SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / sayantonkundu@gmail.

com
Alternating Current
Draw a AC circuit :-

AC current এবং DC current এর মধ্যে পার্থ ক্ে লেখ :-

A.C D.C

1) সময়ের উপর নির্ভ র কযর । 1) সময়ের ওপর নির্ভ র কযর িা।

2) Phase dependent. 2) Phase Independent.

3) ররাধ বর্ভ মাি (Impedance). 3) Impedance not exist.

4) 4)

A.C Graph (𝑰 − 𝒕)

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

For average current:-

∫ 𝑖𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∫ 𝑑𝑡

1) যনি 𝐼 = 3𝑡 2 হ়ে র্াহযে গড় প্রবাহ নির্ভ়ে কর 0 − 2 রসযকযের মযধে।

2
∫0 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2
∫0 𝑑𝑡

2
𝑡3
3×[ ]
3 0
= [𝑡]20

23 −0
= 2−0

= 4 𝑎𝑚𝑝

2)

Total 𝐼 = 2 + (−2) = 0

1) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜑)
Phase (িশা)
𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜑)

[𝑉0 → 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 , 𝜔 → 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑡 → 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒]

2)

3) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin 𝜃

* 𝜃 এর রয মাযির জিে 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 হযব [অর্ভাৎ 𝑖 = 𝑖0 হযব র্াযক peak value বযে।

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

4) Avg value and r.m.s value :-

2
∫ 𝑖0 𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 220 𝑉

𝑉0
= 220 𝑉
√2

𝑉0 = 311. 𝑉

5) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin 𝜔𝑡 for full cycle?

𝑇
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

𝑇
𝑖0 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= [𝑡]𝑇
0

𝑖0 𝑇
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

𝑖0 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑇
= [− ]
𝑇 𝜔 0

𝑖 2𝜋
= 𝜔0 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − cos 0] [𝜔 = ]
𝑇

− 𝑖0
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0]
𝜔

− 𝑖0
= [1 − 1]
𝑇𝜔

=0

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

6) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin 𝜔𝑡 for half cycle?

𝑇
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇
∫02 𝑑𝑡

𝑇
𝑖0 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
[𝑡]02

𝑇
𝑖0
= 𝑇 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑇
𝑖0 cos 𝜔𝑡 2
= 𝑇 [− ]
𝜔 0
2

−2 𝑖0 𝑇
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 2 − cos 0]
𝑇𝜔

−2 𝑖0
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0]
𝑇𝜔

−2 𝑖0
= [−2]
𝑇𝜔

−2 𝑖0 𝑇
= × 2𝜋 × [−2]
𝑇

−2 𝑖0
= 𝜋

7) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin2 𝜔𝑡 for full cycle?

𝑇
∫0 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

𝑖0 𝑇
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
𝑇 0
𝑑𝑡

𝑖 𝑇
= 2𝑇0 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑖 𝑇
= 2𝑇0 ∫0 (1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝑖 𝑇 𝑇
= 2𝑇0 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑖0
= ×𝑇−0
2𝑇

𝑖0
= 2

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

8) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin2 𝜔𝑡 for half cycle?

𝑇
∫02 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇
∫02 𝑑𝑡

𝑇
2 𝑖0
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

𝑇
2 𝑖0
= 2𝑇
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑇
𝑖0
= ∫02 (1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

𝑇 𝑇
𝑖0
= [∫02 𝑑𝑡 − ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑇

𝑇
𝑖0 𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡 2
= [2 − [ 2𝜔 ] ]
𝑇 0

𝑖0 𝑇 1 𝑇
= [2 − 2𝜔 [sin 2𝜔 2 − sin 0]]
𝑇

𝑖0 𝑇 1
= [2 − 2𝜔 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0]]
𝑇

𝑖0 𝑇
= ×2−0
𝑇

𝑖0
= 2

9) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin 𝜔𝑡 for full cycle? r.m.s value?

Ans: 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin2 𝜔𝑡

𝑇
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

𝑖0 2 𝑇
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑖0 2 𝑇
= 2𝑇
∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑖0 2 𝑇
= ∫0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑇

𝑖0 2 𝑇 𝑇
= ∫0 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑇

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑖0 2
= ×𝑇−0
2𝑇

𝑖0 2
= 2

2
𝑖
= √ 02

𝑖0
∴ 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

10) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 + 𝑖0 sin 𝜔𝑡 for full cycle? r.m.s value?

