Scribd
Upload
4 views36 pages

Ch-7 Flood Routing Ft

Flood routing is a technique used to determine the flood hydrograph at a section of a river using upstream flood flow data, classified into reservoir and channel routing. It aids in sizing spillways, forecasting floods, and evaluating watershed plans, relying on the principles of continuity equations. Methods such as the Muskingum-Cung method are employed for hydrologic river routing, while reservoir capacity is determined using approaches like mass curve analysis and sequent-peak analysis.

Uploaded by

dargieatena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views36 pages

Ch-7 Flood Routing Ft

Flood routing is a technique used to determine the flood hydrograph at a section of a river using upstream flood flow data, classified into reservoir and channel routing. It aids in sizing spillways, forecasting floods, and evaluating watershed plans, relying on the principles of continuity equations. Methods such as the Muskingum-Cung method are employed for hydrologic river routing, while reservoir capacity is determined using approaches like mass curve analysis and sequent-peak analysis.

Uploaded by

dargieatena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

FLOOD ROUTING

FLOOD ROUTING
• Is the technique of determining the flood hydrogrph at a section of a
river by utilizing the data of flood flow from one or more upsteram
sections.
• is the process of determining the hydrograph at a location
downstream of a reservoir or a channel section from the knowledge of
the upper stream inflow.
• Flood Routing is broadly classified into two groups
Reservoir routing
Channel routing
FLOOD ROUTING
• Flood Routing helps to fix the capacity of the spillway of reservoirs,
water control structures, and forecasting of floods.
• The passing of floods in reservoir and channel is an unsteady flow
phenomenon.(GVUF)
• It is a gradually unsteady varied flow All hydrological routings follow
the principles of continuity equation
storage=inflow-outflow
FLOOD ROUTING
• for a small change of time (Δt) the difference in the total inflow and
outflow is the change in storage.

• Use the average inflow and outflow of that reach and written as
FLOOD ROUTING
• The time interval should be sufficiently short so that the inflow and
outflow hydrograph assumed to be straight lines in that time interval.
• change time must be shorter than time of transit of the flood wave
through the reach.
The uses of Reservoir routing method
• For flood forecasting in the lower parts of a river basin after passing
through reservoir,
• For sizing spillways and determining dam / cofferdam height
• For conducting river basin watershed studies for watersheds where
one or more storage facilities exist. Specifically, for watersheds in
which existing reservoir are located,
• To evaluate watershed plans such as location of water supply
structures, and regional flood control measures
The uses of Reservoir routing method
• In reservoir routing the outflow and the storage are the function of
elevation (water level in the reservoir), again the water level by itself
change in time
• Consider the variation of I(Inflow), S (storage), h (Water level),and Q
(outflow) with time
Data Requirement

• Storage volume vs elevation for the reservoir (capacity curve)


• Water-surface elevation Vs outflow (Rating curve)
• storage Vs outflow discharge
• Inflow hydrograph I= I(t)
• Initial values of S, I, and Q at time t = 0
• There are methods availiable for routing of floors through a reservoir
all of them use in various manners.
• Storage routing(level pool routing) assumes horizontal water surface
in the reserevoir.
Modified puls method

Is Arranged as

Known at the beginning of time step ∆T


steps
1. Decide the time step Δt of routing .

This should be chosen such that the peak of inflow hydrograph is not
missed.

Approximately 20-40% of the time of rise of the inflow hydrograph.


2. prepare a curve of vs elevation from the known
Storage elevation and discharge-elevation data.
On the same plot prepare a curve of outflow discharge vs elevation
3.Compute the values of , all other values are known at the first stage

determine

knowns
4.Using step 2s plot elevation(S2) and discharge(Q2) are determined

5.Deducting from gives for the

beginning of the next time step

Repeat the steps untill the entire inflow hydrograph is routed.


