East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

QUANTUM MECHANICS
MODULE 2
SUBJECT: Applied Physics for CSE
SUBJECT CODE: BPHYS202/102
QUANTUM MECHANICS
VTU Syllabus (CBCS) Teaching Hours=8
De Broglie Hypothesis and Matter Waves, de Broglie wavelength and derivation of expression by analogy,
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and its applications (Non-existence
of electron inside the nucleus-Non Relativistic), Principle of Complementarity, Wave function, Time
independent Schrodinger wave equation, Physical significance of a Wave function and Born Interpretation,
Eigen value, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Motion of a Particle in a one dimensional potential well of
infinite depth, Waveforms and Probabilities, Numerical problems. 8 Hrs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dual nature of matter OR de- Broglie hypothesis
[Q. Explain conceptual reasoning’s on which dual nature of matter is based on]
In the year 1924, Louis de-Broglie put forward ‘Dual nature of matter’. His theory is extension
form of ‘dual nature of light’.
He put forward revolutionary hypothesis that “entire universe is made up of only energy and
matter” since nature exhibits symmetry; if light exhibit particle nature in addition to wave motion, then
materials particles such as protons neutrons, electrons etc. should also exhibit wave nature in addition to
particle nature. This is known as de Broglie hypothesis.
According to this hypothesis, all material particles in motion possess wave character in addition to
their particle character.
“The waves associated with material particles in motion are called matter waves or de Broglie waves” and
their wavelength is called de-Broglie wavelength.

To derive the expression for de-Broglie wavelength for matter waves

[Q. What are matter waves? Derive an expression for de- Broglie wave length in different forms]
“The waves associated with material particles in motion are called matter waves or de Broglie waves” and
their wavelength is called de-Broglie wavelength.
According to Planck’s quantum theory, light consists of photons. By treating photon as particles of
frequency ‘υ’, its energy is given by
E = hυ ------------------------------------------------------------ (1)
According to Einstein, energy of same photon of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘c’ is given by
E = mc2 ---------------------------------------- (2)
From (1) & (2)

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
hυ = mc2
hc /λ = mc2 since υ = c/λ
h
 --------------------------------- (3)
mC

is the expression for de Broglie wave length of a photon [ Light wave]

Extending this concept to a material particle of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ the de Broglie wave
length is given by
h h
  ----------------------- (4)
mv P

λ is wave property and mv=P=momentum of particle is particle property

Relation (4) is known as de Broglie equation and the wavelength λ is called the de Broglie wavelength.

Different forms of De Broglie walength

[i] de-Broglie wavelength in terms of accelerated voltage:

If a charged particle, say an electron of mass ‘m’ is accelerated by a potential difference of V volts, then its
kinetic energy is given by EK = eV.
Or
1
i.e mv 2  eV multiplying both sides by ‘m’ and rearranging we get
2

mv=2meV -------------------------------------(5)
h
Substituting eqn.(5) in (4) gives;  ---------- (6) is wavelength of accelerated electron /any
2meV
charged particle in terms of voltage.
By substituting the values of constants h, m and e in eq. (3), we get, de- Broglie wavelength of electron

6.625 X 10 34 12.26 X 10 10

  m
2 X 9.11X 10 31 X 1.6 X 10 19V  V

12.26 O
or   A
V
de-Broglie wavelength in terms of kinetic energy EK :

If a particle has kinetic energy EK, then,

1 2 m2v 2 p2
EK  mv  
2 2m 2m

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
Or p  2mEK

h
Hence,   (7)
2mE K

PHASE VELOCITY or WAVE VELOCITY

[Q: Define phase velocity and group velocity. What is wave packet?]
Equation for a progressive wave moving along positive X-axis is given by

y=A Sin t  x … .......................................... (1)

Where y is the displacement along Y- axis at any instant ‘t’, A is the amplitude, is the angular
 2 
frequency, k is the wave number or propagation constant.  k   , x is the
  

displacement along X-axis at the instant ‘t’.

The velocity, with which the reference point marked on a wave moves due to the motion of
the wave, is called the phase velocity. The velocity of individual wave or particle is called phase
velocity.

Phase velocity is given by; 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝜔/𝑘=(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)/(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)

GROUP VELOCITY and Wave Packet:

When a group of two or more waves of slightly different wavelengths are superimposed on each other
along a straight- line, resultant waves are enclosed in an envelope called wave packet. In a wave packet
amplitude varies between minimum to maximum.

“Velocity with which the wave packet moves is called group velocity [Vg].’’
‘The velocity with which group of the waves formed due to superposition of two or more waves of
slightly different wavelengths moves is called group velocity’.

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
It is denoted by Vg. The group velocity of the waves is different from that of individual components of the
wave.
d
The group velocity is given by the expression, V g 
d

where d is the small difference in angular frequency and dk is the small difference in wave number

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle [HUP]:

Introduction: In classical mechanics, a particle occupies a definite position, and hence knowing it’s
position, momentum at any given instant of time can be calculated. It is possible to evaluate the position and
momentum at any later instant of time, since the trajectory of the particle could be continuously traced. But
this is not possible in atomic scale where particles are associated with matter waves and hence quantum
mechanics laws are required to measure position, momentum etc. In quantum mechanics, any pair of
conjugate quantities like position &momentum, energy& time, angular displacement & angular momentum
etc.are measured by Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.

[(Q) State and explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle. Mention its physical significance]

Statement: It is impossible to determine simultaneously and accurately the position and momentum
of a particle. The product of the corresponding uncertainties inherently present in the measurement is always
equal to or greater than (h /4π).
Explanation: If ∆ x and Px are the uncertainties found in the measurement of position and
momentum of the particle respectively, mathematically
∆ x . Px ≥ (h/4π) h=Planck’s constant------------------ (1)

Where, ‘h’ is Planck’s constant, Δx is uncertainty in the measurement of position and Δp x is the uncertainty
in the measurement of momentum.

