Physiology Exam Review

Expanded Questions on Blood, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Physiology

Blood Physiology

Short Questions
 1. Define hematopoiesis.
 2. What are the components of blood?
 3. Name the functions of plasma proteins.
 4. Differentiate between serum and plasma.
 5. What are the types of white blood cells and their functions?
 6. Define anemia and list its types.

Long Questions
 1. Describe the process and regulation of erythropoiesis in detail.
 2. Explain the ABO and Rh blood group systems and their clinical significance.
 3. Discuss the formation and function of platelets.
 4. Explain the steps involved in blood coagulation with a diagram.
 5. Describe the structure and functions of hemoglobin.
 6. Discuss disorders related to white blood cells.

MCQs
 1. Erythropoietin is secreted by:
A. Liver B. Kidney C. Bone marrow D. Spleen

 2. Normal hemoglobin level in adult males is:

A. 10-12 g/dL B. 13-17 g/dL C. 8-10 g/dL D. 18-20 g/dL

 3. Platelets are also called:

A. Leukocytes B. Erythrocytes C. Thrombocytes D. Plasma cells
Cardiovascular Physiology

Short Questions
 1. Define stroke volume and cardiac output.
 2. What is the role of the SA node?
 3. Mention the phases of the cardiac cycle.
 4. Define preload and afterload.
 5. What is the role of baroreceptors?
 6. Name the heart valves and their functions.

Long Questions
 1. Describe the cardiac cycle with a diagram.
 2. Explain the regulation of blood pressure: short-term and long-term mechanisms.
 3. Discuss the conduction system of the heart.
 4. Explain the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate.
 5. Describe ECG components and clinical significance.
 6. Explain Starling’s law of the heart and its implications.

MCQs
 1. The pacemaker of the heart is:
A. AV node
 B. SA node C. Purkinje fibers D. Bundle of His
Answer: B2. Baroreceptors are located in:
A. Kidneys B. Heart C. Carotid sinus D. Brain

 3. Normal resting heart rate in adults is:

A. 30-50 bpm B. 60-100 bpm C. 110-130 bpm D. 140-160 bpm
Respiratory Physiology

Short Questions
 1. What is tidal volume?
 2. Define pulmonary compliance.
 3. List the types of lung volumes and capacities.
 4. What is the function of surfactant?
 5. Define dead space.
 6. What is the respiratory quotient?

Long Questions
 1. Describe the mechanics of breathing including all muscles involved.
 2. Explain gas exchange in alveoli and factors affecting it.
 3. Discuss the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood.
 4. Describe the regulation of respiration (neural and chemical).
 5. Explain lung volumes and capacities with graphs.
 6. Discuss respiratory changes during exercise.

MCQs
 1. Primary muscle of inspiration is:
A. Abdominals B. Diaphragm C. External intercostals D. Sternocleidomastoid

 2. Normal tidal volume in adults is:

A. 100 mL B. 300 mL C. 500 mL D. 700 mL

 3. Surfactant is secreted by:

A. Type I alveolar cells B. Type II alveolar cells C. Macrophages D. Endothelial cells
Additional MCQs and Questions
 1. What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant?
A. Increase surface tension B. Prevent alveolar collapse C. Stimulate coughing D.
Reduce oxygen uptake

 2. Which of the following causes vasodilation?

A. Norepinephrine B. Angiotensin II C. Nitric oxide D. Vasopressin

 3. Which component of blood is responsible for clot formation?

A. RBCs B. WBCs C. Platelets D. Plasma

 4. Cardiac output increases with:

A. Decreased heart rate B. Increased stroke volume C. Decreased contractility D.
Decreased venous return

 5. Respiratory rate is primarily regulated by:

A. Plasma sodium levels B. Blood pH and CO2 levels C. Oxygen saturation D. Core
temperature

 6. Which structure initiates the cardiac action potential?

A. AV node B. Purkinje fibers C. SA node D. Bundle branches

 7. What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?

A. 40 mmHg B. 60 mmHg C. 80 mmHg D. 100 mmHg

 8. Which hormone increases red blood cell production?

A. Renin B. Erythropoietin C. Aldosterone D. ADH

 9. Which heart sound is associated with the closing of the AV valves?

A. S1 B. S2 C. S3 D. S4

 10. What does tidal volume represent?

A. Air remaining after maximum expiration B. Maximum air inhaled C. Air exchanged
in normal breathing D. Total lung capacity
Additional Short and Long Questions

Short Answer Questions

1. 1. Define mean arterial pressure and how it is calculated.
2. 2. List three functions of blood.
3. 3. What are the major steps in hemostasis?
4. 4. Explain the Bohr effect.
5. 5. Mention the difference between internal and external respiration.