Ans: 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (𝑖0 + 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡)2

= 𝑖0 2 + 2𝑖0 2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑖0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡

𝑇 2 2 2
∫0 [𝑖0 +2𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡+𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡] 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

1 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= 𝑇 [∫0 𝑖0 2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 2𝑖0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑖0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡]

1 𝑖0 2
= 𝑇 [𝑖0 2 𝑇 + 0 + ]
2

1 𝑖0 2
= 𝑇 × 𝑇 [𝑖0 2 + ]
2

3 𝑖0 2
= 2

2
3𝑖
= √ 20

3
= √2 𝑖0

11) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 + 𝑖0 sin 𝜔𝑡 for half cycle? r.m.s value?

Ans: 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (𝑖0 + 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡)2

= 𝑖0 2 + 2𝑖0 2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑖0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡

𝑇
2 2 2
∫02 [𝑖0 +2𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡+𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡] 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
∫02 𝑑𝑡

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= [∫0 𝑖0 2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 2𝑖0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑖0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑇

1 𝑇 2 𝑖0 2 𝑇 𝑖0 2 𝑇
= 𝑇 [𝑖0 2 2 + + × 2]
𝜋 2

4 𝑖0 2 𝑇 𝑖0 2
= 𝑖0 2 + +
𝜋 2

3 𝑖0 2 4 𝑖0 2 𝑇
=[ + ]
2 𝜋

2 2
3𝑖 4𝑖 𝑇
= √ 20 + 𝜋0

12) Circuit Theory :-

Pure Resistive

Pure Inductive

Pure Capacitive

i) Pure Resistive

𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin 𝜔𝑡

∴ 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑅 = 0 [𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐾𝑉𝐿]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = + 𝑉𝑅

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅

𝑉0
=> 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼
𝑅

=> 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

ii) Pure Resistive

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐾𝑉𝐿

𝑉 + 𝑉𝐿 = 0

=> 𝑉 = −𝑉𝐿

𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
=> 𝑉 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 [∴ 𝑉𝐿 = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡]

𝑑𝑖
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡

𝑉0
=> 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖
𝐿

𝑉0
=> ∫ 𝑑𝑖 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿

𝑉0
=> 𝑖 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿

− 𝑉0 cos(𝜔𝑡)
= ×
𝐿 𝜔

− 𝑉0
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡)
𝐿𝜔

− 𝑉0
=> 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡)
𝐿𝜔

𝜋
=> 𝑖 = − 𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡) => 𝑖 = − 𝑖0 (2 − 𝜔𝑡)

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

1)

i) Find the eq of current?

ii) 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 =?

iii) 𝑋𝐿 =?

Ans: iii) 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿

= 10 × 2

= 20 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑉0
ii) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

10
=
√2

= 5√2

𝑉
∴ 𝑋0 = 𝑖0
𝐿

10
=> 𝑖0 = 20 = 0.5 𝑎𝑚𝑝

𝑖0
𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

0.5
= 𝑎𝑚𝑝
√2

i) 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin 𝜔𝑡

= 0.5 sin(10𝑡 + 30° − 90°)

= 0.5 sin(10𝑡 − 60°)

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

Draw the current and voltage graph for Pure Inductive circuit:-

3) Pure Capacitive:-

[𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐾𝑉𝐿]

𝑉 + 𝑉𝐶 = 0

=> 𝑉 = −𝑉𝐶

𝑞 𝑞
=> 𝑉 = + 𝐶 [∴ 𝐶 = 𝑉]

𝑞
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = + 𝐶

=> 𝑞 = + 𝑒𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑑𝑞
∴𝑖=
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
=> 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 (+ 𝑒𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡)

=> 𝑖 = + 𝑒𝑉0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 ∙ 𝜔

=> 𝑖 = + 𝑒𝑉0 𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡

𝑉0
=> 𝑖 = + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝑒𝜔

𝑉 1
=> 𝑖 = + 𝑋0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 [𝑒𝜔 = 𝑋𝐶 ]
𝐶

∴ 𝑖 = +𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡

𝜋
=> 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + 2 )

i)

i) 𝑋𝐶 =?

ii) 𝑖(𝑡) =?

iii) Current in half and full cycle?

