BCA-3rd Semester – Web-Technology-1

UNIT-1

Introduction to Internet

Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the web.
However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
• Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
• Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
• Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
• IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a
computer location.
• A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP
Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.
• For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.dsoftcomputer.com to a
particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
• Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

In the present age of information Technology, use of Internet is becoming quite popular for
accessing information on any topic of our interest. It also provides tremendous opportunities
to students; researchers and professionals for getting information on matters related to
academic and professional topics and lot more. In the present world, most of the people who
have computers around themselves use Internet to access information from the World Wide
Web, exchange messages & documents and e-services.
The Internet is a worldwide telecommunications system that provides connectivity for
millions of other, smaller networks; therefore, the Internet is often referred to as a network of
networks. It allows computer users to communicate with each other across distance and
computer platforms.
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological &
Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
• The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project
Agency Network (ARPANET).
• ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
• Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies
of government.
• Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
• In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different
countries and thus became known as Internet.

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 • By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS,
WWW, browsers, scripting languages etc.,Internet provided a medium to publish and
access information over the web.

Advantages\Applications of Internet
With the help of Internet you can: l Exchange messages using e-mail (Electronic mail). l
Transfer files as well as software. l Browse through information on any topic on web. l
Communicate in real time (chat) with others connected to the Internet. l Search databases of
government, individuals and organizations. l Read news available from leading news
groups. l Send or receive animation and picture files from distant places. l Set up a site with
information about your company’s products and services.
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will discuss some of
the advantages of Internet:
1. Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote locations. There
are various apps available on the wed that uses Internet as a medium for
communication. One can find various social networking sites such as:
a. Facebook
b. Twitter
c. Yahoo
d. Google+
e. Flickr
f. Orkut
2. One can surf for any kind of information over the internet. Information regarding various
topics such as Technology, Health & Science, Social Studies, Geographical
Information, Information Technology, Products etc can be surfed with help of a search
engine.
3. Apart from communication and source of information, internet also serves a medium
for entertainment. Following are the various modes for entertainment over internet.
a. Online Television
b. Online Games
c. Songs
d. Videos
e. Social Networking Apps
4. Internet allows us to use many services like:
a. Internet Banking
b. Matrimonial Services
c. Online Shopping
d. Online Ticket Booking
e. Online Bill Payment
f. Data Sharing
g. E-mail
5. Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that allows the business deals to
be conducted on electronic systems

History of Internet
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the
1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science
laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France.
The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the
development of the ARPANET project. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in

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1969 at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node
at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Merit
Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using
a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET project led to the development of
protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a
network of networks.
The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was developed in the 1970s and became the standard
networking protocol on the ARPANET. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981
when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science
Network (CSNET). In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national
supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with
the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the
United States from research and education organizations.
Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The
ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet
by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and
1990 and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the
use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-
Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information
system, accessible from any node on the network.
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and
technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant
messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video
calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking,
and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher
speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's
takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it
only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications
networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the
telecommunicated information by 2007.

Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information,
commerce, entertainment, and social networking.

The Internet Users

Survey (IUS) is a series of purpose-built surveys conducted by the Malaysian
Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). Since 2012, it replaced the
Household Use of the Internet Use Survey (HUIS) to cater the paradigm shift of Internet use
in Malaysia.
The strategic intent of the survey is to
1. estimate the percentage of Internet users in the country.
2. monitor digital divides among users.
3. study the attitude and behaviour of users towards Internet use and
4. identify the recent trends in Internet use. The survey findings would gauge the
country’s standing of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Thus, it serves as
a barometer to relevant stakeholders to carry out enhancement measures.