Physical significance
Quantum particles are associated with waves. They on superposition give rise to wave
packet. Inside the wave packet particle spreads. If one tries to measure position accurately, uncertainty in
measuring momentum increases and vice versa. Therefore uncertainty principle signifies that, one should
not think of exact value of position or momentum of the particle. Instead one should think of the probable
value and not accurate value.

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
====================NOTE===================================================
Similarly
1. The product of the uncertainties in the measurement of energy and time is
∆E. ∆t ≥ h/4π where E=energy and t=time ------------------- (2)

2. Application of uncertainty principle:

As an application of uncertainty principle, we consider the case of “non-existence of electron in the
nucleus”. This is related to the β ray emission.

We know that during a radioactive decay, 3 kinds of rays are emitted. They are α, β and γ
– rays. In 1900 Becquerel demonstrated that β-rays are streams of electrons. The energy of the emitted β-
rays have varying energy values and maximum is found to be 3-4 MeV.
Next question, “Is it possible that the electrons can exist inside the nucleus with certain energy and
the same energy appears as kinetic energy when they are emitted?”
==========================NOTE=============================================
Application of Uncertainty Principle:
[Q: Show that an electron does not exist inside the nucleus of an atom]
We know that average value of diameter of a nucleus is of the order of 10-14 m [=x]. To prove
electron does not exist inside the nucleus, let us assume electron exists inside the nucleus. Then uncertainty
involved in the measurement of this position ∆ x must not exceed this value.
Therefore, we can write;
i.e. ∆ x ≤ 10-14m
Then uncertainty in the measurement of momentum increases [ Px >] and can be calculated using HUP

∆ x . Px ≥ h ------------------------ (4)

4
34
Px ≥ h ≥ 6.63  1014 ≥ 0.527× 10-20 kgms-1 ------- (5)
4 x 4  10

This is uncertainty in the momentum of the electron. Minimum value of momentum of electron we can be
written as
P =0.527× 10-20kgms-1 ---------- (6)

From this minimum value of Kinetic energy of the electron can be calculated using

1  P2 
E   
2 m 

wkt, the mass of the electron, m=9.1X10-31 Kg, P =0.527× 10-20kgms-1

1  P 2  1  (0.527 x10 20 ) 2  2.78 x10 41 11 1.527 X 10 11

E        1.527 x10 J   96MeV
2  m  2  9.1x10 31  18.2 x10 31 1.6 X 10 19

For an electron to exist inside the nucleus its kinetic energy must be at least equal to or greater than

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
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96 MeV. But kinetic energy of the electrons measured in beta decay is found to be of the order of 3 to 4
MeV. Therefore our assumption that electron stays inside the nucleus is wrong. This shows that electron
cannot exist inside the nucleus.

Wave function and its significance

[Q. Explain wave function along with its probability density and normalized wave function.]
Wave Function:
A mathematical function which gives state of a quantum particle is a called wave function.
Wave function at any point ‘x’ along X-axis and at time ‘t’ is represented by ‘ψ(x, t)’ and in space it is
represented by ψ (r, t).
Wave function considers both wave nature and particle nature associated with the matter. Wave
function is obtained by solving Schrodinger equation by using; Potential energy of the particle, Initial
conditions and Boundary conditions.
Physical significance or interpretation of ψ
a) Probability density:
A wave function can be real or complex. If  is complex, then probability of finding the particle becomes
negative which is meaningless and hence when ‘’ is complex, it is multiplied by its complex conjugate *,
so that square of the wave function is always positive i.e (x) *(x)=(x)2 . It is called probability
density.
If ‘v’ is the volume in which a particle is present but where it is exactly present is not known, then
probability of finding a particle in a small volume ‘dv’ of V is given by (v)2dv. Hence probability

density function can be written as, P   (v ) dv .

2

Similarly Probability of finding a particle in the entire volume ‘v’ is given by integrating the probability
v 2

density function between the limits ‘0’ and 1,which is given by, P    ( v ) dv
0

Similarly Probability of finding a particle between the intervals x1 and x2 , along X-axis is given by
x2

P     x dx .
x1

This interpretation was first given by Max Born in the year 1926 and hence it is called Max Born
approximation.
b] Normalization The probability of finding a particle at some point inside the volume ‘ dv ’ is finite and

hence integration of  v  2 over the entire volume must be equated to unity and hence
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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
1


0
 ( v )2 d v =1 This process is called normalization.-------(1)

 If the particle is present in space, then probability of finding the particle is

 2

  (v )

dv  1
----------------------------------------- (2)

The above process is called normalization.

In some cases wave function involves a constant. In such cases probability density function is equated to
unity and the value of constant is determined and substituted in the function. The wave function with
constant value included is called as normalized wave function and the value of constant is called
normalization constant.

Eigen wave function and its properties

[Q] What is a Eigen wave function? Mention properties of Eigen wave function [VTU (4M)

The acceptable wave function which defines state of a particle meaningfully is called Eigen function
or acceptable wave function. For the wave function to be acceptable, it must satisfy following properties

1) Ψ must be single valued everywhere.

At P, Ψ (x) has 3 values Ψ1, Ψ2 and Ψ3 hence it is not eigen wave
function.

2) Ψ must be finite everywhere. Probability of finding the

particle at ‘R’ is infinite, i.e.,
Ψ (x)=∞, which is not acceptable.

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
3) Ψ must be continuous everywhere.
Between A and B, Ψ (x) is discontinuous. At A, Ψ (x) is
discontinuous and restarts at B, hence wave function is not
acceptable.

