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Ch.13 demro

Chapter 13 discusses the process of sampling, which involves selecting elements from a population to generalize results. It outlines relevant terms, advantages of sampling, the sampling process, and different sampling designs, including probability and non-probability sampling. Additionally, it provides guidelines for determining sample size and notes the unique considerations in qualitative research.

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3 views4 pages

Ch.13 demro

Chapter 13 discusses the process of sampling, which involves selecting elements from a population to generalize results. It outlines relevant terms, advantages of sampling, the sampling process, and different sampling designs, including probability and non-probability sampling. Additionally, it provides guidelines for determining sample size and notes the unique considerations in qualitative research.

Uploaded by

demro channel
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 13

Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of right elements from the population, so that
results from analyzing the sample are generalizable to the population.

We can do more harm than good if the population is not correctly targeted.

Relevant Terms
Population refers to the entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the researcher
wishes toinvestigate.

An element is a single member of the population.

A sample is a subset of the population. It comprises some members (elements) selected from it.

Sampling unit: the element or s e t of elements that is available for selection in some stage of the
sampling process.

A subject is a single member of the sample, just as an element is a single member of thepopulation.

Relevant Terms - 3

X (the sample mean), μ (the population mean),


S (the standard deviation), σ (the population standard deviation)
S2 (the variation in the sample) σ2 (the population variance)

• If we study the entire population and calculate the mean or the standard
deviation, then we don’t refer to this as a statistic. Instead, we call it a
parameter of the population.
Advantages of Sampling
• Less costs

• Fewer errors due to less fatigue

• Less time

• Destruction of elements avoided: One key advantage is that it allows for data collection while
avoiding the destruction or harm of the elements being studied, promoting ethical research
practices and preserving the integrity of the population for future studies.

The Sampling Process


• Major steps in sampling:
• Define the population.
• Determine the sample frame.
• Determine the sampling design.
• Determine the appropriate sample size.
• Execute the sampling process.

Sampling Design
• Probability Sampling: elements in the population have a known
and non-zero chance of being chosen
• Simple Random Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling: the elements in the population do not have any
probabilities attached to their being chosen as sample subjects.
• Convenience Sampling
• Purposive Sampling: Judgment Sampling / Quota Sampling

This means that the findings from the study of theNon-Probability


sample cannot be confidently generalized to the population.
Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling Systematic sampling


• Procedure
Each element has a known and equal
• Procedure
th
chance of being Each n element, starting with random
selected. choice of an element between 1 and n.
•
•
Characteristics
Highly generalizable.
• Characteristics

• Easily understood. • Like simple random sampling.


• Reliable population frame necessary.
• Easier than simple random sampling

Non-probability Sampling
Convivence sampling refers to the collection of information from members of the population who are
conveniently available to provide it.
Purposive (Judgment) Sampling involves the choice of subjects who are most advantageously placed
or in the best position to provide the information required.
Purposive (Quota) Sampling ensures that certain groups are adequately represented in the study
through the assignment of aquota.

Sample size guidelines


Rules of Thumb
Roscoe (1975) proposes the following rules of thumb for determining sample size:

• In general: 30 < n < 500

• Categories:
30 per subcategory (male/female), (juniors/seniors)

• Multivariate (multiple regression analysis): 10 x number of variable of the study

• Experiments with tight controls:

15 to 20 per condition.
In Qualitative Research

• Data collection, and analysis is usually conducted simultaneously

• Sample size is hard to be determined at the beginning of thestudy.

• Based on theoretical saturation; which is reached when no new


information about the subject emerges in repeated cases.

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