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Internet Working
How Internet works
All computers and other equipment within any given network are basically connected to
each other with the help of cables. The messages travel across the network with the help of
networking protocols. The protocols used over the internet provide addresses for the
computers attached to the physical network. In this way, different types of networks
communicate with each other using the same protocol. To interpret the information being
transmitted it is essential that the right software and hardware be in place.
The commonly used protocols are:
• Internet protocol (IP)
• Transmission Control protocol (TCP)
Together they are called as TCP/IP protocol. If offers a simple naming and addressing
schemes, whereby resources on the Internet can be easily located.
Internet is dependent on the existing infrastructure developed by telephone and other
telecommunication companies, for transmission. Internet Service Providers (ISP) lease data
circuits from the telephone networks, and have dedicated computer at the end points or
nodes. They rely on the distributed intelligence of networking equipment known as routers,
thus by passing the telephone company’s expensive switching computers, while using their
telephone lines. It can also be said that the networks on the Internet use a router to
communication with other networks. The router on a network accepts packets addressed to
it and passes them as addressed to other networks. Each computer system with a direct
connection to the Internet, has to have the necessary hardware and software to allow it to
work with these packets of information.
All the contents of the Internet are held by computer known as servers which are owned by
organization or companies who want to distribute the information. Most of the Internet
services operate according to
a scheme called called client and server. Most of you who are familiar with networking, know
these words. Server is the main computer which controls all the other computers, known as
clients. When a request is made to these servers for information, they bundle the requested
information in small packets with the address as to where it is to fee sent, tad send them
down to the nearest connection to the Internet. The packets are read by the router and then
are sent down in the same directions as the address.
A similar thing happens, at the next junction on the Internet This goes on till the packet is
delivered to the right address, where it is put together again with other packets to make up
the original information.

Information on Internet
To understand how the information is transferred through the Internet, we will have to study
more about the Internet technology. After all it is very strange that it allows us to share
information not in the form of written words but also allows us to have the information in the
vocal form. The packet switching technology is still used to transfer the data. Digital data
made up of a series of 0’s (OFFs) and 1’s (ONs) are grouped in unique sequences, Each
sequences of 0’s (OFFs) and 1’s (ONs) have a particular meaning, which is translated by
the computers to enable us to view the matter on our computer screen. To understand it
more clearly, do remember that computers do not understand languages in the manner in
which we speak and write, Instead, they understand languages based on electrical impulses
that go 'ON1 and 'OFF'. Speaking scientifically, such a system is called the Binary System in
which specific combinations of 'ON' and ‘OFF’

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Thus, a message, sent by us though the Internet, first converted translated) by our computer
into a digital format, made up of a series of ONs (Is)and OFFs (0s) that are grouped in
specific and unique sequences. Each sequences of 1’s and 0’s has a particular meaning. At
the final receiving point, these sequences are reconverted (re-translated) by our friend’s
computer so that our friend can read our information sent by us on his computer's screen.

Components Required for Internet Connection

To connect to internet, we need to have the followings

1. A computer system with a software like Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape

Navigator loaded into it.
2. A telephone line It will be better to have a dedicated telephone line, i.e., a line
exclusively For our Internet connection only, U is because, with the passage of time,
you tray fine that you are spending most of your time on the Net, This will prevent
others from using your telephone or calling us,, as they will often get an 'engaged'
tone. However, if we wish, to use the Internet occasionally, then our existing
telephone line will suffice.
3. A modem (modular-demodulator) is a electronic device that converts digital data from
computers into signals. These signals can then be transmitted over a normal
telephone line. At the receiving end, another modem converts the signals back into
digital data understood by computers. Modems can be internal, i.e., inserted in a Slot
OR your computer's motherboard or external, i.e., fitted
4. There are companies who provide us with the services of providing us with the
Internet Services. They are called internet service provider (IPS).We have to open an
account with ISP to have the connection. An ISP is a company that gives us access
to the internet for a fee. Presently, a number of ISP’s are available in India. These
include VSN (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited), Satyam Online, Mantra Online, Tata
Nova etc. Each one of these allow us to open an account with them and they would
give an e-mail address too. If we are using internet more for sending and receiving e-
mails. Then we would also be needing the software called Outlook Express. For
sending and receiving e-mails through Outlook Express.

Basic Internet Terms

Before you start using (browsing/ surfing) the Web, it is necessary for you to understand the
following terms and their meanings especially in connection with the Interact:
Home page: It is the first that you would see on the Website. Also known as the Welcome
Page. It is from here that you would start the navigation of various other pages of the site.
Hypertext and Hyperlinks: Information on the Web is made available in the form of
Hypertext It is a method of presenting information wherein some portion is ' highlighted.
when this highlighted portion is selected, it displays more information on the topic/s that you
choose. The highlighted items selected by you are technically called Hyperlinks. In fact, they
allow you to navigate from one Web document to another" on the same computer or on a
different computers in your own city or country.
Internet Information Server: It is a group of Internet server including the additional
capabilities of Windows NT and Windows 2000.
Internet Protocol: It is responsible for the addressing and sending data from one
computer to another computer.