4) For bound states, Ψ must vanish at infinity. If Ψ is a complex function, then Ψ Ψ *

must Vanish at infinity.
The wave function which satisfies the above 4 properties are called Eigen function

=======================Note Starts========================================
Eigen function, Eigen values, Eigen value equation and quantum mechanical operators
Eigen functions
The wave function which explains physical system meaningfully is called Eigen function. They possess the property of
single valued, finite and continuous everywhere.
Eigen values: The allowed set of energy values obtained when Eigen functions are operated by quantum mechanical operators
are called Eigen values.
Quantum mechanical operators
Quantum mechanical operators are operators when operated on wave function gives Eigen values
For Example. Â Ψ= λΨ ------------------------------------------------------- (1)
Where, A Operator, Ψ Wave function, λ Eigen value
Eigen value equation
When quantum mechanical operator, operated on wave function gives eigen value equation. Equation (1) is Eigen value equation.
===========================Note Ends========================================
Time independent Schrödinger’s wave Equation
(Question: Derive Time independent Schrödinger’s wave Equation )
Consider a quantum particle of mass ‘m’ is moving along positive X-axis with velocity ‘v’. Let ‘λ’ represent
h h
its de-Broglie wavelength and is given by    (1)
mv P --------------------
Where ‘P’ is momentum of the particle
It’s wave function is given by i.e.  = A e-i(wt – k x) --- ---------- (2) A=amplitude of the wave
Where w is angular frequency =2π= 2π E/h, here = E/h , where E is energy
h h
k=Angular wave number = 2π/=2P/h, here    where p is momentum---- (3)
mv P
Substituting for  and k in eqn. (2) gives
 2 
i  2t  x 
  Ae   

But

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
 E 2P 
  2 t   x
  Ae  h h 

2
i ( Et  Px)
  Ae  h -------------------------------- (4)
Differentiating eqn. (3) w. r. t. ‘x’ we get
2
d i ( Et  Px ) d 2p
 Ae h
(i x)
dx dx h
2
d i ( Et  px ) 2
 Ae h
(ip )
dx h ------------------- [5]
Differentiating eqn. (4) once again w. r. t. ‘x’ we get
2
d 2 i ( Et  Px ) 2 d 2
2
 Ae h (iP ) (iP x)
dx h dx h
2
d 2 i ( Et  Px ) 2 2
2
 Ae h
(iP )(iP )
dx h h
2
d 2 2 4
2
 i ( Et  Px)
 P  Since   Ae h
dx 2 h2

d 2
h2
Or P  2
2
----------------------------- (6)
4  dx 2

Let us consider the particle moving with a constant potential energy ‘V’, then its total energy is
given by E = K.E. + P. E.
If E and V be the total energy and potential energy of the particle respectively then

P2
E V
2m
Substituting for P2 ; we get

1  h2  d 2
E   2  V
2m  4 2  dx
 h 2  d 2
E V      2
2 
 8m   dx

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
8 2 m d 2

2
E  V   -- 2
h dx

d 2 8 2 m
 E  V  0
dx 2 h2
Is the time independent Schrodinger equation (TISWE) in 1 dimension.

Application of Schrodinger’s wave equation to particle in a potential well or particle in

a box
[Q. What is potential well? Solve Schrodinger wave equation to derive expression for Normalised wave
Function for a particle in a one dimensional potential well.]
[Q. By Assuming Normalised wave function for a particle in one dimensional potential well; discuss Eigen
wave functions, Eigen values and probability density functions for first three states.]

Consider a quantum particle of a mass ‘m’ enclosed in a box length ‘a’ which is free to move in one
dimensional along positive X-axis between boundaries; x =0 and x =a. The potential energy outside the
box and at the walls is infinite ‘V’ =∞, and within the box is zero[V =0]. Now particle is said to be in bound
state. Such a configuration of potential is called infinite potential well. It is also called particle in a box.
We know that wave function can be found by solving Schrodinger wave equation
d 2 8 2 m
 E  V  0 ----------------------------------------------- (1)
dx 2 h2
Outside the box:
V=∞ Outside the box and hence time independent Schrödinger wave equation becomes

d 2 8 2 m
 E    0 ∵ V = ∞ -------------------------------- (2)
dx 2 h2

Outside ψ = 0 & |ψ|² = 0, this indicates particle cannot be found outside the well and also at the walls and
therefore particle is present only inside the box.
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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
Inside the well :
Inside the well, V=0
The Schrodinger’s equation inside the well becomes
d 2 8 2 m
 E  0 ∵V = 0 ----------------------------- (3)
dx 2 h2

8 2 m
Put E  k 2 in eqn. (3)
h2
d 2
2
 k 2  0
dx
The general solution of this equation is, ψ = C Cos k x + D Sin k x ----------------------- (4)
At x = 0 → ψ = 0
0 = C cos 0 + D sin 0

∴C=0

Also at x= a → ψ = 0 0 = C cos ka + D sin ka

But C = 0

∴D Sin ka = 0 ----------------------- (5)

D0 ∴ Sinka=0

i.e. ka = nπ where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… (Quantum number)

n
k= ---------------------------------------------------- (6)
a
n
Using this in eqn. (5)  n  D sin x ---------------------------------------------- (7)
a
ψn represents permitted wave functions
Normalized wave function
Probability of finding the particle inside the box is finite. The value of ‘D’ can be found by normalizing the
a
wave function i.e.   n2 dx  1 ---------------------------------------------- (8)
0

Substituting the value of ‘ψ’n from eqn. (7) gives

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

 n 
a

D sin 2   xdx  1
2

0  a 
1  cos( 2n / a ) x 
a

  dx  1
2
D 
0
2 

 cos2n xdx  1
D2 
a a

2 
 dx  a
0 0 

  
a
D2  
Sin 2n
a
 x  x  1
2  2n a 0
D2
a  0  1
2
D2
a 1
2
2
D 
a
Substituting the value of ‘D’ in equation [7] gives
.:

2  n 
n  Sin   x ------------------------------------ (9)
a  a 
The equation [7] is called normalized wave functions for a particle in one dimensional infinite potential
well.
Energy Eigen values:
8 2 m
Using equation (2) 2
E  k2
h ----------------------------------------------- (10)
n
k= ------------------------ (11)
a from eqn. (6)

8 2 m n 2 2
E
∴ (11) in (10) gives -------------------------------- (12)
h2 a2

n 2h 2
En 
-------------------------------------- (13)
8ma 2
Is the expression for Eigen value equation
It gives the energy Eigen values of the particle in an infinite potential well.
If n = 0 ψn = 0; it means that the particle is not present inside the well which is not true. It is not acceptable.
Thus the lowest energy value, for n = 1 is called zero point energy value or ground state energy.

