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In this chapter, you learn the

concept of:
 Force
 Newton's law
 Hooke's Law
 Energy
 Work

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 Force and Interactions
 a force is a push or a pull an object.

 Abetter definition is that a force is an interaction between two

bodies or between a body and its environment. That’s why we
always refer to the force that one body exerts on a second body.

 A force is a vector quantity, with magnitude and direction.

 The SI unit of the magnitude of force is the Newton.

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Examples of contact and distance forces

 Contact Forces Action-at-a-Distance Forces

Frictional Force Gravitational Force
Tension Force Electrical Force
Normal Force Magnetic Force
Spring Force

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 Force and Interactions
 When a force involves direct contact between two bodies, such as a push or
pull that you exert on an object with your hand, we call it a contact force.

 Normal force is exerted on an object by any surface with which it is in

contact.

 The adjective normal means that the force always acts perpendicular to the
surface of contact, no matter what the angle of that surface.

 friction force exerted on an object by a surface acts parallel to the

surface, in the direction that opposes sliding.

 The pulling force exerted by a stretched rope or cord on an object to which

it’s attached is called a tension force.

 When you tug on your dog’s leash, the force that pulls on her collar is a
tension force. 5
Superposition of Forces
 The force , which acts at an angle from the x-axis, may be
replaced by its rectangular component vectors Fx and Fy.

 Component vectors: Fx and Fy Componentes: Fx=F cos ɵ

and Fy = F sin ɵ.
 Component vectors Fx and Fy together have the same
effect as original force F.

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EXAMPLE 1

4.1

SOLUTION

Figure 4.1 7
EXAMPLE 1 continue

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Newton’s Laws of Motion
 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an
object in motion will stay in motion at constant
velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration.
 3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

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1st Law
Inertia is the
tendency of an
object to resist
changes in its
velocity:
whether in
motion or
motionless. These pumpkins will not move unless acted on
by an unbalanced force.

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2nd Law
 The net force of an object is equal to the product of
its mass and acceleration, or F=ma.

 When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in

m/s/s, the unit of force is in Newton (N).

 One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate

one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second.

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3rd Law
 For every action, there is
an equal and opposite • There are two
reaction . forces resulting from
this interaction - a
 According to Newton,
whenever objects A and force on the chair and a
B interact with each force on your body.
other, they exert forces These two forces are
upon each other. When
you sit in your chair, your called action and
body exerts a downward reaction forces. They
force on the chair and have opposite
the chair exerts an
upward force on your directions.
body.
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3rd Law

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Sample 2
 One or two forces act on a puck that moves over frictionless ice along an
x axis, in one-dimensional motion. The puck's mass is m = 0.20 kg.
Forces F1 and F2 and are directed along the x axis and have magnitudes
F1 = 4.0 N and F2 = 2.0 N. Force F3 is directed at angle q = 30° and has
magnitude F3 = 1.0 N. In each situation, what is the acceleration of the
puck? a ) F1 = ma x
F1 4.0 N
ax = = = 20 m/s 2
m 0.2 kg
b) F1 − F2 = ma x
F1 − F2 4.0 N − 2.0 N
ax = = = 10 m/s 2
m 0.2 kg

c) F3, x − F2 = ma x F3, x = F3 cosq

Fnet , x = max F3 cosq − F2 1.0 N cos 30 − 2.0 N
ax = = = −5.7 m/s 2
m 0.2 kg

Feb. 11-15, 2013

Mass and Weight
 One of the most familiar forces is the weight of a body, which is the
gravitational force that the earth exerts on the body.
 w = mg (magnitude of the weight of a body of mass m).

 Hence the magnitude w of a body’s weight is directly proportional to its

mass m.

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Example 3

SOLUTION

Rolls-Royce Phantom

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Free-body diagrams
 Free-body diagrams are essential to help identify the relevant forces. A free-
body diagram is a diagram showing the chosen body by itself, “free” of its
surroundings, with vectors drawn to show the magnitudes and directions of
all the forces applied to the body by the various other bodies that interact with
it. Be careful to include all the forces acting on the body, but be equally
careful not to include any forces that the body exerts on any other body. In
particular, the two forces in an action–reaction pair must never appear in the
same free-body diagram because they never act on the same body.
Furthermore, forces that a body exerts on itself are never included, since
these can’t affect the body’s motion.

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Example 4

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 Friction
 Objects on earth, unlike the frictionless space the moon
travels through, are under the influence of friction.

 What is friction?
Friction is a force that resists motion. It occurs when
one object is in contact with another object. When two
surfaces are pressed together, the molecules of these surfaces come in
contact and experience attractive forces between one another. In
addition, rough materials can 'catch' on other materials, further
impeding (stopping or slowing down) their motion.

 Friction is found almost everywhere.

 The only place where there is no friction is in a vacuum, as even air has
friction.
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• Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest
position. The book comes to a rest because of the
presence of a force - that force being the force of
friction - which brings the book to a rest position.

• In the absence of a force of friction, the book would

continue in motion with the same speed and direction
- forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.)
• The perpendicular component vector is
The normal force, denoted by (n).

• The component vector parallel to the surface

(and perpendicular to n is the friction force (f).