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Internet Service Provider: It is one gateway to the internet. As mentioned earlier, you
need this service to connect to Internet from your computer;

Multimedia: At the heart of the Web is the ability to display multimedia information, such
as. Images, audio, video, animation, and other multimedia data types.

Transmission Control Protocol: It uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other
Internet points at the information packet level.

Web Browser: It is a software application that tesi4es on your PC and can display text,
images, and multimedia data found on different Web page. It allows you to specify a Web
page, navigate using links, and bookmark your favorite Web pages. The commonly used
Web browsers are Interact Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

Web Browser: A, web server refers to a location (computer) on the Internet that contains
information in the form of Web pages. Technically speaking, a Web Server means a
computer on the Internet, having the capability to run software, A page stored on a

Web server: can be accessed by Web users. It may also, be mentioned here that Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) normally offer space on their Web servers on which their registered
users can publish their Web pages free of charge,

Web Site: A Web site comprises of a. collection of Web pages (tot may be maintained and
updated by an organization like a government or, University department a business house,
a research institution etc. even. A single individual can also create and maintain his/her own
web site to promote certain ideas. The information on a Web site is stored in the form of a
series of files that may be stored on one or more computers. The material on a Web site is
stored in Hypertext.

Web Page: A Web pages refers to a document on the Web. Web pages can be used to
display written text, show pictures, play music/sound effects and run video. Do also
remember that you need to use Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) to create Web pages.

Introduction of World Wide Web

March, 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of Geneva s European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN)
circulated a proposal to develop a hypertext system for global information sharing in High
Energy Physics community. (http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html) - The
World Wide Web project began to take shape at the beginning of 1991. - October 1991, the
gateway for WAIS search (a crucial development for the Web s future as search as well as a
browsing tool), - Before the end of 1991, CERN announced the Web to the High Energy
Physics community in general. - Essentially, 1992 was a developmental year. In March of
1993, WWW traffic clocked in at 0.1 percent of total Internet backbone traffic. - In July of
1994, CERN began to turn over the Web project to a new group called the W3 organization,
a joint venture between CERN and MIT to develop the Web further
Evolution of World Wide Web
HTML is a simplified derivative of SGML, or Standard Generalized Markup language. Its
code can be used to make documents readable across a variety of platforms and software. -
Like SGML, HTML operates through a series of codes placed within an ASCII doc. These
codes are translated by a WWW client such as Lynx, Mosaic, Cello, Viola, or MacWeb into
specific kinds of formats to be displayed on the screen. - Items include in a HTML page are:
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- links, lists, headings, titles, images, forms, and maps. - Due to the limitation of HTML
documents, now more advanced technologies are introduced to enrich its functions, such as
JavaScript, ActiveX, VML, SVG.

Features of World Wide Web

The amount of information available on the Internet has become so large that it is difficult to
search for specific information. The World Wide Web (WWW) makes retrieval easy and
quick. The WWW is a search tool that helps you find and retrieve information from a Web
site using links to other sites and documents. The WWW was built on the technology called
Hypertext. This technology increases accessibility to linked documents on the Internet and
helps user to navigate between documents very easily.
Hypertext is identified by underlined text and a different color usually. Some places will refer
to this types of technique as Jump-Off Points. Hypertext can make links within the same
document or to other documents.
Each time you access a new document by choosing a link, there is a connection made with
the web server that the document is on. Once the appropriate document is retrieved the
connection is broken. There is no point in maintaining the link while you are viewing it. This
is one reason why the WWW is so efficient.
WWW lets you search, traverse, and use many types of information at numerous sites and
in multiple forms. This interface is called a browser. Some people refer to a browser as a
'web browser' Often these terms are used interchangeably.
The WWW is intended to help people share information resources, and services with the
widest possible community of users. Thus a user can access the WWW on Apple, UNIX,
Macintosh, DOS, Windows, and other operating systems.
Just like the Internet, the WWW has a protocol, which is known as HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP). HTTP acts as an interface between a Web Client Software, such Netscape
Navigator.
A major advantage of the WWW is that it also supports TCP/IP services, such as Gopher,
FTP, and Archie in addition to HTTP.