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
h2
i.e. Ezero-point = -------------------------------------------(14)
8ma 2
The states for which n >1 i.e n=2,3,4--are called exited states.

22 h 2 4h 2
n= 2; E2  =  4 E1 ----energy in first excited state or second state
8ma 2 8ma 2

32 h 2 9h 2
n  3  E3    9 E1 ---------------------------- (15)
8ma 2 8ma 2
energy in second excited state or third state

∴ E1: E2: E3---- =1:2 :3..... i.e Energy values are quantized

Wave functions, probability densities for first three states

Case I → n=1
It is the ground state and the particle is normally present in this state.The Eigen function is

When n=1 in eqn. [9] gives  1 

2  
Sin   x since --------- (16)
a a
Eqn. [16] represents wave function for second state

ψ1 =Min.= 0 when x = 0 and x = a and ψ1 is maximum for x = a/2.

The plots of ψ1 versus x and Probability density function | ψ1|2 verses ‘x’ are shown in the figure.
|ψ1|2 = 0 for x = 0 and x = a and it is maximum for x = a/2. i.e. in ground state, the particle cannot
be found at the walls. The probability of finding the particle is maximum at the middle.
h2
The energy of the particle in the ground state or first state is E1 = = E0--------------------------------------- (16)
8ma 2
This energy is least and is called as zero point energy

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
Case II → n=2
In the first excited state the Eigen function of this state is

2 2
 2 sin x ----------------------------------------- (17)
a a
Eqn. [17] represents wave function for second state
ψ2= Min.=0 ; when the x = 0, a/2, a. Also ψ2 = maximum when; x = a/4 and 3a/4.
The plots of ψ2 versus x and Probability density function | ψ2|2 verses ‘x’ are shown in the figure
Probability density function,| ψ2|2 = 0 at x = 0, a/2, a, i.e. particle cannot be found either at the walls or at
a 3a
 2  max imum for x  , x
2
the centre.
4 4
The plots of ψ2 versus x and | ψ2|2 verses ‘x’ are shown in the figure.

4h 2
E2 
The energy of the particle in the second state or first excited state is =4E1---------------- (19)
8ma 2
Case III
→ n=3; In the second excited state, wave function is given by

2 3
 3 sin x …from eqn.(18)--------------------- (20)
a a
Eqn. [20] represents wave function for third state

ψ3 =Min.= 0, when x = 0, a/3, 2a/3 and ψ3 is maximum when x = a/6, a/2, 5a/6.
a a 5a
 3  maximum for x  ,x  ,x 
2
| ψ3 | =Min.= 0 for x = 0, a/3, 2a/3 & a.
6 2 6

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
The plots of ψ3 versus x and probability density function | ψ3|2 verses ‘x’ are shown in the figure.

9h 2
E3   9 E1
The energy of the particle in the third state or second excited state is …………..(22)
8ma 2

PROBLEMS: Wave nature of particles

1. The velocity of an electron in a Hydrogen atom in the ground state is 2.19x10 6 ms-1.Calculate the
de-Broglie wavelength associated with its motion.
Solution: m=9.1x10-31kg; v=2.19x106 ms-1
h 6.63x10 34
   3.31x10 10 m
mv 9.1x10 31 x 2.19 x10 6
2. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron (mn=1.674-27kg) moving with one tenth part of
velocity of light (C=3X108m/s ). Jan/Feb 2023 [4M]
Solution: m=1.674X10-31kg; v=1C/10=3X108 m/s /10=0.33X108 ms-1
h 6.63x10 34
   27 8
 1.19 x10 14 m
mv 1.674 x10 x0.33 X 10
3. Calculate momentum and de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron of kinetic energy
1.5 KeV. [Repeated 3 time]

Solution: K E=E = 1.5x103x J; mass=m=9.1X10-31kg;

λ =? P=?
h h h
    3.17 x10 11 m
mv 2mE 2 x9.1x10 31 3
x1.5 x10 x1.6 x10 19

and momentum of the electron (p) = h/λ = /3.17x 10-11 =
2.08x10-23kgm/s
4. A moving electron (me=9.1x10-31kg) is accelerated through a potential of 500V. Calculate its de-
Broglie wavelength

Solution: V= 500V, m= h= J-S, e== C

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

= 5.49x 10-11 m
5. Estimate the potential difference through which a proton is needed to be accelerated so that its de-
Broglie wavelength becomes equal to 1A0, given mass of proton is 1.673x10-27kg.
Solution: m=1.673x10-27kg e=1.6x10-19C
1
eV= mv 2
2
1 p2 h
eV= since  
2 m P
1 h2
eV=
2 m2

V=
1 h2
=
1 6.63x10 34  2

2 m2 e 2 x1.673x10  27 x1.6 x10 19 x10 10 2

V=.082V
6. An electron has kinetic energy of 500 KeV in vacuum. Calculate group velocity and de- Broglie
Wavelength assuming the mass of moving electron is equal to the rest mass of electron. [MQP1]
Solution: E= 500KeV, Vg =v=? [group velocity=particle velocity], m=9.1x10-31 kg

h 6.63x10 34
i]     1.73x10 12 m
31
2mE 2 x9.1x10 x500 x10 x1.6 x10  19
3

h
ii] 
mv
Since group velocity [Vg] is equal to particle velocity and therefore eqn. becomes
h 6.63x10 34
vg    4.21x108 ms 1
m 9.1x10 x1.73x10
31 12

7. A particle of mass 0.5 MeV/C2 has kinetic energy 0.5 keV. Find its de-Broglie wavelength. C is
velocity of light
Solution: The mass of the particle is given by (m)= 0.5 MeV/C2
= 0.5x106 x1.6 x 10-19 / (3x108)2
= 8.9x 10 -31 kg
h h 6.625 X 10 34
    5.55 X 10 11 m
mv 2mE 2 X 8.9 X 10 31 3
X 0.5 X 10 X 1.6 X 10 19

8. A particle of mass 0.5 MeV/C2 has kinetic energy of 100eV. Find its de-Broglie wavelength. C is
velocity of light [June/July 2023;Dec/Jan 2024]
16
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
Solution: The mass of the particle is given by (m)= 0.5 MeV/C2
= 0.5x106 x1.6 x 10-19 / (3x108)2
= 8.9x 10 -31 kg
h h 6.625 X 10 34
    1.24 X 10 10 m
mv 2mE 2 X 8.9 X 10 31
X 100 X 1.6 X 10 19

9. A particle of mass 940MeV/C2 has kinetic energy 0.5KeV.Find its de-Broglie wavelength.
C is velocity of light. VTU-Jan 2016 (04M)

10. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 120 V.

