the sides. The main force was directed against the fort of
Daniel, which was captured after a sharp fight. The Moros in the other forts
made a fiercer resistance, but were soon overcome by the fire of the
Spanish artillery and the whole town was taken by assault. On the 30th, the
fort of Panglima Adak, situated at the base of the hills, was taken. Not
content with this brilliant victory and intent upon striking a decisive and
deadly blow, Malcampo directed various expeditions against the other
strongholds of Sulu. A force of marines and volunteers destroyed 80 boats
and burned 90 houses on Tapul. On March 16 an expedition to Lapak
destroyed its forts and reduced the settlement to ashes. On March 22 the
forts of Parang were reduced, the settlement was burned, and many Sulus
killed. On the 24th Maymbung was similarly destroyed.

A large garrison was established at Jolo, consisting of two regiments of

infantry, one company of artillery, one company of engineers, and two
companies of disciplinarios.2 Capt. Pascual Cervera, a captain of frigate of
the navy was given command of the garrison, under the title of politico-
military governor of Sulu. General Malcampo was given the title of “Count
of Jolo,” while many decorations were awarded to gallant officers, and a
medal was struck for each participant in the campaign.

The step thus taken by the Philippine Government appears to have been
well planned and firmly resolved. No sooner was a footing gained than
measures were undertaken to quarter the troops and fortify the place.
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