Web Browser
Web Browser is an application software that allows us to view and explore information on the
web. User can request for any web page by just entering a URL into address bar.
Web browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is the responsibility of a
web browser to interpret text and commands contained in the web page.
Earlier the web browsers were text-based while now a days graphical-based or voice-based
web browsers are also available. Following are the most common web browser available
today:

Browser Vendor

Internet Explorer Microsoft

Google Chrome Google

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Mozilla Firefox Mozilla

Netscape Navigator Netscape Communications Corp.

Opera Opera Software

Safari Apple

Sea Monkey Mozilla Foundation

K-meleon K-meleon

Popular Browsers

1. Firefox
Firefox is a very popular web browser. One of the great things about Firefox is that it is
supported on all different OS. Firefox is also open source which makes its support group a
very large community of open source developers. Firefox is also known for its vast range of
plug.
In/add-one that let the user customize in a variety of ways. Firefox is a product of the Mozilla
Foundation. The latest version of Firefox is Firefox 3.

Some of Firefox's most prominent features include: tabbed browsing, a spell checker,
incremental find live bookmarking, a download manager, and an integrated search system
that uses the user’s favorite search engine. Link mentioned before, one of the best things
about Firefox is its vast amount of plugins/add-ons. Some of the most popular include
NoScript (script blocker), Foxy Tunes (controls music players), Ad block plus(ad blocker),
stumble Upone (website discovery),Down Them All! (Download function), and web
Developer (web tools).

2.Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer (IE –created by Microsoft) is a very prominent web browser for the
Windows OS IE is the most popular web browser. It comes pre- installed on all Windows
computers. the lasts version of IE7 is IE8 in beta. IE was designed to view a broad rangs of
web pages and to provide certain features within the OS.
IE almost fully supports HTML 4.01, CSS Level 1, XML 1.0, and DOM Level 1, It has
introduced a number of proprietary extension to many of the standards. This has resulted in
a number of web paged that can only be viewed properly using IE. It has been subject to
many security vulnerabilities just Windows has. Much of the spyware, adware, and viruses
across the Internet are made possible by exploitable bugs and flaws in the security
architecture of IE.

3. Safari
Safari (created by Apple) is a very popular web browser among Apple. Computers. Safari is
also the native browser on the iPhone and iPod touch .Safari is available for Windows, but
has not reached a very high level of Windows users since. In May 2008 Safari controlled
6.25% of marketshare among all web browsers.

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4. Opera:
Opera (created by the Opera Software company)(is another fairly popular web browser). lt
handles common Internet related tasks. Opera also includes features such as tabbed
browsing, page zooming, mouse gestures, and an integrated download manager Its security
features, include phishing-and malware protection, strong encryption when browsing secure
web sites, and ability to easily delete private data such as cookies and browsing history
Opera runs on Windows, OS X, and Linux.

Web Server
Web server is a computer where the web content is stored. Basically web server is used to
host the web sites but there exists other web servers also such as gaming, storage, FTP,
email etc. Web site is collection of web pages while web server is a software that respond to
the request for web resources.

Web Server Working

Web server respond to the client request in either of the following two ways:
• Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
• Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with database

Key Points
• When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the requested
page if requested page is found then it will send it to client with an HTTP response.
• If the requested web page is not found, web server will the send an HTTP
response:Error 404 Not found.
• If client has requested for some other resources then the web server will contact to the
application server and data store to construct the HTTP response.

Web Server Architecture

Web Server Architecture follows the following two approaches:
1. Concurrent Approach
2. Single-Process-Event-Driven Approach.
Concurrent Approach
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Concurrent approach allows the web server to handle multiple client requests at the same
time. It can be achieved by following methods:
• Multi-process
• Multi-threaded
• Hybrid method.