Solution: P.D=V=120V
11. Calculate KE of an electron whose de-Broglie wave length is equal that of a 10 KeV photon.
Solution: KE=Ee=? Given λe=λph
For a photon

For electron

12. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron moving with kinetic energy of 54eV, given mass of
neutron =1.675x10-27kg.
Solution: λ=? E=54 eV= 54x1.6x10-19J, m=1.675x10-27kg

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

13. Estimate the potential difference through an electron is needed to be accelerated so that its de-Broglie
wavelength becomes equal to 20A0. [Make-up exam Nov/Dec 2023]
Solution: V=?

h2 [6.63x10 34 ]2
Squaring and rearranging; V    0.38volt
2me2 2 x9.1x10 31 x1.6 x10 19 x[20 x10 10 ]2
14. Calculate de-Broglie wave length of Helium nucleus that is accelerated through 500V, Assume mass of
proton=mass of a neutron=1.67x10-27kg. [VTU-Feb/march 2022-04 M]

Solution: mp=mn=1.675x10-27kg, ∴ m=4mp=4x1.675x10-27kg; q=2x1.6x10-19C,

h 6.63 X 10 34
   4.53 X 10 13 m
2mqV 2 x4 X 1.675 X 10  27
X 2 xX1.6 X 10 500
19

15. Compare energy of a photon with that of neutron when both are associated with wavelength of 1A0 given
that the mass of neutron is 1.678x10-27kg.
Solution:

For a photon ----------------------- (1)

For a neutron

∴ ------- (2)
E ph hc 2mn
 x on substituting gives
En  ph h2
E ph
=1.519x105
En

16. Compare energy of a photon with that of an electron when both are accelerated with a wavelength
0.2nm.
Hint:

18
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

; Ans :
15. Compare energy of a photon with that of a neutron when both are associated with wavelength of
0.25nm, given that the mass of neutron is 1.675x10 -27kg. VTU-July-2017 (04Marks)

16. An electron is associated with a de Broglie wavelength of 1nm.Calculate the energy

and the corresponding momentum of the electron. [MQP 2]
Solution:   1nm, E  ? P  ?
h

2mE
Squaring and rearranging
h2 (6.625x10 34 ) 2
E   2.41x10 19 J
2m 2 x9.1x10 1x10 
2  31  9 2

P  2mE  2 x9.1x10 31 x 2.41x10 19  6.62 x10 25 kgms1

16. Which has shorter wavelength, a 10 eV Photon or a 10 eV Electron? [June/July 2024-4M]
Solution: Energy of photon = energy of electron=E=10 eV, For electron=me=9.1x10-31kg
For a photon:
hC
Energy E 

hC 6.625 X 10 34 X 3 X 108
  19
 1.242 X 10 7 m    [1]
E 10 X 1.6 X 10
For Electron
h 6.625 X 10 34
   3.88 X 10 10 m    [2]
 31 19
2mE 2 X 9.1X 10 X 10 X 1.6 X 10
From [1] and [2] it is clear that electron has shorter wavelength.
17. The kinetic energy of an electron is equal to the energy of a photon with wavelength of 560 nm.
Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron. [Dec/Jan2025- 5M]
Solution: Eph=Ee  ph  560nm ,  ph  ?
For a photon:
hC 6.625 x10 34 x 3x108
Energy E ph    1.183x10 19 J
 ph 560 x10 9

For Electron

19
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
h 6.625 X 10 34
e    1.427 X 10 9 m    [2]
31 19
2me Ee 2 X 9.1X 10 X 1.183 X 10

PROBLEMS: Uncertainty Principle

17. The speed of an electron in an atom is measured to be within an uncertainty of 2x10 4ms-1 in one
Dimensional. What is the minimum width space required by the electron to be confined in an
atom Interpret the result. [MQP 1]

Solution: v  2 x10 4 mS 1 , ∆P=m ∆v, m=9.1x10 -31 kg , x  ?

h
x.p 
4
h 6.625x10 34
x.    0.289 x10 8 m
4mv 4 x3.142 x9.1x10 31 x 2 x10 4
The minimum width of electron stay inside the atom is at least =0.289x10-8 m
Comments:
Minimum width about which electron stay inside the atom cannot be lesser than 0.289x10-9 m or it would
not stay inside the nucleus
18. An electron has a speed of 100 ms-1.The inherent uncertainty in its measurement is
0.005%.Calculate the Corresponding uncertainty in the measurement of the position.
[Jan/Feb 2023-5 M].
-1
Solution: Given v=100 ms

0.005
v  100ms 1 x  0.005mS 1 , ∆P=m ∆v, ∆ =?
100
h
x.p 
4
h 6.625x10 34
x.    0.01158m
4mp 4 x3.142 x9.1x10 31 x0.005
19. In a simultaneous measurement of position and velocity of an electron moving with a speed of
6x105ms-1, calculate the highest accuracy with which its position could be found if the inherent error
in the measurement of its velocity is 0.01% for the speed stated. [June/July 2023]
Solution: Given v=6x105ms-1,
0.01
v  x6 x10 5  60mS 1 , ∆P=m ∆v, ∆ =?
100
h
x.p 
4