Long Answer Questions

6. 1. Describe the regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors. Include their location,
mechanism, and effect on the cardiovascular system.
7. 2. Explain the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, including the roles of
hemoglobin and bicarbonate.
8. 3. Discuss the electrical conduction system of the heart. Include the sequence and
function of each component.
9. 4. Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle and the events occurring in each phase.
10. 5. Explain lung compliance and the factors that affect it.
Extra Set of MCQs, Short, and Long Questions

More MCQs
 11. Which of the following increases during exercise?
A. Total peripheral resistance B. Parasympathetic activity C. Cardiac output D.
Venous compliance

 12. What is the primary driver for increased ventilation at high altitude?
A. Low CO2 B. High oxygen levels C. Low oxygen levels D. Increased blood pressure

 13. Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for:

A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Carbon monoxide D. Nitrogen

 14. The Frank-Starling law states:

A. Heart rate increases with venous return B. The greater the stretch, the stronger the
contraction C. Stroke volume is independent of preload D. Afterload decreases
contraction strength

 15. Which vessel type has the highest total cross-sectional area?
A. Arteries B. Arterioles C. Capillaries D. Veins

More Short Answer Questions

11. 6. What is the role of myoglobin in muscles?
12. 7. Define cardiac preload and afterload.
13. 8. List the components of the respiratory membrane.
14. 9. Name three buffers present in blood and their role.
15. 10. What is the role of chemoreceptors in respiration?

More Long Answer Questions

16. 6. Describe the mechanisms of autoregulation of blood flow in tissues.
17. 7. Explain how the kidney and respiratory system work together to maintain acid-base
balance.
18. 8. Discuss the factors affecting oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and its
physiological significance.
19. 9. Describe how blood pressure is regulated in the long term by the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS).
20. 10. Explain the physiological changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
during exercise.
Final Set of MCQs (Up to 60)
 46. What is the main factor affecting resistance in blood vessels?
A. Blood volume B. Vessel diameter C. Heart rate D. Oxygen level

 47. Which of the following best describes the Fick principle?

A. Law of diffusion B. Cardiac output calculation C. Oxygen dissociation D. Surface
tension

 48. The respiratory center is located in:

A. Pons and medulla B. Cerebellum C. Cerebrum D. Thalamus

 49. Which blood component has the longest lifespan?

A. Neutrophils B. Erythrocytes C. Platelets D. Lymphocytes

 50. What causes the 'lub' sound in the heart?

A. Semilunar valves opening B. AV valves closing C. AV valves opening D. Semilunar
valves closing

 51. During expiration, intrapulmonary pressure is:

A. Lower than atmospheric pressure B. Equal to atmospheric pressure C. Higher
than atmospheric pressure D. Negative

 52. Which ion is most important in cardiac muscle contraction?

A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Chloride

 53. In which phase does the ventricular pressure exceed aortic pressure?
A. Isovolumetric contraction B. Ventricular ejection C. Atrial systole D. Ventricular
filling

 54. Which condition shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
A. Low CO2 B. Alkalosis C. High temperature D. Low temperature

 55. What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?

A. Gas exchange B. Producing surfactant C. Filtering air D. Generating cilia

 56. The main stimulus for erythropoietin release is:

A. Dehydration B. Hypoxia C. Hypercapnia D. Acidosis

 57. What does hematocrit measure?

A. Hemoglobin concentration B. Plasma volume C. RBC percentage D. White cell
 count

 58. Which blood group is universal donor?

A. AB+ B. O- C. O+ D. AB-

 59. Which respiratory volume cannot be measured by spirometry?

A. Tidal volume B. Vital capacity C. Expiratory reserve volume D. Residual volume

 60. The SA node acts as the heart's pacemaker because:

A. It has the fastest conduction speed B. It is located near the atria C. It has the
highest rate of spontaneous depolarization D. It receives autonomic signals

Physiology Exam Questions

Comprehensive MCQs on Blood, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Physiology
Blood Physiology

MCQs
 1. Erythropoietin is secreted by:
A. Liver B. Kidney C. Bone marrow D. Spleen

 2. Normal hemoglobin level in adult males is:

A. 10-12 g/dL B. 13-17 g/dL C. 8-10 g/dL D. 18-20 g/dL

 3. Platelets are also called:

A. Leukocytes B. Erythrocytes C. Thrombocytes D. Plasma cells

 4. Which of the following stimulates erythropoiesis?

A. High oxygen levels B. Low oxygen levels C. High CO2 D. Increased pH

 5. Hemostasis involves all except:

A. Vascular spasm B. Platelet plug formation C. Antibody production D. Coagulation

 6. The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by:

A. Tissue factor B. Platelet activation C. Collagen exposure D. Fibrin

 7. Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin D
. Hematocr
 it measures:
A. Plasma volume B. White blood cell count C. Percentage of RBCs D. Hemoglobin
concentration

