ASSIGNMENT CLASS : 10 CHEMISTRY SESSION : 2024-25

Chapter : 1 Chemical Reactions & Equations CYCLE : 1,2 & 3

Key Points
Chemical reaction: It is a process in which one or more substances react to form some new
substances with different properties.
Chemical equation: It is the shorthand notation of actually occurring chemical reaction in terms of
the symbols, formulae and the ratio of the number of various reactants and products involved.
Balanced chemical equation: A chemical equation is said to be balanced when the number of
atoms of each element on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms of corresponding
elements on the product side. Equations must always be balanced according to law of
conservation of mass.
Types of chemical reactions: Chemical reactions can be classified into: combination
,decomposition, displacement and double displacement reactions.
Combination reaction: A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new single
substance is called a combination reaction. For example:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Decomposition reaction: A reaction in which a single substance decomposes to give two or more
simpler substances. For example:
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Displacement reaction: The reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive
element from its salt solution is called displacement reaction. For example:
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Double displacement reactions: The reactions in which two compounds exchange their ions to
form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions. For example:
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + NaCl (aq)
Exothermic reactions: Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are called
exothermic reactions.
Endothermic reactions: Reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as endothermic
reactions.
Redox Reactions: Redox reactions are those reactions in which oxidation and reduction take
place simultaneously.
Oxidation is a process which involves gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
Reduction is a process which involves gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen.
Oxidising agent is a substance which gives oxygen or gains hydrogen.
Reducing agent is a substance which gives hydrogen or gains oxygen.
Corrosion: The process of slowly eating up of the metals due to attack of atmospheric gases such
as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, etc. on the surface of the metals so as to convert the
metal into oxide, sulphide, carbonate, etc. is known as corrosion.
 Rancidity: The oxidation of oils or fats in a food resulting into a bad taste and smell is called
rancidity.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS :
A. Multiple Choice Questions :
1. Which of the following are exothermic processes?
(i) Reaction of water with quick lime (ii) Dilution of an acid
(iii) Evaporation of water (iv)Sublimation of camphor (crystals)
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
2. Three beakers labelled as A, B and C each containing 25 mL of water were taken. A small
amount of NaOH, anhydrous CuSO4, and NaCI were added to the beakers A, B and C
respectively. It was observed that there was an increase in the temperature of the solutions
contained in beakers A and B, whereas in case of beaker C, the temperature of the solution falls.
Which one of the following statement (s) is (are) correct?
(i) In beakers A and B, exothermic process has occurred.
(ii) In beakers A and B, endothermic process has occurred.
(iii) In beaker C, exothermic process has occurred.
(iv) In beaker C, endothermic process has occurred.
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
3. A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing acidified
permanganate solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally disappears. Which
of the following is the correct explanation for the observation ?
(a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4
(b) FeSO4 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidising agent and oxidises KMnO4
(c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no reaction is involved
(d) KMnO4 is an unstable compound and decomposes in presence of FeSO4 to a colourless
compound.
4. Which among the following is (are) double displacement reaction(s) ?
(1) Pb+ CuCI2 → PbCI2 + Cu