20
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

Its position of the electron cannot be lesser than 9.66x10 -7 m and the minimum distance inside the
atom=9.66x10-7m.
20. The position and momentum of 1KeV electrons are simultaneously determined and its position is located within 1 Å.
What is the % uncertainty in its momentum? [Repeated 3 times]
-3 -19
Solution: E= 1KeV=1X10 x1.6x10 J,
m=9.1x10-31 kg , % ∆p=?
h
x.p 
4

Momentum; P  2mE  2 X 9.1X 1031 X 1.6 X 1019   1.707X 1023 kgms1

p 0.53x10 24
% of uncertainty in its momentum= X 100  x100  3.1
P 1.707 x10 23
21. A spectral line of wavelength 4000Å has a width of 8x10-5Å is emitted due to transition of electrons
between upper and lower levels. Calculate the uncertainty in the time spent by the electron.
Solution: λ =4000Å=4x10-7 m; ∆λ= 8x10-5 Å=8x10-15 m; C=3x108 ms-1; ∆t=? [Repeated]
h
From uncertainty principle we have, E.t 
4

h
E.t 
4
∆t ≥ λ2 / 4πc ∆λ (Since ∆E= hC ∆λ/λ2 )

∆ t ≥ (4.0x10-7)2/(4x3.142x3x108 x8x10-15)

∆ t ≥ 5.3x10-9 S
-9
The minimum time spent will be 5.3x10 S and hence time of stay of electron is more than this value.

22. A spectral line of wavelength 5461Å has a width of 10-4Å is emitted due to transition of electrons between upper and
Lower levels. Calculate the uncertainty in the time spent by the electron. [ Repeated]
Solution: λ =5461Å ∆λ= 10-4Å, C=3x108 ms-1; ∆t=?
h
From uncertainty principle we have, E.t 
4
h
E.t 
4
∆t ≥ λ2 / 4πc ∆λ (since ∆E= hc ∆λ/λ2 )
∆ t ≥ (5461x10-10)2 x6.63x10-34/(4x3.142x3x108x10-4)
21
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
∆ t ≥ 8x10-9 S
The minimum time spent will be 8x10-9 S and always it will be more than this value.
21. A spectral line of wavelength 5896Å has a width of 10-5Å.Calculate the minimum time spent by the
electrons in the upper energy state between the excitation and de-excitation processes.
VTU-July2017

PROBLEMS: Particle in a box

22. A quantum particle is confined to one dimensional potential box of infinite height and of width ‘a’ is in
first excited state .Calculate the probability of finding the particle over an interval of a/2 marked
Symmetrically at the centre of the box.
Solution: n=2

and
2
 n 
x2 x2

P=   n x  dx  
2 2
.Sin  x dx
x1 x1
a  a 
3a 2
 2 
4
2
 
a a
.Sin  x dx
 a 
Since n=2
4

3a 2
 2  2 x 2
3a 4
 
4
2 2 1
 
a a
Sin 2 
 a
 xdx  .
 a 2 a 4 1  Cos a  x dx

4

22
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2

=0.5+ {0-0}
P=0.5
23. A particle is moving in one dimensional potential well of infinite height and of width 25A0 calculate the
Probability of finding the particle in an interval of 5A marked symmetrically at the centre of the box in its
ground state.

Solution: Interval =x2-x1; n=1,

x1= a/2-∆ /2=25 A0/2 - 5 A0/2=(12.5-2.5)A0=10 A0
x2= a/2+∆ /2=25 A0/2+5 A0/2=(12.5+2.5)A0=15 A

x2 x2 2
 n 
P=  n x  dx 
 
2 2
. sin  x dx
x1 x1
a  a 

2
15 A0
 1X 

2
= . sin  x dx Since n=1
10 A 0
a  a 

15 A0 15 A0 2
2 2  1x    2 
 
2 1
= Sin   x.dx  . 1  Cos  x dx
10 A0
a  a  a 2
10 A0
 a 

 1   2 x15 A0   2x10 A0 
= 15 A 0

 10 A0 
1
X
25 A0
Sin   Sin
 25 A0 

 25 A   25 A 
0
25 A0 3.142 0
 

= 
5
   
 0.159 Sin 360 0 X 0.6  Sin 360 0 X 0.4   
 25 A0 

=0.2+0.188
P=0.388
% P=38.8

23
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
24. A particle is moving in one dimensional potential well of infinite height and of width 25A0 .calculate the
probability of finding the particle in an interval of 5A0 marked symmetrically at the centre of the box in its
first excited ground state.
Solution: n=2 Assignment Ans P=0.05 Similar to first problem

25. A particle is moving in one dimensional potential well of infinite well of infinite height and of width
27A.Calculate the probability of finding the particle in an interval of 5A marked symmetrically at
distance of a/3.Assume particle in least state.
Solution: n=1

0
Interval, x  5A =x2-x1; n=1; a=25A0

a 5 A0 25A0 a 5 A0 25A0
x1     2.5 A0  5.833A0 and x2     2.5 A0  10.833A0
3 2 3 3 2 3

x2


2
n x  dx n
2 x2
p 2
x1
 
x1
a
. Sin(
a
)x dx

2
1X
10.833 A0
2
  0 a
. Sin(
a
)x dx Since n=1
5.833 A

 1X  2 x1
10.833 A 0 10.833 A 0
2  2 1 
  a
.Sin 2 
 a
 x.dx  .
 a 2  1  Cos
 a
 x dx