example
• A reservoir has elevation, discharge and storage relationship
presented in table 1 below, when the reservoir water level was
100.5m the flood its hydrograph presented in table 2 entered the
reservoir. Route the flood and obtain Outflow hydrograph Reservoir
elevation-time curve during the passage of the flood wave.soln
CHANNEL ROUTING
S=f(Q)…..reservoir routing
S=f(Q) & S=f(I)….channel routing
CHANNEL ROUTING
• Channel reach refers to a specific length of river channel possessing
certain translation and storage properties.
• Two general approaches to river routing are recognized:
– hydrologic (Employs continuity equation )and
– Hydraulic river routing is based on the continuity equation &
principles of mass and momentum conservation.
CHANNEL ROUTING
• Hybrid model, possessing essential properties of the hydrologic routing
and hydraulic routing methods are being developed.
Example The Muskingum-Cung method.
• The Muskingum method of flood routing was developed in the 1930s in
connection with the design of flood protection schemes in the
Muskingum River Basin, Ohio, USA.
• It is the most widely used method of hydrologic river routing, with
numerous applications throughout the world.
CHANNEL ROUTING
CHANNEL ROUTING
The prism storage(Sp) can be expressed as a function of discharge
=> f(Q)= KQ
The wage storage(Sw) can be expressed as a function of discharge
=> f(I-Q)= b(I-Q)
Total storage=S = bI + (K-b)Q = K [(b/K) I + (1 -b/k)Q] and writing X =
b/K,
S=K[x Im+(1-x)Qm]
K m & X are constants m=[0.6,1]=[rectangilar,natural channels]
Muskingum-Cung method
m is assumed to be 1(Storage is linear function of I and Q)
S= K[x I+(1-x)Q] …………. Muskingum equation

X is weighting factor[0,0.5]
X=0 storage is a function of outflow
X=0.5 storage is a function of inflow and outflow
K is storage time constant {sec.}approximately equal to the time of
travel of a flood wave through the channel reach
Muskingum-Cung method
Muskingum-Cung method
example(soln)
• The following inflow and outflow hydrographs were observed in a
river reach.estimate the values of K & X applicable to this reach for
use in muskingum equation.

time(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66

inflow(m3/sec) 5 20 50 50 32 22 15 10 7 5 5 5
out
flow(m3/sec) 5 6 12 29 38 35 29 23 17 13 9 7
Muskingum-Cung method
Muskingum-Cung method
Example(sol2)
• Route the following hydrograph through a river reach for which K=12h
and x=0.2.at the beginning of the inflow flood, the outflow discharge
is 10m3/s.

t(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

inflow(m3/s) 10 20 50 60 55 45 35 27 20 15
RESERVOIR CAPACITY
• Reservoir: Collects water behind a dam or barrier
• Reservoirs are constructed for:
Drinking water,
Irrigation,
Hydropower,
Flood mitigation…
• During a specified time interval;
S (supply) < D (demand) Need for “water storage
• Designing the capacity of a storage reservoir involves with
determination of the critical period during Inflow < Demand

• There are 4 approaches to determine the capacity


1) Mass curve (Ripple diagram) method;X
2) Sequent-peak algorithm;X
3) Operation study; O
4) Optimization analysis O
Mass curve (Ripple diagram) method
This method is very easy to use when analysing short period data
• Cumulative plotting of net reservoir inflow.
• Slope of mass curve gives the value of inflow (S) at that time.
• Slope of demand curve gives the demand rate (D) or yield.
• The difference between the lines (a+b) tangent to the demand line
(ΣD) drawn at the highest and lowest points (A and B, respecRvely) of
mass curve (ΣS) gives the rate of withdrawal from reservoir during
that critical period
• The maximum cumulative value between tangents is the required
storage capacity (active storage)
Sequent-Peak Analysis
• SPA is a modification of the Mass Curve analysis for lengthy time
series and particularly suited to computer coding.
• The steps of sequent-peak analysis are as follows:
– Plot Σ (Inflow-Withdrawal) : in symbolized fashion Σ(S-D)
– Locate the initial peak and the next peak
– Compute the storage required which is the difference between the initial peak
and the lowest trough in the interval,
– Repeat the process for all sequent peaks,
– Determine the largest value of storages as “STORAGE CAPACITY”.

You might also like