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
1
Ans: i) 𝑋𝐶 =
𝜔𝐶

1
= 10×2×10−6

106
= 10×2

105
= 2

= 5 × 104 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑉
ii) 𝑋0 = 𝑖0
𝐶

10
=> 𝑖0 = 5×104

= 2 × 10−4 𝑎𝑚𝑝

𝜋
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + 2 )

𝜋
= 2 × 10−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (10𝑡 + 2 )

iii) full cycle = 0

2 𝑖0 4×10−4
half cycle = = 𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝜋 𝜋

ii)

i) 𝑋𝐶 =?

ii) 𝑉(𝑡) =?
1
Ans: i) 𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶

1
= 50×5×10−6

106
= 50×6

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
102 ×104
=
50×5

2×10×103
= 5

= 4 × 103 𝑜ℎ𝑚

ii) 𝑖0 = 5

𝑉0 = 𝑖0 × 𝑋𝐶

= 5 × 4 × 103

= 20 × 103 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑉(𝑡) = 20 × 103 sin(50𝑡 + 30° − 90°)

= 20 × 103 sin(50𝑡 − 60°)

Combination Circuit
L-R Circuit
1)

Apply 𝐾𝑉𝐿

𝑉0 sin 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑅

𝐷𝑖
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 − 𝐿 𝐷𝑡 = 𝑉𝑅

𝐷𝑖
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 − 𝐿 𝐷𝑡 = +𝑉𝑅

𝐷𝑖
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 − 𝐿 𝐷𝑡 = +𝑖𝑅

ধনর, 𝑖 = 𝑖0 sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑑𝑖 𝑑
∴ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 {𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)}

= 𝐿 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) 𝑤
SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

= 𝐿 𝑖0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

∴ 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 − 𝐿 𝑖0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) = +𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) 𝑅

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 − 𝐿 𝑖0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) = +𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) 𝑅

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑖0 [𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝐿𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

𝑅 𝐿
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑖0 𝑍 [𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑍 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

𝑅
ধনর, 𝑍 = cos 𝜃

𝑤𝐿
এবং, = sin 𝜃
𝑍

Phasor Diagram

∴ 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑖0 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑖0 𝑍[sin(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 + 𝜃)]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 + 𝜃)

=> 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 + 𝜃

∴ 𝛼 = −𝜃

∴ 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝛼)

* রমাট ররাধ (𝑍) = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

i)

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

i) 𝑍 =?

ii) 𝑋𝐿 =?

iii) 𝑖0 =?

iv) 𝑖(𝑡) =?

Ans: ii) 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿

2
= 100𝜋 × 𝜋

= 200 𝑜ℎ𝑚

i) 𝑍 = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

= √(200)2 + (200)2

= √2(200)2

= √2 ∙ 200

= 200√2 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑉0
iii) 𝑖0 = 𝑍

200
= 200√2

1
= 𝑎𝑚𝑝
√2

𝑅
iv) 𝑍 = cos 𝜃

200
=> cos 𝜃 = 200√2

1
=> cos 𝜃 =
√2

=> 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos 45°

=> 𝜃 = 45°
𝜋
=> 𝜃 = 4

1 𝜋
∴ 𝑖(𝑡) = sin (100𝜋𝑡 − 4 )
√2

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

ii)

i) 𝑋𝐿 =? iv) 𝜃 =?

ii) 𝑍 =? v) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡) =?

iii) 𝑖(𝑡) =? vi) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) =?

Ans: i) 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿

= 10 × 0.4

= 4 𝑜ℎ𝑚

ii) 𝑍 = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

= √(4)2 + (3)2

= √25

= 5 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑅
iv) 𝑍 = cos 𝜃

3
=> cos 𝜃 = 5

=> 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos 53°

=> 𝜃 = 53°

𝑉0
iii) 𝑖0 = 𝑍

20
= 5

= 4 𝑎𝑚𝑝

∴ 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝛼)

= 4 sin(10𝑡 + 60 − 53°)

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SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

= 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10𝑡 + 7°)

vi) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10𝑡 + 7°)

= 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10𝑡 + 7°)

v) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10𝑡 + 7° + 90)

= 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10𝑡 + 97°)

iii)

i) 𝑋𝐿 =? iv) 𝜃 =?

ii) 𝑍 =? v) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡) =?

iii) 𝑖(𝑡) =? vi) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) =?

