Data Communication(601)

1- (Introduction To Data Communication)

 Communication: Sharing of Information (Local or remote).
 Telecommunications: Communication at a Distance (includes telephony, telegraph, and
television etc.)
 Data communications: Exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
media.

Data Communication(601)
2- (Introduction To Data Communication)
 Communication: Sharing of Information (Local or remote).
 Telecommunications: Communication at a Distance (includes telephony, telegraph, and
television etc.)
 Data communications: Exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
media.

2- (Characteristics of a Data Communication System )

Effectiveness of a Data Communication System:
The effectiveness of a Data Communication System depends on the following factors:
 Delivery:
When data is sent from one place to another correctly and successfully, this is called
delivery.
 Accuracy:
When data is sent, it must be accurate, which means that there must be no errors.
 Timeliness:
For data to be considered timely, it must be sent within a reasonable amount of time.
  Jitter:
The difference in packet arrival times in a network, which affects how consistently data
is sent at regular intervals, is called jitter.
3- (Components of a Data Communication System)
A data communications system has five components:
 Sender
 Receiver
 Transmission medium
 Protocol
 Message
4- (Data Representation and Data Flow)
Following are the different forms of Information
 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video
Data Flow between two devices in the following modes:
 Simplex: In simple terms, simplex is like talking on a one-way street. While in simplex
mode, data can only go from one device to another. The device that receives the data
cannot send it back. Like a TV remote control, you can tell it what to do (like changing
stations), but it doesn't get any information from the TV.
 Half Duplex: It is like talking on a walkie-talkie. Data can be sent and received in this
mode, but not at the same time. Like switching places in a chat. People listen to each
other when they talk and talk to each other when they listen. Changing between
sending and getting is possible, but not both at the same time.
 Full Duplex: Communication that works both ways is like a normal phone call. There is
time for both people to talk and listen. Like having a street that goes both ways, data
can flow in both directions at the same time. This is like how we talk to each other in
real life—we can both talk and listen at the same time, which makes dialogue smooth
and natural.
5- (Networks)
 Network: Interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication
 Host: In computer networks, a host is any device that is connected to the network, like a
computer or printer. Each host has its own unique IP address, which lets other devices
on the network talk to each other and share data.
 Connecting Device: In networks, a connecting device is either hardware or software that
lets devices talk to each other by controlling network traffic and managing data
transfers easier.
 A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria such as
  Performance
 Reliability
 Security
6- (Physical Structures)
 Switching

 A network is a set of connected devices

 Problem of how to connect multiple devices to make one-to-one communication
possible
 The solution is Switching
 Switched network consists of a series of switches

 Three Methods of Switching:

 Three Methods:
 Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching
 Message switching
 The first two are commonly used today
 The third has been phased out in general communications

Taxonomy of Switched Networks

 Circuit-switched Networks

 A set of switches connected by physical links

 A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links
 Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link
 Each link is normally divided into

Example
As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight telephones
in a small area. Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels. We assume that each
link uses FDM to connect a maximum of two voice channels. The bandwidth of each link
is then 8 kHz.
 Example
As another example, consider a circuit-switched network that connects computers in
two remote offices of a private company. The offices are connected using a T-1 line
leased from a communication service provider. There are two 4 × 8 (4 inputs and 8
outputs) switches in this network.

 Three Phases in a Circuit Switched Network

The actual communication in a circuit-switched network requires 3 phases:

 Connection Setup
 Data Transfer
 Connection Teardown
 Efficiency of a Circuit-Switched Network
 Not as efficient as packet switching because resources are allocated during the entire duration
of the connection and these resources are unavailable to other connections
 In a telephone network, people normally terminate the communication when they have finished
their conversation
 Data Network is an issue
 Packet Switching
  If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network, it needs to be
divided into packets of fixed or variable size
 The size of the packet is determined by the network and the governing protocol
 Datagram Networks

 Each packet is treated independently of all others.

 Even if a packet is part of a multi-packet transmission, the network treats it as though it
existed alone
 Packets are referred to as datagrams
 Virtual-Circuit Networks
 A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram
network
 Structure Of A Circuit Switch
 Circuit switching today can use either of two technologies:
 The Space-Division switch
 The Time-Division switch
 Time-Division Switch
 Uses TDM inside a switch
 Most popular technology is Time-Slot Interchange (TSI)

7 - (Physical Topologies -1)

 Physical Topologies
 Links + Nodes = Topology
 Topology: Physical Layout of Network
 Physical Topologies:
 Mesh: A network setup where each device is connected to every other device
through individual point-to-point links.
 Star: In a star network topology, every device is connected through a dedicated
point-to-point link solely to a central controller, often referred to as a hub.
 Bus: A single extended cable serves as a backbone to connect all devices within
a network in a multipoint configuration.
 Ring: Every device maintains an exclusive point-to-point link with only the two
neighboring devices on either side of it.
Physical Topologies :
1- Mesh Topology:
A network setup where each device is connected to every other device through
individual point-to-point links.

2- Star Topology:
In a star network topology, every device is connected through a dedicated point-to-
point link solely to a central controller, often referred to as a hub.

3- Bus Topology:
 A single extended cable serves as a backbone to connect all devices within a network in
a multipoint configuration.

4- Ring Topology:
Every device maintains an exclusive point-to-point link with only the two neighboring
devices on either side of it.

8- (Local Area Network)

 Networks Types
 Network classification:
Networks can be classified in various ways based on different criteria.
 Size
 Geographical Coverage
 Ownership
 Local Area Networks

 Usually Privately owned

 Connects some hosts in a single office, building, or campus
 Can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s home office
 Can extend throughout a company
 Host Address
 9- (Wide Area Network)
 Wide Area Network
 Wider geographical span than a LAN
 Spans a town, a state, a country, or even the world
 Interconnects connecting devices such as switches, routers, or modems
 Normally created and run by communication companies
 Point-to-Point WAN
 Switched WAN
 Internetwork
 Point-to-Point WANs:
A Point-to-Point Wide Area Network (WAN) is a type of network connection that
establishes a direct link or communication path between two specific locations or
endpoints.

 Switched WANs:
A switched WAN typically refers to a Wide Area Network (WAN) that utilizes switching
technology for data transmission
  Internetwork:
is a network that connects multiple individual networks or subnetworks
together, allowing them to communicate and share information across a larger,
interconnected system.

10 – (The Internet)
 The Internet
 An internet (note the lowercase i) is two or more networks that can
communicate with each other
 The Internet (uppercase I), and is composed of thousands of
interconnected networks.
 Accessing the Internet
 Internet History
 Telegraph and Telephone networks, before 1960: Constant-rate communication
only
 ARPANET: short for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, was one of
the earliest and most significant computer networks that laid the foundation for
the development of the modern internet.
 MILNET: short for Military Network, was a computer network used by the United
States Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1980s.
  CSNET: short for Computer Science Network, was a computer network that
played a significant role in the early development of the internet.
 NSFNET: The National Science Foundation Network, commonly known as
NSFNET, was a pivotal computer network that played a crucial role in the
development and expansion of the internet in the United States.
 Internet Standards and Administration
 Internet draft: An Internet draft is a provisional document, still under development, and
lacking official status, typically having a lifespan of approximately six months.
 Request for Comments (RFC): Based on guidance from internet authorities, a draft
could be released as a Request for Comment (RFC).
 Proposed Standard
 Draft Standard
 Internet Standard
 Historic
 Experimental
 Informational
Internet Standards