‫أﻋداد اﻟدﻛﺗور أﺣﻣد ﺟﺑﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟدﻗﯾق ‪8085‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﮭﺪ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫)اﻟﻤﺤﺎظﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ(‬

‫) اﻻﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻌددﯾﺔ(‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺸﺮي ‪Decimal System :‬‬
‫وھﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺪدي اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﯿﮫ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت وﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﺟﺎءت ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ب)اﻟﻌﺸﺮي(‬
‫ﻻن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺔ أي ﻋﺪد ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ھﻲ ﻋﺸﺮة ‪ .‬أن اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ھﻲ‬
‫‪.9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‪Binary System :‬‬

‫وھﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻋﺪدي أﺳﺎﺳﮫ اﻟﻌﺪد )‪ (2‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺸﺮي اﻟﺬي أﺳﺎﺳﮫ اﻟﻌﺪد )‪ , (10‬أي ان ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ھﻲ رﻣﺰﯾﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ وھﻲ ) ‪ ( 1 , 0‬ﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻋﺪاد ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﺳﺎس اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺪاد ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪:‬‬
‫‪1001 , 10111.101 , 10.1101 , 0.1011‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ‪Octal System :‬‬

‫وھﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﮫ اﻟﻌﺪد )‪ , (8‬اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ھﻲ )‪, 2 , 1 , 0‬‬
‫‪ ( 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪(110.013)8‬‬ ‫‪, (203.62)8 ,‬‬ ‫‪(721.5)8 , (0.513)8‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﺣﻠﻞ اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ (203.65)8‬اﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﺗﺒﮫ‬

‫‪(203.65)8 = 3 × 80 + 0 × 81 + 2 × 82 + 6 × 8-1 + 5 × 8-2‬‬
‫‪= 3 ×1 + 0 × 8 + 2 × 64 + 6 × 1/8 + 5 × 1/64‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ /‬ﻗﺳم اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﮭد أﻋداد اﻟﻣدرﺑﯾن‬ ‫‪1‬‬

 ‫أﻋداد اﻟدﻛﺗور أﺣﻣد ﺟﺑﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟدﻗﯾق ‪8085‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮي ‪Hexadecimal System :‬‬

‫وھﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﮫ اﻟﻌﺪد )‪ (16‬أي إن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬
‫أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ھﻲ ‪ 16‬رﻣﺰ وھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( F , E , D , C , B , A , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1, 0‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ ::‬ﺣﻠﻞ اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ (3A1.7F)16‬إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﺗﺒﮫ ‪:‬‬

‫‪(3A1.7F)16 = 3 × 16 2 + 10 × 16 1 + 1 × 160 + 7 × 16 -1 + 15 × 16 -2‬‬
‫‪= 3 × 256 + 10 × 16 + 1 × 1‬‬ ‫‪+ 7 × 1/16 + 15 × 1/256‬‬

‫‪(2D6.F3)16, (10011.1)16 , (FFF)16 , (0.257)16‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ /‬ﻗﺳم اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﮭد أﻋداد اﻟﻣدرﺑﯾن‬ ‫‪2‬‬

 ‫أﻋداد اﻟدﻛﺗور أﺣﻣد ﺟﺑﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟدﻗﯾق ‪8085‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي )‪(Bin to Dec‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ -1-‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪ 11001‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
‫‪1110012 = 1·25+1·24+1·23+0·22+0·21+1·20 = 57‬‬

‫• اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺸﺮي اﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ )‪(Dec to Bin‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -2-‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪ (37) 10‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫)‪37 / 2 = 18 remainder 1 (least significant bit‬‬
‫‪18 / 2 = 9 remainder 0‬‬
‫‪9 / 2 = 4 remainder 1‬‬
‫‪4 / 2 = 2 remainder 0‬‬
‫‪2 / 2 = 1 remainder 0‬‬
‫)‪1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1 (most significant bit‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ‪100101‬‬

‫• اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ)‪(Bin to Hex‬‬

‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ -1-‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ‪0110101110001100‬‬
‫‪Divide into groups of 4 digits‬‬ ‫‪0110 1011 1000 1100‬‬
‫‪Convert each group to hex digit‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪B 8‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪6B8C‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬

‫• اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮاﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ)‪(Hex to Bin‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -2-‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ 374F‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪Convert the hex digits to binary‬‬ ‫‪0011 0111‬‬ ‫‪0100 1111‬‬
‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ‪0011011101001111‬‬

‫• اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮاﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺸﺮي)‪(Hex to Dec‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -1‬ﺣﻮل اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ F4C‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
‫‪ = (F x 16 ) + (4 x 16‬اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫) ‪) + (C x 16‬‬ ‫‪= 15 x 256 + 4 x 16‬‬ ‫‪+ 12 x 1 =3916‬‬

‫• اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺸﺮي اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ)‪(Dec to Hex‬‬

‫‪= 4768 / 16 = 298 remainder‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪ -2‬ﺣول اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻌﺷري ‪ 4768‬اﻟﻰ اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺳداﺳﻲ ﻋﺷر‬
‫‪= 298 / 16 = 18 remainder 10‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬
‫‪= 18 / 16 = 1‬‬ ‫‪remainder‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1 / 16 = 0‬‬ ‫‪remainder‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ= ‪1 2 A 0‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ /‬ﻗﺳم اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﮭد أﻋداد اﻟﻣدرﺑﯾن‬ ‫‪3‬‬