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 Friction has two types: Kinetic and Static Friction
 The kind of friction that acts when a body slides over a surface is called a
kinetic friction force.

 The adjective “kinetic” and the subscript “k” remind us that the two
surfaces are moving relative to each other.
(magnitude of kinetic friction force) is

ƒk =μk n
 Where μk (pronounced “mu-sub-k”) is a constant called
the coefficient of kinetic friction.

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 Friction forces may also act when there is no relative motion. If you try
to slide a box across the floor, the box may not move at all because the
floor exerts an equal and opposite friction force on the box. This is
called a static friction force.
 (magnitude of kinetic friction force) is ƒs =μs n

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 Example 5
 You want to move a 500-N crate across a level floor. To start the crate
moving, you have to pull with a 230-N horizontal force. Once the crate
“breaks loose” and starts to move, you can keep it moving at constant
velocity with only 200 N. What are the coefficients of static and kinetic
friction?
 Solution:
Just before the crate starts to move

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As expected, the coefficient of kinetic friction
is less than the coefficient of static friction.

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Example 6
 In previous Example , suppose you move the crate by
pulling upward on the rope at an angle of above the
horizontal. How hard must you pull to keep it moving
with constant velocity? Assume that µk = 0.40.


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 Hooke's Law
 Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force needed to extend or
compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. That is: where is
a constant factor characteristic of the spring, its stiffness.
 One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch a
spring twice as far.

 Hooke’s law is represented as below:

 Where,
F is the amount of force applied in N,
x is the displacement in the spring in m
k is the spring constant or force constant.

 Hooke's law formula is used to determine the force constant, displacement

and force in a stretched spring.

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 Question 7: A spring is stretched by 5 cm and has force constant
of 2 cm /dyne. Calculate the Force applied?
Solution:
Given: Force constant (k) = 2 cm/dyne, Extension (x) = 5 cm.
The force applied is given by F = - kx
= - 2cm/dyne × 5 cm = - 10 dyne.

 Question 8: A force of 100 N is stretching a spring by 0.2 m.

Calculate the force constant?
Solution:
Given: Force (F)= 100 N, Extension (x) = 0.2 m.
F = - kx
The force constant is given by k = - F/x
= - 100N/0.2m
= - 500 N/m. 29
Energy and Work in physics
1. Energy
➢A system possesses energy if it has the ability to do work.
Energy is a conservative quantity (couldn’t be created or
destroyed but It can be changed from one form to another).

➢All forms of energy are either kinetic or potential. The energy

associated with motion is called kinetic energy. The energy
associated with position is called potential energy.

➢Examples of kinetic energy such as mechanical energy, thermal

energy and electrical energy.

➢Examples of potential energy such as gravitational potential

energy, electromagnetic potential energy. 30
Kinetic energy and potential energy
 potential energy, is the energy associated with the position of a system
rather than its motion ( kinetic energy).
 energy is transformed from one form (potential energy) to another
(kinetic energy) or visa versa.
 a particle’s kinetic energy is equal to the total work done on the particle
by the forces that act on it.
 In many situations it seems as though energy has been stored in a
system, potential energy, to be recovered later.
 weight mg and the height y above the origin of coordinates, is called the
gravitational potential energy, Ugrav:
Ugrav = mgy
the total mechanical energy:
E = K + Ugrav = constant

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 Example 9
 An object with mass 6 kg slides down from an unknown height without
initial velocity on a frictionless surface, and then it enters a frictional way
with 45 m length when it reaches ground level. If the force of friction on
the object is 12 N, what is the initial height? (g=10m/s2)

 Solution
The potential energy of the object will be spent by friction so
h=?
EP=W (in absolute value)
m.g.h = F.x x=45m

6 x 10 x h = 12 x 45
h=9m

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2. Work
➢ Work is a force needed to move an object a
displacement (d) from its equilibrium position. Work is
measured by joule or erg. Mathematically we can express
work as below:
➢ Work =force . distance
➢W=F.d or
➢ W = F d if we take both F and d at the same direction
➢ 1 joule = (1 Newton) (1 meter) or 1J=1N.M
➢ Work is a scalar quantity

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Example 10
 A farmer hitches her tractor to a sled loaded with firewood and pulls it
a distance of 20 m along level ground. The total weight of sled and
load is 14,700 N. The tractor exerts a constant 5000-N force at an angle
of 36.9 degree above the horizontal. A 3500-N friction force opposes
the sled’s motion. Find the work done by each force acting on the sled
and the total work done by all the forces.
Solution:
 We’ll find the total work in two ways: (1) by adding the work done on
the sled by each force and (2) by finding the work done by the net
force on the sled.
 1. The work done by the weight is zero because its direction is
perpendicular to the displacement. For the same reason, the work
done by the normal force is also zero.
Ww = Wn = 0.
 That leaves the work done by the force exerted by the tractor and the
work done by the friction force,
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 (2) In the second approach,

We don’t need the second equation; we know that the y-component of force is
perpendicular to the displacement, so it does no work.

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 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING
 According to Hooke’s law for spring, the force needed to stretch the
spring has magnitude of kx, where k is the spring’s force constant of
the spring.

F= kx (Hooke’s law )
 The units of k are force divided by distance: N/ m

 We therefore define the potential energy of a spring, PEs, to be

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