(ii) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 -→ BaSO4 + 2 NaCI
(iii) C+ O2-→ CO2
(iv) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
5. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases
liberated during electrolysis of water is :
(a) 1:1 (b) 2:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 1:2
6. A student while heating solid lead nitrate taken in a test tube would observe:
(a) white residue of PbO2 (b) green residue of NO2
(c) yellow residue of PbO (d) brown residue of NO.
B.Assertion Reason Questions :
In the following question a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
1. (A): When soft iron nails are dipped in a solution of CuSO4 a greyish black solution is formed.
(R): Iron displace copper from copper sulphate solution forming iron sulphate.
2. (A): A chemical reaction becomes faster at higher temperatures.
(R): At higher temperatures molecular motion becomes more rapid.
3. (A): Corrosion of iron is commonly known as rusting.
(R): Corrosion of iron occurs in the presence of moisture and air.
C.QUESTIONS BASED ON PASSAGE
Read the passage and answer the following questions:
Aluminium is placed high in the activity series and is expected to be quite reactive. It combines
with oxygen present in air to form an oxide form of aluminium oxide on its surface. This layer forms
a protective coating on the surface and hence, protects the metal underneath from further
damage. Thus, aluminium is corrosion resistant. Being lighter, it is most suitable for use in making
car parts and aeroplane bodies.
(i) Name a metal which is corrosion resistant.
(ii) Explain corrosion plays an useful role in case of aluminium metal.
(iii) Can aluminium be used in place of iron to prevent rusting of iron?
(iv) State the use of aluminium based on the above property?
Answer the following questions :
1. What do you mean by:
(i) neutralisation reaction? (ii) precipitation reaction?
Give one example of each type.
2. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following and identify the type of reaction :
(i) Magnesium(s)+Hydrochloric acid(aq)→Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
(ii) Zinc carbonate (s) → Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g)
(iii) Calcium oxide + Carbondioxide → Calcium carbonate
3. What is rancidity? State two ways to prevent rancidity of food items.
4. What is corrosion? Write the reaction taking place during the corrosion of iron stating the
conditions required? State two ways of preventing corrosion.
5.(a) What happens when an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate reacts with an aqueous
solution of barium chloride?
(b) Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction which takes place.
(c) State the physical conditions of the reactants in which the reaction will take place.
(d) Name the type of chemical reaction which occurs.
(e) Give one more example of the above mentioned reaction.
6. A magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen to give a white compound X accompanied by emission
of light. If the burning ribbon is now placed in an atmosphere of nitrogen it continues to burn and
forms a compound Y.
(a) Write the chemical formulae of Xand Y.
b) Write a balanced equation when Y is dissolved in water.
7. A water insoluble substance X' ' on reacting with dilute sulphuric acid released a colourless and
odourless gas accompanied by brisk effervescence. When the gas was passed through water, the
solution obtained turned blue litmus red. On bubbling the gas through lime water, it initially became
milky and the milkiness disappeared when the gas was passed in excess. Identify the substance
X"' and write the chemical equations involved.
8. . Identify the component oxidised in the following reactions a) ZnO + C→ Zn + CO
b) H2S + Cl2→ S + 2HCl
9. Write chemical equations for the following reactions : i) When zinc carbonate is calcined ? ii)
When manganese dioxide is heated with aluminium powder . iii) When magnesium is treated with
very dilute nitric acid
10. Translate the following into balanced chemical equations :
1) Steam is passed over heated iron to form magnetic oxide of iron (Fe 3O4) and hydrogen.
2) Carbon disulphide burns in air to give carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
3) Magnesium burns in presence of Nitrogen to form Magnesium nitride.
11. Following is given a diagram showing an experimental set-up:

Name the process & identify the type of chemical reaction.

Write the equation involved .
Why the volume of hydrogen produced is double the volume of oxygen ?
12. Give one example of a redox reaction which is also : 1) a combination reaction
2) A displacement reaction.
CHAPTER 2 ACIDS , BASES & SALTS CYCLE : 4,5 & 6
Key Points :
Acids: Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Acids have a sour taste and can react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
The strength of an acid is measured by its pH, with low pH values indicating a strong acid and high
pH values indicating a weak acid.
Bases: Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Bases have a bitter taste and feel slippery to the touch.
The strength of a base is also measured by its pH, with high pH values indicating a strong base
and low pH values indicating a weak base.
Salts: Salts are compounds that are formed when an acid reacts with a base.
Salts can be either acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the nature of the acid and base that
react to form them.
Salts can be dissolved in water to produce solutions that conduct electricity.
The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a substance. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7
being neutral. Substances with a pH less than 7 are acidic, while those with a pH greater than 7
are basic.
The strength of an acid or base is related to the concentration of H+ or OH- ions in a solution.
Strong acids and bases have a high concentration of these ions, while weak acids and bases have
a low concentration.
Acids and bases can neutralize each other when mixed in the right proportions. When this
happens, the H+ ions from the acid react with the OH- ions from the base to form water and a salt.
There are several common indicators that can be used to determine the pH of a solution. These
include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and universal indicator.
Salts can be classified as either ionic or covalent, depending on the nature of the bond between
the ions. Ionic salts are typically formed from the reaction of an acid and a base, while covalent
salts are formed from the reaction of a nonmetal with a metal.
Salts can also be classified as soluble or insoluble. Soluble salts can dissolve in water to produce
aqueous solutions, while insoluble salts do not dissolve and remain as solid particles in the water.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS :
A.MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The pH of soil is 5.5. In order to increase the pH, a farmer would have to add which of the
following to the soil ?
(a) Potassium hydroxide (b) Slaked lime (c) Sodium hydroxide (d) Gypsum
2.The indicator used to find the pH of a given solution is known as universal indicator because :
(a) it is universally available (b) it has a universal appearance
(c) it can be used for entire pH range (d) none of these
3. NaHCO3 is prepared by :
(a) Solvay process (b) Bosch process (c) Dow process (d) none of these
4. Which compound is used in paper industry for bleaching wood pulp ?
(a) Bleaching powder (b) Washing soda (c) Sodium hydroxide (d) Sodium chloride
5. A colourless sample was tested with a strip of pH paper. The colour of the strip changed to
green. The sample should be :
(a) tap water (b) distilled water (c) sodium hydroxide (d) lemon juice
6. Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form X,Y,Z. What are X,Y,Z ?
(a) X: Ca(OH)2, Y:H2O, Z:CO2 (b) X:CaCl2 , Y:H2O, Z:CO2
(c) X:Ca(OH)2 , Y:H2O, Z:H2 (d) X:CaCl2 , Y:H2O, Z:H2
7. A student wants to make a basic salt. which of the following pairs of acid and base should he
use.
(a) HCl + NaOH (b) H2CO3 + NaOH (c) HCl+NH4OH (d) H2SO4 + KOH
B. Assertion Reason Questions :
In the following question a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
1. (A) : Carbonic acid is used in making soft drinks.
(R): All mineral acids are corrosive.
2. (A) : Persons suffering from acidity are advised to drink cold milk (milk is alkaline in nature).
(R): The gastric juice in the stomach contains HCl gets neutralised by cold milk.
3. (A): Aqueous solutions of strong acids conduct electricity.
(R) : Strong acids ionises to large extent in water.
4. (A): Plaster of Paris is used by doctors for setting fractured bones.
(R): When plaster of Paris is mixed with water and applied around the fractured limbs, it sets
into a hard mass.
C. QUESTIONS BASED ON PASSAGE
Read the passage and answer the following questions:
Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5. Tooth enamel is made up of
calcium phosphate which is the hardest substance but it gets corroded when the pH in the mouth
is below 5.5.
(i) Explain why the pH in a person's mouth becomes lower after each meal?
(ii) What damage is caused when the pH is below 5.5 in the mouth?
(iii) What is the best way to prevent tooth decay?
(iv) Why toothpastes, which are generally basic used for cleaning the teeth?
Answer the following questions :
1. What happens when :
(i) solid baking soda is heated,
(ii) gypsum is heated to a temperature of 500 K,
(iii) bleaching powder is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid?
2. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. When it changes into curd (yogurt), will its pH value increase or
decrease? Explain your answer.
3. What happens when zinc granules are heated with sodium hydroxide solution? Write equation
