• In The Name of God

• Introduction
• Medical physics
• Books and hand ought
• Power points
• Subjects

By: Dr. Ali Jomehzadeh

Medical Physics (PhD)

Dr. A. Jomehzadeh 1
 Electromagnetic Energy

Chapter 3 of Bushong Book

These power points explore the basic concept of:

Photons
➢ Velocity and Amplitude
➢ Frequency and wavelength

Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ Measurement of the
➢ Electromagnetic Spectrum
➢ Visible light
➢ …
➢ Ionizing Radiation
 The Electromagnetic Radiation (EM)
photons are known as electromagnetic energy
A photon is the smallest quantity of any type EM

Quantum : A photon may be pictured as a small bundle of energy, sometimes

called a quantum.
Electromagnetic energy is present everywhere and exists over a wide
energy range.

Examples of EM: Radiofrequencies - Microwave - Visible light –Ionising

Radiation (X and Gamma radiation)

The properties of electromagnetic energy include frequency, wavelength,

velocity, and amplitude

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 The Electromagnetic Radiation

EM: Can be visualized as two Perpendicular

Sine waves

Two Fields : One of the sine waves represent

an electrical field and the other a Magnetic field
that continuously change in Sinusoidal fashion

X-rays are one type of photon of electromagnetic

Radiation .

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 Velocity and Amplitude
Sine waves: are variation of amplitude over time

Velocity :All EM. Radiation Travelling straight line -

through space at the speed of light 3×108 m/s

Mass: photons have no mass

Amplitude
The sine wave model of electromagnetic energy describes variations in the
electric and magnetic fields as the photon travels with velocity c.

The sine waves in Figure are identical except for their amplitude;
• sine wave A has the largest amplitude,
• sine wave C has the smallest.
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 Frequency and Wavelength
The important properties of this model are Frequency and wavelength,
Frequency (f) : the number of wavelengths passing a point per second.
Frequency is represented by f
Frequency Unit: Its unit is hertz (Hz) = equal to 1 cycle/s
The frequency of EM energy: extends from approximately 102 to 1024

Amplitude: is one half the range from crest to Valley

Wavelength is represented by lambda (λ).
Wavelength ( λ) : The distance from one crest to another
Wavelength Unit: Its unit is meter
The photon wave lengths associated : 107 to 10-16

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 The Wave and Energy Equations
The Wave Equation : Velocity = Frequency × Wavelength Or
v = fλ

The EM relationship triangle .

Photon energy: is directly proportional to photon

frequency
E max = hC/λ

f: frequency
C: velocity of light = 3* 10 8
h: Plank's Constant = 4.15 *10 -15
λ: wavelength

λ min = hc/E max = (4.15 *10 -15 )*(3* 10 8 ) / E max

λ min = 12.4/ E max
Å = 10 -10 Angstrom
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 Measurement of The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The frequency : extends from 10 to 1024 Hz
Four most important Region of EM
1-Radiofrequency (RF)
2- Microwave
3- Visible Light
4- Ionising Radiation (X and Gamma radiation)

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 Measurement of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum : contains three different scales, one each for
energy, frequency, and wavelength.

the wavelength and frequency are inversely related.

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 1- Visible Light
White light :occupies the smallest segment of the electromagnetic spectrum
it is the only portion that we can sense directly.
The component colors of white light: have wavelength values ranging from
approximately 400 nm for violet to 700 nm for red.

Sunlight also contains two types of invisible light,

infrared and ultraviolet.

Infrared light : consists of photons with

wavelengths longer than those of visible light but
shorter than those of microwaves. Infrared light heats any substance

Ultraviolet light is located in the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light

and ionizing radiation.

prism : acts to separate and group the emerging light into colors because
different wavelengths are refracted through different angles

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 Four most important Region of EM cont..
2- Radiofrequency
Radiofrequency covers a considerable portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

RF : has relatively low energy and relatively long wavelength.

Very-short-wavelength RF is microwave radiation.

Radio and TV
RF example: radio station, WIMP might broadcast at 960 kHz, and its
associated
television station WIMP-TV might broadcast at 63.7 MHz.

3- Microwave
Microwave frequencies : always higher than broadcast RF and lower than
infrared.

Microwaves have many uses, such as

❑ cellular telephone communication
❑ highway speed monitoring
❑ medical diathermy
❑ heat Dr. A. Jomehzadeh 11
 Four most important Region of EM cont..

4- Ionizing Radiation(x , γ)
ionizing electromagnetic energy usually is characterized by the energy contained
in a photon.

An x-ray photon contains considerably more energy than a visible light photon
or an RF photon.
The frequency of x-radiation is much higher and the wavelength much shorter
than for other types of electromagnetic energy.

The only difference between x-rays and γ rays is their origin.

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 Waves and Particles
Same fundamental : A photon of x-radiation and a photon of visible light are
fundamentally the same
except that x-radiation has much higher frequency, and hence a shorter
wavelength, than visible light.

X-rays behave as though they are particles.

Visible light behaves like a wave.

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 Electromagnetic Energy Attenuation
Attenuation: is the reduction in intensity that results from scattering
and absorption.

Objects absorb light in three degrees:

Three degrees of interaction: between light and
an absorbing material:
1- Transparency,
2- Translucency,
3- Opacity

transparent : not at all transmission

Translucent : Partially attenuation
Opaque: completely absorption.,

Attenuation of X-Ray: are depending of matter

Radiolucent: soft tissue
Radiopaque :bone

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 Inverse Square Law
Electromagnetic energy intensity : is inversely related to the square of the
distance from the source

Distance and intensity : When light is emitted from a source such as the sun or
a light bulb, the intensity decreases rapidly with the distance from the source.

This decrease in intensity is inversely

proportional to the square of the distance
of the object from the source.

I1/I2=d22/d21

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X-Ray intensity Reduction

Distance

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C

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• C

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A

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• C

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Question?
The END

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