5.833 A 0 5.833 A 0

1  10.833A0
x  sin2 / a x10.833A0 
a 0
  
a  5.833A0
2 5.833A 

   2 x1800 5.833A0  

25A0   2 x1800 10.833A0 


1
0
10.833  5.833A0 
1
0
 
sin
0
x

 sin
 0
x  
 
 25A 25A 2 x 3. 142   25A 1
  25A
1
 

24
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
 5A 
  0.1590.4068  0.9945
 25A  =0.2- {-0.5877}=0.2+0.093
P=0.293
26. A particle is moving in one dimensional potential well of infinite well of infinite height and of width
25A.Calculate the probability of finding the particle in an interval of 5A marked symmetrically at
distance of ‘a’. Assume particle in least state.
0
Solution: x  5A =x2-x1; n=1; a=25A0
x1=a-5 A0=25 A0-5 A0=20A0 and x2 =a-0=25A0-0=25A0

x2


2
n x  dx n
2 x2
p 2
x1
 
x1
a
. Sin(
a
)x dx

2
1X
25 A0
2
  a
. Sin(
a
)x dx Since n=1
20 A0

25 A 0 25 A 0
2  1X  2  2 
  a
.Sin 2 
 a 
 x.dx  
25 A 20 A 0
1  Cos
 a 
 x dx
20 A 0

2  10.833A0 25A0 
 x  
a
sin2 / a x
25A  5.833A0 2 20A0 

   
25A0   2 x1800 25A0   0 0
 


2
0
25  20A0 
2
sin x   sin 2 x180 x 20 A
   
 25A 25A0 2 x3.142 
  25 A 0 1
  25A
0 1


 0 
 0.4  0.318 0
Sin360  Sin288 
  
= [0.4-0.318{0+.951}]=0.4-0.3024
P=0.097
27. An electron is confined to move between two rigid wall separated by 20A0.Find the de-Broglie
Wavelength representing the three allowed energy states of the electron and the corresponding
energies if Potential is zero.
25
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
Solution: a=20A0, me=9.1x10-31kg, 1=? 2=? 3=? E1=? E2=? E3=?

n 2h 2
Energy in the nth state of a particle is given by En = 8ma 2

n=1 Ground state or zero point energy:

12 x6.63x1034 x6.63x1034
E1 
=1.51x10-20 J
8 x9.1x10 31 x 20x1010 x 20x1010

n=2 First excited or second state :

22 h 2
E2   4 E 2  4 X 1.51X 10 20 J  6 X 10 20 J
8ma 2

n=3 second excited or third state:

32 h 2
E3   9 E2  9 X 1.51X 10 20 J  13.6 X 10 20 J
8ma 2

h
th n 
de- Broglie wave length in n state is 2mE

n=1 In first state

6.63x1034
 4.02x109 m
h
1  
2mE1  2 x9.1x1031 x1.51x1020 
 
 

n=2 for First excited or second state

6.63x1034
 2 x109 m
h
2  
2mE2  2 x9.1x1031 x6 x10 20 
 
 

n=3 for second excited or third state

6.63x1034
 1.33x109 m
h
3  
2mE3  2 x9.1x1031 x13.6 x10 20 
 
 

28. An electron is bound in one dimensional infinite potential well of width 0.12 nm. Find the Energy
value and de-Broglie wavelength in first excited state. [Make up Exam Nov/Dec 2023-4M]
Solution: n=2, E2=? 2  ?

n 2h 2
En 
8ma 2
n=2 First excited or second state:
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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
2 2 x[6.63x10 34 ]2 17 1.67 X 10 17
E2   1.67 x10 J   104eV .
8 x9.1x10 31 x[0.12 x10 9 ] 1.6 X 10 19

h
n 
2mEn
n=2 for 1st excited state
h 6.63x1034
2    1.7 X 1010 m
2mE2 2 x9.1x10  31
x1.67 X 10 17

29. An electron is bound in one dimensional potential well of width 1A0, but of infinite wall height. Find its
energy values in the ground state and also in the first excited states.
[4Marks] Jan 2018 and Jan2019 J
n2h2
Solution: Use, E n 
, E1=6.08x10-18J=37.64eV; E2=24.1x10-18J=150.54eV;
8ma 2
=============================================================================
30. Compare the energy of the lowest three levels, for an electron in a square well of width 3A0.
. [Dec 2023/Jan 2024]
2 2
n h
Solution: En  ,
8ma 2
12 x 6.625 x10 34 
34

First state, E1   6.698 x10 19 J

8 x 9.1x10 x 3x10 
31 10 2

For 2 state, E2=4XE1=4X6.698X10-19=26.792X10-19J

nd

For 3rd state, E2=32XE1=9X6.698X10-19=60.298X10-19J

E1:E2:E3=1:4:9
31. Calculate the energy of the first three energy states for an electron in one dimensional potential well
of width 0.1 nm. [MQP -2 and Dec/Jan 2025-5M]
Solution:

n 2h 2
Energy in the nth state of a particle is given by En = 8ma 2

n=1 Ground state or zero point energy:

12 x6.63x10 34 x6.63x10 34

E1  =6.03x10-18 J
8 x9.1x10 31 x1x10 10 x1x10 10
n=2 First excited or second state :
22 h 2
E2  2
 4 E2  4 X 6.03 X 10 20 J  24.12 X 1018 J
8ma

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
n=3 second excited or third state:

32 h 2
E3  2
 9 E2  9 X 6.03 X 1018 J  54.27 X 1018 J
8ma

===========================================================================
VTU QUESTIONS/QUESTION BANK
============================================================================
VTU MQP-1 BPHYS102/202 [2022-23 Onwards]
3. a] Set up Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation in one dimension [8M]
b] State and explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and principle of Complementarity. [7M]
c] An electron has kinetic energy of 500 KeV in vacuum. Calculate group velocity and de- Broglie
wavelength assuming the mass of moving electron is equal to the rest mass of electron. [5M]
OR
4. a] Discuss the quantisation of quantum particle in a one dimensional infinite potential well of width
‘a’ and also obtain the eigen functions and energy densities [10M]
b] Explain physical significance of the wave function. [5M]
c] The speed of an electron in an atom is measured to be within an uncertainty of 2x104 ms-1 in one
dimensional. What is the minimum width space required by the electron to be confined in an atom.
[5M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VTU MQP-2 BPHYS102/202 [2022-23 Onwards]
3. a] Derive the expression for de-Broglie wavelength by analogy and hence discuss the
Significance of de-Broglie waves. [06M]
b] Explain the wave function with its mathematical forms. Discuss the physical significance of a
wave function following Born’ s interpretation. [09M]
c] Calculate the energy of the first 3 states for an electron in one dimensional potential well of width
0.1nm.
OR
4. a] Explain Eigen functions and Eigen Values and hence derive the eigen function of a particle inside
infinite potential well of width ‘a’ using the method of normalization. [10M]
b] Show that electron does not exist inside the nucleus using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. [5M]
c] An electron is associated with a de Broglie wavelength of 1nm.Calculate the energy
and the corresponding momentum of the electron. [5M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jan/Feb 2023 BPHYS102/202
3.a] Assuming the time independent Schrodinger wave equation, discuss the solution for a particle in
one dimensional potential well of infinite height and hence obtain normalised wave function. [9M]
b] State and explain Heisenberg Uncertainty principle and Show that an electron does not exist inside the
nucleus. [7M]
-27
c] Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron (mn=9.1X10 kg) moving with one tenth part of
velocity of light (C=3X108 m/s ). [4M]
OR
4.a] Setup time independent Schrodinger wave equation for free particle in one dimension [9M]
b] Define phase velocity and group velocity. Derive an expression for de-Broglie wavelength of an
electron [7M]
-1
c] An electron has a speed of 100ms .The inherent uncertainty in its measurement is 0.005%.Calculate the
28
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
Corresponding uncertainty in the measurement of the position. [4M]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