Ans: i) 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿

= 20 × 0.3

= 6 𝑜ℎ𝑚

ii) 𝑍 = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

= √(6)2 + (8)2

= √36 + 64

= 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑅
iv) 𝑍 = cos 𝜃

8
=> cos 𝜃 = 10

=> 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos 37°

=> 𝜃 = 37°

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑉0
iii) 𝑖0 =
𝑍

10
= 10

= 1 𝑎𝑚𝑝

∴ 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝛼)

= sin(20𝑡 + 30 − 37°)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(20𝑡 − 7°)

vi) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(20𝑡 − 7°)

= 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛(20𝑡 − 7°)

v) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛(20𝑡 − 7° + 90)

= 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(20𝑡 + 83°)

C-R Circuit
2)

Apply 𝐾𝑉𝐿
𝑞
𝑉0 sin 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑐 − 𝑉𝑅 = 0

𝑞
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑐 + 𝑉𝑅

𝑞
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑐 + 𝐼𝑅

ধনর, 𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑑𝑞
∴𝐼= 𝑑𝑡

𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 [𝑞0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

= 𝑞0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) 𝑤

= 𝑞0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑞0
∴ 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑞0 𝑤𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑐

1
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 [𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑤𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

1
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤 [𝑤𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

1 𝑅
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍 [𝑤𝑐𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑍 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

1
ধনর, 𝑤𝑐
= sin 𝜃
𝑍

𝑅
এবং, = cos 𝜃
𝑍

∴ 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍[cos(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 − 𝜃)]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 + 90)

=> 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 − 𝜃 + 90

∴ 𝛼 = 𝜃 − 90

Phasor Diagram

∴ 𝐼 = 𝑞0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 − 90)

0 𝑉
=> 𝐼 = 𝑤𝑍 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃 − 90)

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

=> 𝐼 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃)

i)

i) 𝑋𝐶 =? iv) 𝜃 =?

ii) 𝑍 =? v) 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) =?

iii) 𝐼(𝑡) =? vi) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) =?

1
Ans: i) 𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶

1
= 10000×25×10−6

102
= 25

= 4 𝑜ℎ𝑚

ii) 𝑍 = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

= √(4)2 + (3)2

= √16 + 9

= 5 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑅
vi) = cos 𝜃
𝑍

3
=> cos 𝜃 = 5

𝑉0
iii) 𝑖0 = 𝑍

10
= 5

= 2 𝑎𝑚𝑝

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SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

∴ 𝑖(𝑡) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(104 𝑡 + 30 + 53)

= 2 sin(104 𝑡 + 83)

iv) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) = 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(104 𝑡 + 83)

v) 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛(104 𝑡 − 7)

ii)

i) 𝑋𝐶 =? iii) 𝜃 =?

ii) 𝑍 =? vi) 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) =?

iv) 𝑉(𝑡) =? v) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) =?

1
Ans: i) 𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶

1
= 105×50×10−6

= 0.2 𝑜ℎ𝑚

ii) 𝑍 = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

= √(0.2)2 + (6)2

= 6 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑅
iii) 𝑍 = cos 𝜃

6
=> cos 𝜃 = 6

=> 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos 0°

=> 𝜃 = 0°

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

iv) 𝑉0 = 𝑖0 𝑍

= 4×6

= 24 𝑉

∴ 𝑉(𝑡) = 24 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 + 60 − 0)

= 24 sin(105 𝑡 + 60)

v) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 + 60)

= 4 × 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 + 60)

= 24 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 + 60)

vi) 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑋𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 + 60 − 90)

= 4 × 0.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 − 30)

= 0.8 𝑠𝑖𝑛(105 𝑡 − 30)

3)

[𝐿 − 𝑅] (𝑖) যনি 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 হ়ে র্যব circuit টা Inductive circuit হযব।

[𝐿 − 𝑅] (𝑖𝑖) যনি 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿 হ়ে র্যব circuit টা Capacitive circuit হযব।

[𝐿 − 𝑅] (𝑖𝑖𝑖) যনি 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐿 হ়ে র্যব circuit টা Resistive circuit হযব।

Apply 𝐾𝑉𝐿

𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝑅 = 0

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑅

𝑑𝐼 𝑞
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 − 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 = 𝐼𝑅

ধনর, 𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑑𝑞
∴𝐼=
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 [𝑞0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

= 𝑞0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) 𝑤

= 𝑞0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑑𝐼 𝑑
∴ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 [𝑞0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

= − 𝑞0 𝑤 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑞0
∴ 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 + 𝐿𝑞0 𝑤 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑐

𝑞0
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) − 𝐿𝑞0 𝑤 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)
𝑐

