Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.

DIRECTION ¦ choose the correct answer from the suggested options and blacken the letter of your best
choice on the separate answer sheet provided.
Time allowed 2:00
1. Which of the following branches of Geography studies the universe and the earth's cultural landscapes
respectively?
A/ Geology and Demography C. Astronomy and Anthropospher
B/ Meteorology and Biolo D/ Geology and Archeology
2. All of the following are the basic significance of research in geography, Except
A/ solving social and environmental problems C/ it help us to formulate theories
B/ it help us to make irrational decisions D/ it enable us to make critical observation and predict
3. If you want to study the rainfall distribution in your home area, the most suitable approach should be
A/ Topical approach B/Regional approach C/ Systematic approach D/ A and B
4. Which one of the following is the best suited map projection for the tropical region is?
A/ Conical equal area projection C/ Zenithal projection
B/ Cylinderical equal area projection D/ Azimuthal projection
5. Which of the following statement is FALSE about Globes and Maps?
A/ Globes are not true scale, but maps are
B/ Maps can be reproduced, updated at lower costs, but globs are not
C/ Globes are easy to fold and handle, but maps are not
D/Globes are to show the shape of the earth while maps are only representative
6. The most effective conservation measures that have been recommended for minimizing soil loss by
erosion in Ethiopia is
A/ Reforestation C/ Controlling grazing
B/ controlling illegal hunting by the local people D/ Contour plowing
7. What are the two major factors that affect the spatial variation of temperature in Ethiopia?
A/ latitude and wind B/ altitude and cloud cover C/ wind and cloud D/ humidity and latitude
8. Which of the following physiographic areas in Ethiopia are the wettest and driest parts, respectively?
A/Southwest highland and Afar triangle C/ Southeast highland and Baro lowland
B/ Northern highland and rift valley D/ Northern highland and Abay-Dinder lowland
9. Which one of the following is the most significant factors of temperature distribution and variation b/n
different places in Ethiopia is
A/ longitude B/ latitude C/ altitude D/ distance from the sea

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

10. One of the following statements is correctly described about the distribution of the population of
Ethiopia.
A/ the largest proportion of population is found in the Oromia regional state
B/ about 77% of Ethiopia's population lives in the lowlands below 1500 meters
C/ the southeastern part of the country is as densely populated
D/ there is an evenly distribution of population in most parts of the country
11. What is the main reason Ethiopia used anti-natalist population policy?
A/ reducing maternal, infant and child mortality rate
B/ due to high population growth and low economic productivity
C/ bringing an end from rural to urban migration
D/ due to improving the social and economic status of women
12. The most crucial physical factor influencing patterns of population distribution & settlement in
Ethiopia is A/ natural vegetation B/spread of industrialization C/ altitude D/ latitude
13. What will be the consequences of a faster population growth on the length of the doubling time of the
population?
A/ the shorter is the doubling time
B/ the longer is the doubling time
C/ population growth could not be determined doubling time
D/ the doubling time of the population is constant
14. Which one of the following is NOT a right solution for achieving sustainable development in Ethiopia?
A/ mobilize and manage resources wisely C/ encouraging population growth
B/ raising the level of saving and investment D/ appropriate utilization on heavy industry
15. Which of the following best indicate the demographic characteristics of African population?
A/ low population growth rate C/ high age-dependency ratio
B/ high life expectancy D/ prevalence of low mortality rate
16. Which of the following steps should come first during in modern geography research undertaking?
A/ Delimitation of the study C/ Identifying the research problems
B/ Defining the objective of the study D/ Identifying the hypotheses
17. Which of the following factors contributes less to the problems of the African natural vegetation
and wild life resources?
A/ Desertification B. Overgrazing C/ Extinction of biodiversity D/ Chemical pollution