of the reaction which takes place.
4.(a) Explain why sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an antacid?
(b) When the concentrated aqueous solution of substance X is electrolysed, then NaOH, Cl 2, and
H2, are produced.
Name the substance X. What is the special name of this process?
5. What is the effect of increasing H+ ion concentration on the pH value ?
6. Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substance in our body. How does it undergo damage due to
eating chocolates and sweets? What should we do to prevent it?
7. A compound which is prepared from gypsum has the property of hardening when mixed with
proper quantity of water. Identify the compound. Write chemical equation to prepare the
compound. Write one important use of the compound.
8. A white powder is added while baking breads and cakes to make them soft and fluffy. What is
the name of the powder? What are the main ingredients in it? What are the functions of each
ingredient?
10. Explain briefly the principle of soda-acid fire extinguisher.
11. Why a tarnished copper vessel regain its shine when rubbed with lemon?
12. A dry pellet of a common base 'X when kept in open absorbs moisture and turns sticky. The
compound is also a by-product of chlor-alkali process. Identify 'X, what type of reaction occurs
when 'X is treated with an acidic oxide? Write a balanced chemical equation for one such reaction.
13. Explain the theory of Solvay's process for the manufacture of washing soda, giving the
reactions involved. Give its two important uses.
14. What do you observe when :
(i) red litmus paper is introduced into a solution of sodium carbonate,
(ii) a drop of phenolphthalein is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide,
(iii) blue litmus is introduced into a solution of ferric chloride?
15. Define water of crystallization. How many molecules of water of crystallization is present in a
formula unit of Plaster of Paris ? Why? What happens when plaster of Paris is kept uncovered for
a long time. Write the equation of reaction occurring
CHAPTER 3 METALS & NON METALS CYCLE : 7,8 & 9
Key Points :
Metals are elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity, have a high melting and
boiling point, and are generally dense and malleable (able to be molded or deformed). Examples
of metals include copper, aluminum, and iron.
Nonmetals are elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity, have a low melting and
boiling point, and are generally brittle and not malleable. Examples of nonmetals include sulfur,
chlorine, and carbon.
Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile.
Most of the metals form respective metal oxides when react with oxygen.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Metals form respective hydroxide and hydrogen gas when react with water.
Metals form respective salts when react with dilute acid.
Metal + dil. acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen
The characteristics of metals and nonmetals can be explained by their electron
configurations. Metals tend to have a large number of valence electrons, which are electrons in the
outermost energy level of an atom. These valence electrons are not strongly attracted to the
nucleus and are able to move freely through the metal, allowing it to conduct heat and electricity.
Nonmetals, on the other hand, have a small number of valence electrons that are strongly
attracted to the nucleus, making it difficult for them to move and resulting in their poor conductivity.
In the periodic table the metals are typically found on the left side of the periodic table,
while the nonmetals are found on the right side.
Metals and nonmetals can react with each other to form compounds. When a metal reacts
with a nonmetal, the metal donates electrons to the nonmetal, forming a positive ion (cation) for
the metal and a negative ion (anion) for the nonmetal. These ions are held together by
electrostatic forces, forming an ionic compound.
Metallurgy is the process of extracting and purifying metals from their ores.
Ores are naturally occurring deposits of minerals that contain a high enough concentration of a
metal to make it economically feasible to extract the metal.
There are several steps involved in the metallurgical process, including:
Mining: The process of extracting ores from the earth.
Crushing and grinding: The process of breaking the ore down into smaller pieces to expose the
minerals.
Concentration: The process of separating the valuable minerals from the waste material
(gangue). This can be done through a variety of methods, such as flotation, gravity separation, or
magnetic separation.
Roasting: The process of heating the ore in the presence of oxygen to remove impurities.
Smelting: The process of heating the ore to a high temperature in the presence of a reducing
agent (such as carbon) to separate the metal from its ore.
Refining: The process of purifying the metal to remove impurities.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS :
A.Multiple Choice Questions :
1. In an experiment each of the metals Al, Zn, Cu and Fe are reacted with ZnSO4, CuSO4,
Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 solutions. The results are tabulated as follows where ‘✓’ means that the
reaction occurs and ‘’ means no reaction occurs.
Metal ZnSO4 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4
Zn  ✓  ✓
Cu    
Al ✓ ✓  ✓
Fe  ✓  