June/July 2023 BPHYS102/202

3. a] What is wave packet? Give physical significance and properties of wave function. Define Group
Velocity. [8M]
b] State and explain Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Give its physical significance. Show that an
electron cannot exist inside the nucleus. [8M]
2
c] A particle having mass 0.5 MeV/C has kinetic energy 100eV. Find its de-Broglie wavelength, where
‘C’ is velocity of light. [4M]
OR
4. a] Derive an expression for Schrodinger’s time independent equation in one dimension. [8M]
b] Obtain the expression for energy eigen values using Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation. [9M]
C] In a measurement of position and velocity of an electron moving with a speed of 6x105 ms-1, calculate
the highest accuracy with which its position could be found if the inherent error in the measurement of
its velocity is 0.01% for the speed stated. [4M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----
MAKE–UP EXAM NOV/DEC 2023
3. a] State Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Using this principle, prove that the electron does not exist
inside the nucleus. [8M]
b] Set up one dimensional time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation. [8M]
c] An electron is bound in one dimensional infinite potential well of width 0.12 nm. Find the Energy
values and de-Broglie wavelength in first excited states. [4M]

OR
4. a] State and explain de-Broglie’s hypothesis and derive the expression for de-Broglie wavelength by
analogy. [6M]
b] Derive the expression for energy eigen functions and eigen values for a particle inside in one
mensional infinite potential well. [10M]
c] Estimate the potential difference through an electron is needed to be accelerated so that its de-
Broglie wavelength becomes equal to 20A0. [4M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dec 2023/Jan 2024
3.a] State and explain Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Using the principle show that electron does not
exist inside the nucleus. [7M]
b] Set up Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation in one dimensional. [8M]
2
c] A particle having mass 0.5 MeV/C has kinetic energy 100eV. Find its de-Broglie wavelength, where
‘C’ is velocity of light. [5M]
OR
4.a] Find the eigen functions and eigen values for a particle inside in one mensional infinite potential well. [9M]
b] Discuss de-Broglie hypothesis [6M]
c] Calculate the energy of the first three states for an electron in one dimensional potential well of width
1AO. [5M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
June/July 2024 BPHYS102/202
3. a] Define group velocity, phase velocity, wave function and probability density. [8M]
b] Derive time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation. [7M]
c] Which has shorter wavelength, a 10 eV Photon or a 10 eV Electron? [5M]
OR

29
DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025
East West College of Engineering, Yelahanka New Town, Bg 64 Module 2
4. a] State and explain Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Explain principle of Complementarity. [7M]
b] Derive the wave equation of a particle inside infinite potential well of width ‘a’ using normalization
Condition. [8M]
c] Compare the energy of the lowest three levels, for an electron in a square well of width 3 A 0 [5M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dec. 2024/Jan.2025 BPHYS102/202
3. a] Derive the expression for de-Broglie wavelength by analogy and hence discuss significance of de-
Broglie wavelength. [6M]
b] Set up Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation in one dimension. [9M]
c] Calculate the energy of the first three energy states for an electron in one dimensional potential well
of width 0.1 nm. [5M]
OR
4. a] State and explain Heisenberg Uncertainty principle and show that electron does not exist inside the
nucleus using Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle. [7M]
b] Explain Eigen values and Eigen functions and hence derive the eigen function of a particle inside
potential well of width ‘a’ using the method of normalization. [8M]
c] The kinetic energy of an electron is equal to the energy of a photon with wavelength of 560 nm.
Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron. [5M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
Previous VTU Exam Questions
1] Assuming time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation discuss the solution for a particle in
one dimensional potential well of infinite height and hence obtain the normalized wave
function. [Derive up to  n ] [10M]
2] State and explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle and infer on the classical and quantum
mechanical measurements. [7M]
3] The kinetic energy of an electron is equal to the energy of a photon with a wavelength of 560 nm.
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron. [5M]
4] Using Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation, obtain expression for Energy Eigen values
and normalized wave function. [9M]
5] Evaluate the de-Broglie wave length of Helium nucleus accelerated through a potential difference of
500V, Assume mass of proton=mass of a neutron=1.67x10-27kg. [4M]
6] The uncertainty in the measurement of time spent by iridium-199 nuclei in the excited state is found
to be 1.4 x10-10 sec. Estimate the uncertainty in energy in the excited state. [4M]
7] An electron is bound in one dimensional potential well of width 1A0, but of infinite wall height. Find its
Energy values in the ground state and also in the first excited states. [4M]
8] Compare energy of a photon with that of a neutron when both are associated with wavelength of
0.25nm, given that the mass of neutron is 1.675x10-27kg. [4M]
9] The first excited state energy of an electron in an infinite well is 240 eV. What will be its
ground state energy, when the width of the potential well is doubled [Jan 2016 -4M]
************ X ************* X ************ X ************X *********************

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DR CHANDRASHEKAR M, EWCE, APPLIED PHYSICS FOR CSE [BPHYS202/102] April 2025