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

18. The most prominent vegetation type in Desert and Mediterranean region in Africa respectively
A/ Xerophytes and maquis C/ Xerophytes and Mahogany
B/ Cactus and Afro-alpine D/ Bamboo and podocarpus forest
19. Which of the following statement is NOT true about African continent?
A/ plateaus are the most dominant feature in Africa
B/ much of Africa gets rainfall in the spring and autumn season
C/ the Mediterranean climatic region has wet, cold winters
D/ Africa constitutes nearly 20% of the earth's total land surface
20. Which of the following drainage systems of Africa is the largest in terms of catchment area and annual
discharge?
A/ Closed drainage system C/ Atlantic Ocean drainage system
B/ Pacific Ocean drainage system D/ Mediterranean Sea drainage system
21. Which of the following vegetation zones of Africa is the richest and most diverse wild life
concentration with herbivores and carnivores?
A/ in desert and semi-desert region C/ in the swamplands of Africa
B/ in the tropical rainforest D/ in the savanna grassland
22. Which of the following drainage pattern is occurring where river is flow in all direction away from
raised features? A/ centripetal drainage pattern system C/ dendritic drainage system
B/ radial drainage system D/ trellis drainage system
23. Which of the following is a characteristic of manufacturing economic activities?
A/ provision of services to other businesses C/ dependency on raw materials
B/ minerals bearing substances from the earth crust D/All
24. Which of the following soil type is the most suitability for agriculture in Ethiopia?
A/ nithosols, yermosols, xerosols C/ fluvisols, luvisols, nithosols
B/ vertisols, regosols, acrisols D/ yermosols, xerosols, regosols
25. Which one of the following is exist one travels from the Afar triangle towards the main rift valley
system? A/ the altitude decreases C/ the presences of high and rugged mountains
B/ the width of the rift valley decreases D/ the amount of temperature is increases
26. Which of the following Ethiopia's rivers are consists of the inland drainage system?
A/ Ghibe and Wabeshebele rivers C/ Abbay, Tekeze and Baro rivers
B/ Omo and Awash rivers D/ Ghenale and Wabeshebele rivers

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

27. Which one of the following is FALSE about the climate of Ethiopia?
A/ rainfall is decreases when one moves away from the southwest parts of Ethiopia
B/ equatorial westerly winds are the sources of "keremt" in Ethiopia
C/ both temperature and rainfall decreases with increasing altitude
D/ the presences of cloud cover produce spatial temperature variation in Ethiopia and the Horn
28. Which combination is WRONG?
A/ the wettest lowland – Baro-Akobo C/ the lowest place in Africa – Dallol depresssion
B/ the Afar triangle – Kobar sinnk D/ the highest block mountain in Africa – mt.Ruwenzori
29. The major causes of the loss of biodiversity and environmental deterioration in Ethiopia is
A/ emission of chemicals from industrial areas
B/ destruction of forest to get farming land, firewood or constructional materials
C/ shift of the direction of global winds D/ displacement of people and animals
30. Which one of the following weather system provides summer rain (keremt) to most of the Ethiopian
highlands?
A/ equatorial easterly B/equatorial westerly C/ northeast trade winds D/ southeast trade winds
31. Ethiopia's location within the tropical zone results all Except
A/ experience of the overhead sun twice in a year C/ high temperature throughout the year
B/ the existence of five agro-ecological zones D/ relatively lower annual range of temperature
32. Which one of the following is NOT describing the geological events of the Afar triangle?
A/ it consists rich archeological sites C/ it is the most elevated part of the Ethiopian rift valley
B/ the home of ancient ancestors D/ it is the largest and widest part of the rift valley system
33. All except one is describing the Ethiopia's current water resources utilization?
A /A numbers of development projects are underway regarding the major rivers of Ethiopia
B/ Ethiopia is the second richest African country in terms of water resources potential
C/ Ethiopia is rich in water resources, but they are not utilized at all D/ None of the above
34. Which one of the following statements is NOT true about southeastern highland and lowlands of
Ethiopia?
A/ southeastern high lands are the sources of the Wabeshebele and Ghenale rivers
B/ the people practice a nomadic way of life in southeastern lowlands
C/ they are located southwest of the rift valley
D/ Ogaden, Elkere, and Borena are the parts of the lowlands