On the basis of the above results, the order of the reactivity of the metals may be concluded as
(a) Zn > Fe > Al > Cu (b) Al > Fe > Zn > Cu
(c) Zn > Al > Fe > Cu (d) Al > Zn > Fe > Cu
2. Which of the following metals does not react with water at all?
(I) Sodium (II) Copper (III) Aluminium (IV) Lead
(a) I and III only (b) IV only (c) II and IV only (d) I, II, III and IV
3. When iron filings are heated in a steam of dry hydrogen chloride, the compound formed is FeCl
x where x is-
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
4. Silver articles become black on prolonged exposure to air. This is due to the formation of
(a) Ag3 N (b) Ag2 O (c) Ag2 S (d) Ag2 S and Ag3 N
5. Which of the following is not a property of non-metals?
(a) They are neither malleable nor ductile (b) They are brittle
(c) They are sonorous (d) They are poor conductor of heat and electricity (except
graphite)
B.Assertion Reason Questions :
For the following questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
1. Assertion: The property of beating a metal into sheets is called malleability.
Reason: Gold and silver are most malleable metals.
2. Assertion: Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
Reason: A large amount of energy is required to break the strong inter-molecular attraction in
covalent compounds.
3. Assertion: Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide are amphoteric in nature.
Reason: Amphoteric nature means that substance have both acidic and basic character.
4. Assertion: Magnesium reacts with oxygen upon heating and burns brightly to form magnesium
oxide.
Reason: Magnesium oxide is basic in nature.
5. Assertion: Bromine cannot displace chlorine from its salt solution.
Reason: Chlorine is more reactive than bromine
C.QUESTIONS BASED ON PASSAGE
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.
The arrangement of metals in a vertical column in the decreasing order of their reactivities is called
the reactivity series or activity series of metals. The most reactive metal is at the top position of the
reactivity series. The least reactive metal is at the bottom of the reactivity series.
Hydrogen, though a non-metal, has been included in the activity series of metals only for
comparison. Apart from it, the hydrogen atom also has tendency to lose its valence electron and
form cation which behaves like metal.
H → H+ + e –
1. Why is Hydrogen included in the reactivity series of metals.
2. Name the metal present at the top and the bottom in the reactivity series.
3. Write the reaction of Na & Ca with HCl.
4.Will Cu react with HCl? Justify your answer.
Answer the following questions :
1. A metal ‘X’ loses two electrons and a non-metal ‘Y’ gains one electron. Show the electron dot
structure of compound formed between them. Is ionic or covalent? Does it have high melting
point or low? Will it conduct electricity in solid state or in aqueous solution and why? Will it be
soluble in water?
2. A student was given Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu metals. Identify which of them
(a) will not displace H2 from dil. HCl.
(b) will react only with steam to give H2(g).
(c) Will give H2 with 5% HNO3.
Write the chemical reactions involved.
3. Compound X and aluminium are used to join railway tracks.
(a) Identify the compound X.
(b) Name the reaction.
(c) Write down its reaction.
4. A metal A, which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide B,
which is amphoteric in nature? Identify A and B. Write down the reactions of oxide B with HCl
and NaOH.
5. A non-metal A is an important constituent of our food and forms two oxides B and C. Oxide B
is toxic whereas C causes global warming.
(a) Identify A, B and C.
(b) To which group of periodic table does A belong?
6. An element A reacts with water to form a compound B which is used in white washing. The
compound B on heating forms an oxide which on treatment with water gives back B. Identify A, B
and C and give the reactions involved.
7. What are amphoteric oxides? Show by giving equations that Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric
oxide.
8. What are alloys? What properties of alloys make it useful over pure metals? Explain with
examples.
9. A copper plate was dipped in AgNO3 solution. After certain time silver from the solution was
deposited on the copper plate. State the reason why it happened. Give the chemical equation of
the reaction involved.