 9. Which cell is responsible for antibody production?

A. T cell B. Neutrophil C. Plasma cell D. Monocyte

 10. Which is not a granulocyte?

A. Eosinophil B. Neutrophil C. Basophil D. Lymphocyte

 11. Normal platelet count is:

A. 1,000–5,000 B. 15,000–50,000 C. 150,000–400,000 D. 1,500,000–4,000,000

 12. Which factor initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?

A. Collagen B. Tissue factor C. Fibrinogen D. Factor XII

 13. Function of albumin includes:

A. Immune response B. Oxygen transport C. Osmotic pressure maintenance D.
 Clotting
Answer: C
 14. Which blood group is universal donor?
A. A B. B C. AB D. O

 15. Which blood component transports iron?

A. Hemoglobin B. Albumin C. Transferrin D. Fibrinogen
Cardiovascular Physiology

MCQs
 1. The pacemaker of the heart is:
A. AV node B. SA node C. Purkinje fibers D. Bundle of His
2. Baroreceptors are located in:
A. Kidneys B. Heart C. Carotid sinus D. Brain

 3. Normal resting heart rate in adults is:

A. 30-50 bpm B. 60-100 bpm C. 110-130 bpm D. 140-160 bpm

 4. Which hormone increases blood pressure?

A. ANP B. Aldosterone C. Insulin D. Glucagon

 5. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart leads to:

A. Decreased heart rate B. No change C. Increased heart rate D. Heart block

 6. Baroreceptor reflex regulates:

A. Blood viscosity B. Blood volume C. Blood pressure D. Blood glucose

 7. Cardiac output is calculated as:

A. SV × HR B. SV/HR C. BP × PR D. HR/SV

 8. A positive inotropic effect means:

A. Decreased HR B. Increased force of contraction C. Decreased BP D. Decreased
contractility

 9. Frank-Starling law relates to:

A. Oxygen transport B. Venous return and stroke volume C. Heart rate regulation D.
Cardiac conduction

 10. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes:

A. Vasoconstriction B. Increased aldosterone C. Sodium retention D. Vasodilation
and natriuresis

 11. Normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) is:

A. 30 mmHg B. 50 mmHg C. 70–100 mmHg D. 120–150 mmHg

 12. Resistance to blood flow is mainly determined by:

A. Heart rate B. Blood viscosity C. Vessel radius D. Blood volume
 13. Which wave on ECG represents ventricular repolarization?
A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. U wave

 14. What does the QRS complex represent?

A. Atrial depolarization B. Atrial repolarization C. Ventricular depolarization D.
Ventricular repolarization

 15. Parasympathetic stimulation affects the heart by:

A. Increasing HR B. Decreasing HR C. Increasing contractility D. Increasing BP
Respiratory Physiology

MCQs
 1. Primary muscle of inspiration is:
A. Abdominals B. Diaphragm C. External intercostals D. Sternocleidomastoid

 2. Normal tidal volume in adults is:

A. 100 mL B. 300 mL C. 500 mL D. 700 mL

 3. Surfactant is secreted by:

A. Type I alveolar cells B. Type II alveolar cells C. Macrophages D. Endothelial cells

 4. Which part of the brain regulates breathing?

A. Cerebellum B. Medulla oblongata C. Hippocampus D. Corpus callosum

 5. Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in:

A. Lungs B. Brainstem C. Carotid and aortic bodies D. Spinal cord

 6. Hypercapnia stimulates:
A. Decreased respiration B. Increased respiration C. No change D. Bradycardia

 7. Oxygen is mainly transported in blood as:

A. Dissolved in plasma B. Bicarbonate C. Bound to hemoglobin D. Attached to
leukocytes

 8. CO2 is mainly transported as:

A. Carbaminohemoglobin B. Carbonic acid C. Dissolved CO2 D. Bicarbonate ion

 9. Bohr effect refers to:

A. Increased CO2 decreases O2 affinity B. Increased O2 decreases CO2 binding C.
Increased pH enhances O2 loading D. None

 10. Hering-Breuer reflex prevents:

A. Hypoxia B. Lung overinflation C. Air trapping D. Airway collapse

 11. During inspiration, intrathoracic pressure:

A. Increases B. Decreases C. Remains unchanged D. Fluctuates randomly

 12. Central chemoreceptors respond to:

A. PO2 B. PCO2 and pH in CSF C. HCO3- D. Blood pressure
 13. Compliance of lungs is defined as:
A. Resistance to airflow B. Elasticity of lungs C. Change in volume per unit pressure
D. Airway diameter

 14. Which gas has the highest diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane?
A. O2 B. CO2 C. N2 D. H2O vapor

 15. Vital capacity is:

A. TV + IRV + ERV B. TV + RV C. IRV + ERV D. IRV + RV + FRC
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