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

35. In Ethiopia, nearly 67% of the population of Ethiopia lives in areas with altitudinal range
A/ 1400 – 1800 m.a.s.l. B/ 1800 – 2600 m.a.s.l. C/ more than 3000 m.a.s.l. D/ less than 1400 m.a.s.l.
36. Which of the following statement is true about the Ethiopian rift valley lakes region?
A/ it is the wettest and most densely populated parts of the rift valley
B/ it is the driest parts of the rift valley
C/ it is the lowest parts of the rift valley
D/ it is the widest parts of the rift valley
37. One of the following could not be the result of altitudinal variation in Ethiopia?
A/ seasonal variation of temperature C/ variation in population density
B/ the formation of different agro-ecological zones D/ variation in biomes
38. Which one of the following statement is NOT correct about the natural vegetation of Africa?
A/ Afro-montane vegetation is confined to East Africa highlands
B/ the equatorial rainforest is confined to north and south tips of Africa
C/ Tropical savannas are most diversity of species of vegetation in the continents
D/ Desert and semi-desert vegetation of Africa consists thousands of plant species
39/ Ethiopia experience the overhead sun twice in a year. This experiences is due to Ethiopia's
A/vicinal location B. astronomical location C/ absolute location D/ A and C
40 Which one of the following geological event is NOT occur in the Cenozoic Era?
A/ formation of sedimentary rocks layers C/ formation of the high volcanic mountains
B/ the occurrence of pluvial rains D/ formation of the Afar Alps block mountains
41. The most unstable part of Ethiopia's physiographic region is
A/ the north central massifs C/ the rift valley system
B/ the Tekeze-setit lowlands D/ the southeast highlands
42. Identify the correct match between wild animals and their geographical location.
A/ .Nyala – Awash park C. Walia Ibex – Nech sar park
B/ Wild ass – semen mountain D/ Semen Fox – semen highlands
43. Which of the following is the major reason for the unsuitability for navigation of most Ethiopian rivers?
A/ they provides for recreation resorts
B/ they flow through the rift valley
C/ they show seasonal fluctuation
D/ they provides contribution to arid regions in the Horn & NE Africa

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

44. Which of the following statement identify the seasonal and annual distribution of rainfall in Ethiopia?
A/ spring and autumn are the major rainfall season in northern highlands
B/ winter rainy season supplies rain all parts of the country
C/ the country receives most of its rainfall in spring and autumn
D/ more than half of the annual rainfall of the country is received in the summer season
45. Which of the following soil type is the most suitable for the production of coffee, cereal & inset in
Ethiopia? A/ Yermosols B/ Xerosols C/ Nitosols D/ Vertisols
46. Which of the following statement is FALSE about African drainage system?
A/ most of the lakes of Africa are concentrated within the Great Rift Valley system
B/ Lakes Nasser, Volta and Kariba are anthropogenic lakes
C/ Nile, Senegal and Orange are exotic rivers of Africa
D/ Victoria, and Chad are the rift valley lakes of Africa
47. Which soil groups is the largest in Africa?
A/ Azonal soils Pedalfers C/ Hydromorphic soils D/ Pedocals soils
48. Which of the following statement is correct about the desert and semi-desert vegetation in Africa?
A/ they have much less diversity of plant species
B/ they have high species of diversity more than 3000 species of plants
C/ it develops areas of seasonal rainfall
D/ they are confined to central and western Africa
49. Identify the wrong pairs about the major geological events that took place in Africa during different
Geological eras.
A/ series of denudation and peneplanation – Precambrian era
B/ uplifting of the land in the Horn of Africa – Mesozoic era
C/ formation of many volcanic mountains – Cenozoic era
D/ heavy erosion – Paleozoic era
50. The sun is overhead south of the equator during summer season in
A/ June, July and August C/ March, April and May
B/ December, January and February D/ September, October and November
51. What is typical to the Mediterranean region is that?
A/ it has been covered by dense forests C / it has summer dry and winter wet climate
B/ it has summer wet and winter dry climate D/ it is found only around the Mediterranean sea