Multi-processing
In this a single process (parent process) initiates several single-threaded child processes
and distribute incoming requests to these child processes. Each of the child processes are
responsible for handling single request. It is the responsibility of parent process to monitor
the load and decide if processes should be killed or forked.

Multi-threaded
Unlike Multi-process, it creates multiple single-threaded process.

Hybrid
It is combination of above two approaches. In this approach multiple process are created and
each process initiates multiple threads. Each of the threads handles one connection. Using
multiple threads in single process results in less load on system resources.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

A URL describes the location and a method of accessing a resource on the Internet, For
example, the URL http://wvvw.adobe .com may lead you to the home page of the company
called adobe Corporation, makers of various publishing software like Pages Maker, etc.
Each URL is unique. It identifies a particular point on the Internet. It consists of a string that
supplies the Internet address of a resource on the WWW along with the protocol by which
the resource is accessed. The most common URL type 'is "http’ which gives the Internet
address of a World Wide Web pages. Some other URL types are 'gopher' which gives the
Internet address of a Gopher directory, and ‘ftp’ which gives the address of a FIP resource.
All Web sites have URLs. One could say a URL is what a telephone number is to a
telephone or a street address is to a house.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

It has been mentioned earlier but was not described. It is used as the communication
protocol transport Hypertext documents over the Internet. It tells the servers what to send to
the client, so the client can view Web pages. FTP sites or other areas on the Net. The HTTP
is a method used on Internet to access information. It works in combination with the World
Wide Web (WWW), which is responsible for accessing hypertext documents.

Search engines
Introduction
Search Engine refers to a huge database of internet resources such as web pages,
newsgroups, programs, images etc. It helps to locate information on World Wide Web.
User can search for any information by passing query in form of keywords or phrase. It then
searches for relevant information in its database and return to the user.
Search Engine Components
Generally there are three basic components of a search engine as listed below:
1. Web Crawler

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 2. Database
3. Search Interfaces
Web crawler
It is also known as spider or bots. It is a software component that traverses the web to gather
information.
Database
All the information on the web is stored in database. It consists of huge web resources.
Search Interfaces
This component is an interface between user and the database. It helps the user to search
through the database.

Search Engine Working

Web crawler, database and the search interface are the major component of a search engine
that actually makes search engine to work. Search engines make use of Boolean expression
AND, OR, NOT to restrict and widen the results of a search. Following are the steps that are
performed by the search engine:
• The search engine looks for the keyword in the index for predefined database instead
of going directly to the web to search for the keyword.
• It then uses software to search for the information in the database. This software
component is known as web crawler.
• Once web crawler finds the pages, the search engine then shows the relevant web
pages as a result. These retrieved web pages generally include title of page, size of
text portion, first several sentences etc.These search criteria may vary from one
search engine to the other. The retrieved information is ranked according to various
factors such as frequency of keywords, relevancy of information, links etc.
• User can click on any of the search results to open it.

Search Engine Processing

Indexing Process
Indexing process comprises of the following three tasks:
• Text acquisition
• Text transformation
• Index creation
It identifies and stores documents for indexing.

Text transformation
It transforms document into index terms or features.
It takes index terms created by text transformations and create data structures to suport fast
searching.

Query Process
Query process comprises of the following three tasks:
• User interaction
• Ranking
• Evaluation

User interaction
It supports creation and refinement of user query and displays the results.

Ranking
It uses query and indexes to create ranked list of documents.
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Evaluation
It monitors and measures the effectiveness and efficiency. It is done offline.

Examples
Following are the several search engines available today:

Search
Description
Engine
It was originally called BackRub. It is the most popular search
Google
engine globally.
It was launched in 2009 by Microsoft. It is the latest web-based
Bing
search engine that also delivers Yahoo’s results.
It was launched in 1996 and was originally known as Ask Jeeves. It
Ask
includes support for match, dictionary, and conversation question.
It was launched by Digital Equipment Corporation in 1995. Since
AltaVista
2003, it is powered by Yahoo technology.
AOL.Search It is powered by Google.
It is top 5 internet portal and 13th largest online property according
LYCOS
to Media Matrix.
It is subsidiary of Amazon and used for providing website traffic
Alexa
information.

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