1
=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤 [𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) − 𝐿𝑤 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑤𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]

Phasor Diagram

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑅 𝐿𝑤 1
∴ 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍 [𝑍 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) + 𝑤𝑐𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)]
𝑍

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍[cos 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼) sin 𝜃]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑞0 𝑤𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 + 𝜃)]

=> 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑉0 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 + 𝜃 + 90)]

=> 𝑤𝑡 = 𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼 + 𝜃 + 90

∴ 𝛼 = (−90 − 𝜃)

𝑅
∴ 𝑍 = cos 𝜃 ∴ 𝐼 = 𝑞0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 + 𝛼)

𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 𝑉
0
=> = sin 𝜃 = 𝑤 𝑤𝑍 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃 − 90)
𝑍

1
𝑤𝐿−
𝑤𝑐
=> = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃)
𝑍

𝑤𝐿 1
=> − 𝑤𝑐𝑍 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑍

Power Factor
1) For any circuit

𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡

𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃)

Power (𝑃) = 𝑉𝐼 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒]

=> (𝑃) = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃)

𝑇
∫0 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡−𝜃)𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑇
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝑤𝑡 sin 𝜃]𝑑𝑡

𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑇 𝑇
= [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝑡]
𝑇

𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

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SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑉0 𝐼0 1 𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2

𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∫0 (1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑇

𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑇 𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 [∫0 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 cos 2𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2𝑇

𝑉0 𝐼0
=> (𝑃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2𝑇

𝑉0 𝐼0
=> (𝑃) = × × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
√2 √2

=> (𝑃) = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

2)
i) 𝑍 =? ii) 𝑋𝐿 =?

iii) 𝑋𝐶 =? iv) 𝜑 =?

v) 𝑖0 =? vi) 𝑖(𝑡) =?

vii) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) =? vii) 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) =?

Also Identify the characteristics of the circuit. ix) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡) =?

Ans: ii) 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿

= 100 × 1

= 100 𝑜ℎ𝑚

i) 𝑍 = √𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅 2

= √(300)2 + (400)2

= 500 𝑜ℎ𝑚

1
iii) 𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶

1
= 100×20×10−6

= 500 𝑜ℎ𝑚

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑅
iv) = cos 𝜃
𝑍

300
=> cos 𝜃 = 500

=> 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos 53°

=> 𝜃 = 53°

𝑉0
v) 𝑖0 = 𝑍

50
= 100

= 0.1 𝑎𝑚𝑝

vi) 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃)

= 0.1 sin(100𝑡 + 30 + 53)

= 0.1 sin(100𝑡 + 83)

vii) 𝑉𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 + 83)

= 0.1 × 300 sin(100𝑡 + 83)

= 30 sin(100𝑡 + 83)

viii) 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑋𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 + 83 − 90)

= 0.1 × 500 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 − 7)

= 50 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 − 7)

ix) 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑋𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 + 83 + 90)

= 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛(100𝑡 + 173)

x) 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿 behave as a C-R circuit.

3) এক্টি ববশুদ্ধ যারক্ীয় লরাযক্ীয় এবং আবর্থনীয় বর্থনীধ্র্ ক্ষমর্া শূনে।

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

Ans: ববশুদ্ধ যারক্ীয় বর্থনীর লক্ষধ্ে,

𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡

𝐼 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 𝜃)

=> 𝐼 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 + 90)

=> 𝐼 = 𝑖0 cos 𝑤𝑡

∴ Power (𝑃) = 𝑉𝐼 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒]

=> (𝑃) = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡

𝑇
∫0 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

𝑉0 𝑖0 𝑇
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

𝑉0 𝑖0
= ×0
𝑇

=0

ববশুদ্ধ লরাযক্ীয় বর্থনীর লক্ষধ্ে,

𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡

𝐼 = 𝑖0 sin 𝑤𝑡

∴ Power (𝑃) = 𝑉𝐼 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒]

=> (𝑃) = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡

𝑇
∫0 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

𝑉0 𝑖0 𝑇
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑉0 𝑖0 𝑇
= 2𝑇
∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑉0 𝑖0 𝑇
= ∫0 (1 − cos 2𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2𝑇

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑉0 𝑖0 𝑇 𝑇
= [∫0 𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 cos 2𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2𝑇

𝑉0 𝑖0
= (𝑇 − 0)
2𝑇

𝑉0 𝑖0
= 2

ববশুদ্ধ আধ্বশীয় বর্থনীর লক্ষধ্ে,

𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡

𝐼 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃)