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

52. Which of the following countries have been the most benefited of all the countries in the Nile Basin?
A/ Ethiopia and Djibouti C/ Egypt and Sudan
B/ Egypt and Ethiopia D/ Sudan and Kenya
53. Which of the following factors are the major controls of weather and climate in Ethiopia?
A/ rainfall and temperature C/ altitude, latitude and weather system
B/ altitude and longitude D/ humidity and latitude
54. In most parts of Ethiopia, the lowest mean monthly temperature are recorded in during
A/ September, October and November C/ June, July and August
B/ November, December and January D/ February, March and April
55. Which of the following the possible forest conservation measures by planting trees in urban areas in
association with human settlements?
A/ Human encroachment C/ Agro-forestry
B/ Social forestry D/ establishing national parks and sanctuaries
56. Which of the following condition would be characterized the Sahel region of Africa?
A/ it is located northern tips of Africa
B/ it is the most rain fed region in Africa
C/ it is one of the drought affected areas in the continent
D/ it is the most desert landmass
57. Which of the following geographical regions of Africa are the most populous and the largest region in
terms of area respectively?
A/ Eastern and Northern Africa C/ Eastern and Southern Africa
B/ Central and Western Africa D/ Central and Northern Africa
58. The major reason for Africa receives high sun angle throughout the year is because of
A/ distance from the sea C/ differences in altitudeH
B/ their tropical location D/ the influence of ocean currents
59. According to the views of Environmental Determinism lay down by Greek and Roman scholars,
human beings
A/ are the master of environment and they can judge their benefits
B/ have unlimited ability to tame natural
C/ are subordinate to the natural environment
D/ are using technology to tame the hardships of the environment

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

60. Which one of the following elements of the research processes is explaining about the researcher intends to
achieve?
A/ Objective of the study C/ Limitation of the study
B/ Scope of the study D/ Review of literature
61. A type of slope which is indicated by widely spaced contours at the higher levels and close together at the
` lower levels is known as
A/ concave slopes C/ terraced slopes
B/ convex slopes D/ trellis slopes
62. Studying intervisibility is important for many reasons. Which one is WRONG about intervisibility?
A/ it is a significant role in planning of logging
B/ it is important for planning military operation
C/ it helps us to understands the amount of burning forests that covers the area
D/ understanding the distribution of dead and visible ground
63. Which one of the following is NOT true about the factors that contributes the prevalence of high fertility
rate in Ethiopia?
A/ low level of family planning C/ increased availability of family planning services
B/ low social status of women D/ perception of high social and economic values of children
64. All of the following describes the demographic features of Ethiopia, Except
A/ long doubling time of population growth C/ the dominance of young –age population
B/ broad base population pyramid D/ high birth rate and natural increase
65. One of the following is NOT included in the General Objectives of Ethiopia's population policy?
A/ reducing the rate of rural-to–urban migration
B/ disregarding the social and economic status of women, children and the elderly
C/ ensuring environmental protection
D/ reducing morbidity and mortality
66. In terms of the spatial distribution of population of Ethiopia by regional level, the largest and the smallest
proportion of population is found in
A/ Amhara and Afar region C/ SNNP and Harari region
B/ Oromia and Harari region D/ Tigray and Gambela region

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

67. One of the following urban areas in Ethiopia is likely to have average annual temperature exceed 30°c.
A/ Bahir Dar C/ Hawasa
B/ Addis Ababa D/ Assaita
68. All except one is the major reasons for high rate of fertility in the rural areas than urban areas in Ethiopia?
A/ parental valuing of children in terms of high social and economic value
B/ late marriage
C/ inadequate information about family planning
D/ low status of women
69. Which of the following is true about the Ethiopian population pyramid with a broad based and a narrow
peak indicates?
A/ low fertility rate and low dependency ratio C/ low death rates and high life expectancy
B/ high fertility rate and low life expectancy D/ high age dependency ratio and low birth rates
70. Which of the following measures of fertility is related to the number of births occurring in a given year per
1000 women in the reproductive age?
A/ Total Fertility Rate C/ Age-specific fertility rate
B/ Crude Birth Rate D/ General Fertility Rate
71. All except one is a possible conclusion of the Anti-Malthusian population Theory.
A/ population growth can intensify agriculture to maintain food security
B/ innovation and technological advancement in order to cope with the scarcity of food
C/ catastrophes such as war, diseases and famine should be allowed to avoid population growth
D/ population growth having positive consequences
72. Which of the following statement is true about the regional division of Africa?
A/ North Africa has the highest life expectancy of the entire region
B/ Mozambique and Benguela current produce greater impacts on the climate of Sahel region
C/ Southern Africa covers nearly one-third of the continents of total area
D/ Two-third of western Africa is drained by Congo River basin
73. Among the various forest conservation measures, which one of the following should come first?
A/ improving agricultural productivity C/ controlling wild fire
B/ creating awareness in the community D/ using a low cost solar energy

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

74. Which of the following has an insignificant contribution for the under development of tourist industry in
Ethiopia?
A/ the inadequate entertainment facility C/ the absence of historical and cultural cites
B/ the absence of modern hotels of good standards D/ All
75. Which of the following statement is correct about the size and the growth rate of African Population?
A/ Africa has the world's longest doubling time of population
B/ the continent nearly half of the total world population
C/ Africa is the only continent which compress high young population, but low old age population
D/ between 1650 and 1880, there was fast population growth in Africa
76. Which part of Ethiopia receives the lowest amount of rainfall during the summer (keremt) season?
A/ the north east and south east lowland C/ the western lowlands
B/ Baro-Akobo lowland D/ the rift valley lakes region
77. All of the following are the most important indicator of the level of development of any country, except
one
A/ per capita income C/ Gross Domestic Products
B/ Infant Mortality Rate D/ the geographical location of the country
78. The drainage patterns and systems of Ethiopian rivers are the results of various structural events that took
places in the
A/ Mesozoic era C/ Precambrian era
B/ Cenozoic era D/ Paleozoic era
79. One of the following is NOT true about temporal variation of rainfall in Ethiopia.
A/ merged spring, summer and autumn rainfall region is the largest in the country
B/ winter rainfall region is consists of the middle rift valley section and Afar area
C/ All-year round rainfall region is wet in most months
D/ summer rainfall region is receives its maximum rainfall
80. The two non-anthropogenic factors that accelerates soil erosion in Ethiopia are
A/ deforestation and overgrazing C/ spread of industrialization and urbanization
B/ topography and summer heavy rain D/ latitude and longitude
81. Regards with location, which one of the following land forms of Ethiopia is different from the others?
A/ Mt. JebelTita and mt.Garamuleta C/ Mt.Abuye Meda and mt.Guraghe
B/ Mt.Tulu Dimtu and mt.Chilalo D/ Jemjem Plateau

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

82. Which one of the following areas of Ethiopia is known for utilization of hydro-thermal energy and
non- metallic minerals?
A/ the South east highland C/ North West highlands
B/ the Ethiopian rift valley D/ South east lowlands
83. Which one of the following is a "push" factors for the migration of many people from rural to urban areas
in Ethiopia?
A/ availability of housing C/ poor employment
B/ improved living conditions D/ better job and social services
84. Which one of the following geographical areas of Ethiopia are the most densely and sparsely populated
respectively?
A/ Ghedeo and Elkere B/ Harerghe and Gambella C/ Jimma and Borena D/ Nekemt and Assaita
85. Which of the following countries of the Horn of Africa does not have an outlet to the sea?
A/ Somalia B/Djibouti C/ Eritrea D/ Ethiopia
86. Which one of the following is true about the drainage system and water resources of Ethiopia?
A/ Most Ethiopian drainage systems are dendritic
B/ Abbay is the longest river in Ethiopia
C/ Omo and Ghibe rivers are a part of Indian Ocean Drainage system
D/ lake Abiyata and Ziway are non-rift valley lakes
87. Which of the following are the physical factors responsible for climate change?
A/ deposition of acids emitted from industrial areas B/ continental drift and ocean current
C/ removal of forest and burning of fossil fuels D/ consumerism and population growth
88. Which one of the following is NOT the prospect for socio-economic development in Ethiopia?
A/ proper utilization of agricultural potential C/ prevailing dependency on foreign aid
B/ exploiting of niche market and opportunities D/ slowing the existing rapid population growth
89. The number of deaths in a year among under one year of age per one thousands live birth is
A/ Child mortality rate C/ Infant Mortality Rate
B Crude death rate D/ Crude Birth Rate
90. Which of the following refers to the current long term development strategy of Ethiopia?
A/ making the economy development on mining rather than agriculture
B/ industrial development led-agriculture
C/ giving priority for the development of water energy resources