=> 𝐼 = 𝑖0 {−(−90 − 𝑤𝑡)}

=> 𝐼 = 𝑖0 cos 𝑤𝑡

∴ Power (𝑃) = 𝑉𝐼 [𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒]

=> (𝑃) = 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 (−𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡)

𝑇
∫0 𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 (−𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑡
= 𝑇
∫0 𝑑𝑡

−𝑉0 𝑖0 𝑇
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

−𝑉0 𝑖0
= ×0
𝑇

=0

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
Condition 3 when 𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿𝑪 Resonance Frequency

Inductive reaction (𝑋𝐿 ) = 𝑤𝐿

= 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 [𝑓 = কম্পাঙ্ক]

1
Capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐶 ) = 𝑤𝑐

1
= 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

Impedance (𝑍) = √(𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐶 )2 + 𝑅 2 [যখি, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ]

= = √0 + 𝑅 2 [𝑚𝑖𝑛]

𝑉0
∴ 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑍

∴ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶

1
=> 𝑤𝐿 = 𝑤𝐶

1
=> 𝑤 2 =
𝐿𝐶

1
=> 𝑤 =
√𝐿𝐶

1
∴ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑤) =
√𝐿𝐶

1
=> 2𝜋𝑓0 =
√𝐿𝐶

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
1
=> 𝑓0 = → Resonance frequency
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

1
∴ 𝑓0 = 𝑇

1
=> 𝑇 = 𝑓
0

=> 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

i) একটি 𝐿 − 𝐶 − 𝑅 বর্ভ িীর 𝐿 ও 𝐶 এর মাি যর্াক্রযম 0.4 𝐻 ও 25 𝑢𝑓, ResonanceFrequency নির্ভ়ে কর।

1
Ans: 𝑓0 =
2𝜋√(0.4)×25×10−6

= 50.3 𝐻𝑧

ii) একটি AC উৎযসর কম্পাঙ্ক 50 𝐻𝑧। রসটি একটি 𝐿 − 𝑅 বর্ভ িীযর্ যুক্ত করা আযে। ওই বর্ভ িীর নবর্ব প্রবাযহর
িশা পার্ভকে নির্ভ়ে কর। [𝑅 = 36 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 0.12 𝐻]

Ans: 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧 = 𝜔

𝑅 = 36 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝐿 = 0.12 𝐻

𝜃 =?

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿

= 5 × 0.2 × 10

= 5 × 1.2

= 6 𝑜ℎ𝑚

∴ 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2

= √(36)2 + (6)2

= 6√37

𝑅
∴ cos 𝜃 = 𝑍

36
=> cos 𝜃 = 6√37

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
6
=> cos 𝜃 ≈
6

=> cos 𝜃 = 1

=> 𝜃 = 0°

2) Graphical Representation:

3) Power in Resonance Condition:-

𝑉0 𝐼0
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = × × cos 𝜃
√2 √2

Resonance এর শযর্ভ বর্ভ িীটি একটি ররাধ বর্ভ িীযর্ রূপান্তনরর্ হ়ে।(Resonance condition it become a pure
resistive circuit)

𝜃 = 0°

𝑉0 𝐼0
∴ 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = × × cos 𝜃
√2 √2

𝑉0 𝐼0
=
√2

𝐼0 𝑅
= 2

4) Radio Tuning:-

We are changing capacitance

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

5)

6) Sharpness of Resonance:-

7) Q-faction:-
𝜔
0
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

𝜔
=> 𝑄 = ∆𝜔0

1
√𝐿𝐶
=> 𝑄 = 𝑅
𝐿

1 𝐿
=> 𝑄 = 𝑅 √𝐶

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

8) Lc – oscillation:-

9) Lc – oscillation - এর যমথ সমূহ :-

(i) শনক্ত কম্পি capacitor/ধারযকর জিে electric field তর্নর কযর।

(ii) Lc – circuit -এ রকাি রূপ energy হ়ে িা।

10) প্রমার্ কর, total energy is constant in Lc – oscillation.