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

D/ making the economy dependent on tourism sector

91. Which one of the following region in Africa is the most urbanized?
A/ Eastern Africa B/ Southern Africa C/ Northern Africa D/ Western Africa
92. What are the main responsibilities of the Inter-Governmental Organization (IGAD) in Africa?
A/ regional political and economic integration
B/ conflict resolution and peace keeping
C/ prevention of the effects of drought and promoting development
D/ democratization and defense
93. All of the following are the factors that affect the socio-economic development of Ethiopia, Except
A/ fast population growth rate C/ mismanagement of agricultural activity
B/ scarcity of natural resources D/ lake of trained human power and efficient management system
94. Among the total determinant of population change, Africa's migration patterns is highly related to
A/ improvement of innovation and technological advancement
B/ political instability and natural catastrophe
C/ function fertility and mortality
D/ environmental problems
95. Which one of the following is Ethiopia's five year development plans to achieve sustainable growth during
2010 - 2015?
A/ Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction
B/ Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty
C/ Growth and Transformation Program
D/ Development and Alleviate Poverty
Instruction¦ Items 96 – 100 are based on the map provided on the next page. These items should be
attempted by sighted (not visually impaired) candidates only.
96. The peak of the mountain shown on the map is indicated by the letter……..
A/ M B/ F C/ R D/ A
97. What is the crow flight distance between point’s .A and .C?
A/ 75 Kilometer B/ 50 Kilometers C/ 5 Kilomete D/ 150 Kilometer
98. The vertical interval of this contour map is ……………
A/ 200 meter C/ 100 meter
B/ 400 meter D/ 600 meter

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

99. In what direction do the main streams shown in the map?

A/ From West to East C/ From North to South
B/ From South to North D/ From East to West
100. The point shown as .B on the map is an example of a…………………
A/ Pass C/ Cliff
B/ Confluence D/ Waterfall

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

.F G

3600

.R

.R .R

.A

3200 .D

B
.C

N
2600

SCALE¦ 1¦100,000
2200

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

Instruction ¦ Items(101 -105)should be attempted by visually impaired students only.

101. Which one of the following rivers flows through the Northwest parts of Ethiopia?
A/ Baro-Akobo C/ Awash
B/ Ghibe D/ Tekeze
102. Where is the Savanna vegetation in Africa generally found?
A/ on the desert and semi-desert areas of Africa
B/ between the equatorial rainforest and semi-desert areas to the north and south of the equator
C/ the northern tips of Mediterranean coast
D/ on the summit of major plateau of Africa
103. According to Ethiopian traditional classification of temperature zones, the term" Dega” refers to areas that
have………
A/ Tropical C/ Temperate
B/ Desert D/ Sub-tropical
104. Which one of the following regional states of Ethiopia has the largest proportion of the urban population?
A/ The Tigray Regional State D/ The Amhara Regional State
B/ The Oromia Regional State E/ The SNNP Region
105. Which one of the following regional state of Ethiopia has a population density lower than the others?
A/ Tigray C/ Harari
B/ Benshangul-Gumuz D/ Addis Ababa

THE END

GEOGRAPHY MODEL EXAMINATION 2007/2015

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 Geography Model Examination For Grade 12 2007 E.C

ANSWERS FOR GEOGRAPHY GRADE 12 (2007/2015)

1. 21. 41. 61. 81. 101.

2. 22. 42. 62. 82. 102.
3. 23. 43. 63. 83. 103.
4 24. 44. 64. 84. 104.
5. 25. 45. 65. 85. 105.
6. 26. 46. 66. 86.
7. 27. 47. 67. 87.
8. 28. 48. 68. 88.
9. 29. 49. 69. 89.
10. 30. 50. 70. 90.
11. 31. 51. 71. 91.
12. 32. 52. 72. 92.
13. 33. 53. 73. 93.
14. 34. 54. 74. 94.
15. 35. 55. 75. 95.
16. 36. 56. 76. 96.
17. 37. 57. 77. 97.
18. 38. 58. 78. 98.
19. 39. 59. 79. 99.
20. 40. 60 80. 100.

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