𝑑2 𝑥
+ 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑥 = 𝑥0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

For an L-C circuit ∑ 𝑣𝑖 = 0

∴ 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝐿 = 0 [𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐾𝑣𝐿]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]
𝑞 𝑑𝑖
−𝐿 =0
𝑐 𝑑𝑡

𝑞 = 𝑞0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

𝑑𝑞
𝑖= 𝑑𝑡

𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 {𝑞0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)}

=> 𝑖 = 𝑞0 𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

=> 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

𝑞 𝑑𝑖
আবার, + 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑐

𝑑𝑖 𝑞
=> 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐿𝐶 = 0

𝑑 𝑑𝑞 𝑞
=> 𝑑𝑡 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) + 𝐿𝐶 = 0

𝑑2 𝑞 1
=> + 𝐿𝑐 𝑞 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2

1
∴ 𝜔2 = 𝐿𝐶

1
=> 𝜔 =
√𝐿𝐶

𝑞 = 𝑞0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

∴ 𝑞 = 𝑞0 sin(0 + 𝜑)

=> 1 = sin 𝜃

=> 𝜃 = 90°

At, 𝑡 = 𝑡

𝑞=0

𝑞 = 𝑞0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

=> 0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

=> sin 0° = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

=> 𝜑 = −𝜔𝑡

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

11) L-C বর্থনীধ্র্ ক্ম্পন এর মধ্যে লমাট শবি ধ্রুবক্ র্াধ্ক্

Total energy

1 1
𝐸𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 2 𝐶𝑉 2 + 2 𝐿𝐼 2

1 𝑞2 1
= 2 𝑐 × 𝑐 2 + 2 𝐿𝐼 2

1 𝑞02 1
=2× 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) + 2 𝐿 𝐼02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
𝑐

𝑞2 1
= 2𝑐0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) + 2 𝐿 𝑞02 𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

𝑞02 1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) + 𝐿 𝑞02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
2𝑐 2 𝐿𝐶

𝑞2
= 2𝑐0 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)]

𝑞2
∴ 𝐸 = 2𝑐0

12) Graph - 𝒒 𝒗𝒔 𝒕:-

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

13) Transformer:-

একটি Transformer-এর নিযে ও কাযভাবেী রেখ ।

Transformer িুই প্রকার যর্া – (i) Step up (voltage↑)

(ii) Step down (voltage↓)

Mutual Inductance এর ওপর নর্নি কযর transformer তর্নর করা হ়ে ।

Primary coil এ উত্পন্ন flux = Secondary coil এ উত্পন্ন flux

𝜑𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝐴

E.m.f in primary coil E.m.f in secondary coil

𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜑
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑁𝑃 𝐸𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

[𝑁𝑃 = number of turns of primary coil] [𝑁𝑆 = number of turns of secondary coil]

[Working Principle]

𝐸𝑃 = 𝐸𝑆

𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜑
=> 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

=> 𝑁𝑃 = 𝑁𝑆

𝑑𝜑
𝐸𝑃 𝑁𝑃
𝑑𝑡
∴ = 𝑑𝜑 step up = 𝑁𝑆 > 𝑁𝑃 step down = 𝑁𝑃 > 𝑁𝑆
𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑡

𝐸𝑃 𝑁𝑃
=> =
𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑆

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]

14) Power:-

Transformer – এর কমভিক্ষর্া:-

𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑚𝑓(𝐸 )
Efficiency (কমভিক্ষর্া) 𝜂 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑚𝑓(𝐸𝑃 ) × 100%
𝑆

Power input = power output

𝐸𝑃 𝑖𝑃 = 𝐸𝑆 𝑖𝑆

𝐸𝑃 𝑖
=> = 𝑖𝑆
𝐸𝑆 𝑃

1
∴𝐸∝ 𝑖

𝑁 𝑖
𝐸∝𝑁 [𝑁 𝑆 = 𝑖𝑃 ]
𝑃 𝑆

1
∴𝑁∝ 𝑖

1) এক্টি transformer এর primary input voltage 220 Vএবং র্ব়িৎ 10 amp transformer এর ক্ধ্য়ে দুটির
পাক্ সংখো 100 এবং 200 I 𝑬𝑺 এবং 𝒊𝑷 বনর্থ য় ক্র।

Ans: 𝑁𝑆 = 200, 𝑁𝑃 = 100, 𝐸𝑃 = 220 𝑉, 𝑖𝑃 = 10 𝑎𝑚𝑝

𝐸𝑃 ×𝑁𝑆
𝐸𝑆 = 𝑁𝑃

220×200
= 100

= 440 𝑉

SAYANTON KUNDU / Ph: 9088720988 / [email protected]