10. A zinc rod was kept in a glass container having CuSO4 solution. On examining, it was found
that the blue colour of the solution had faded. After few days when the zinc rod was taken out of
the solution, a number of small holes were noticed in it. State the reason and give equation of
chemical reaction involved.

11. Give reason: (i) Metals are regarded as electropositive metals.

(ii) Aluminium which is more reactive than iron does not corrode like iron.
(iii) When a piece of copper metal is added to a solution of zinc sulphate , no change takes place,
but the blue colour of copper sulphate fades away when a piece of zinc is placed in its solution.

(iv) Aluminium cannot be extracted by using carbon as a reducing agent.

(v) Ionic compounds in solid state do not conduct electricity but they do so in molten state.
(vi) When calcium is added to water, the gas evolved does not catch fire but the same gas
evolved on adding sodium metal to wire catches fire.

12. Why metals are called electropositive elements whereas non- metals are called
electronegative elements?
CHAPTER 4 CARBON & ITS COMPOUNDS CYCLE : 10,11,12 & 13
Key Points :
Covalent Bond A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are shared between two
atoms.
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have all carbon-carbon single bonds. These are
known as alkanes. General formula = CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4.…..
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: These hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or
triple bond.
Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. General formula =
CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4…..
Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes. General formula =
CnH2n−2 where n = 2, 3, 4…..
Isomers
The compounds with the same molecular formula and different physical or chemical properties are
known as isomers and the phenomenon is known as isomerism.
Homologous Series
Homologous series constitutes organic compounds with the same general formula, similar
chemical properties but different physical properties. The successive members in homologous
series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms present in a molecule which largely determines its
chemical properties is called Functional Group.
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds: The important chemical properties are as follows:
1. Combustion: The complete combustion of carbon compounds in the air gives carbon dioxide
water, heat and light.
CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + Heat and light
2.Oxidation: Oxidation of ethanol in presence of oxidizing agents gives ethanoic acid.
3. Addition Reaction: Addition of dihydrogen with unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of
catalysts such as nickel or platinum or palladium are known as Hydrogenation (addition) reaction.
4.Substitution Reaction: Replacement of one or more hydrogen atom of an organic molecule by
another atom or group of the atom is known as Substitution Reaction.

Soap: Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acid.

Detergent: It is an ammonium and sulphonate salt of long chain fatty acid.

Hard and Soft Water: Water that does not produce lather with soap readily is called Hard water
and water which produces lather with soap is called Soft Water.
Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphate salts of calcium
and magnesium.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS :

A.Multiple Choice Questions :
1. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds. (b) 7 covalent bonds. (c) 8 covalent bonds (d) 9 covalent bonds.
2. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid. (b) aldehyde. (c) ketone. (d) alcohol.
3. The property of self-combination of the atoms of the same element to form long chains is
known as
(a) protonation (b) carbonation (c) tetravalency (d) catenation
4. The hydrocarbon 3-methybutane is an isomer of
(a) n-pentane (b) n-butane (c) propane (d) iso-butane
5. An unsaturated hydrocarbon having a triple covalent bond has 50 hydrogen atoms in its
molecule. The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be
(a) 150 (b) 148 (c) 152 (d) 146
6. The organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called ammonium
cyanate was
(a) glucose (b) urea (c) uric acid (d) vinegar .
7. The hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a ring is
(a) cyclobutane (b) benzene (c) butene (d) hexane
8. Which of the following cannot exhibit isomerism?
(a) C4H10 (b) C5H12 (c) C3H8 (d) C6H14
B. Assertion Reason Questions :
For the following questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
1) Assertion :Ethanoic acid liberates hydrogen with sodium metal.
Reason : More reactive sodium displaces hydrogen from ethanoic acid.

2) Assertion :Carbon forms a large number of organic compounds.

Reason : Carbon atom contains 6 Valence electrons.

3) Assertion :During the reaction esterification, esters are produced.

Reason : Esters are Sweet smelling compounds

4) Assertion : Vegetable oils are unsaturated and react with hydrogen in presence of nickel to
form vegetable ghee.
Reason : This reaction is hydrogenation
C.QUESTIONS BASED ON PASSAGE
Read the following and answer questions given below :

The compounds which have the same molecular formula but differ from each other in physical or
chemical properties are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism. When the
isomerism is due to difference in the arrangement of atoms within the molecule, without any
reference to space, the phenomenon is called structural isomerism. In other words. structural
isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas,
i.e., they are different in the order in which different atoms are linked. In these compounds, carbon
atoms can be linked together in the form of straight chains, branched chains or even rings.

1. Why can’t propane show isomerism?

2. Draw the isomers of alkane with 4 carbon atoms .
3. How does branching affect the physical properties.
4. Give the IUPAC names of the isomers of pentane.

Answer the following questions :

1.Which of the following will give brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate and why?

CH3COOH or CH3CH2OH

2. Complete the following equations :

(а) CH3CH2OH + Na →

(b) CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH→

3. Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443K is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid,
What is the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction? Write the balanced chemical equation of this
reaction?

4. (a) What change will you observe if you test soap solution with a litmus paper (red and blue) ?
Give reason for your observation.

(b) Explain why, methanol is much more dangerous to drink than ethanol?

5. What is an oxidising agent? Name two oxidising agents which can oxidise ethanol to ethanoic
acid?

6.Explain the process of hydrogenation mentioning the conditions of the reaction and any one
change in the physical property with the formation of the product. Name any one source of organic
compound that is hydrogenated.
7.What is meant by a substitution reaction? Give an example of a substitution reaction of an
alkane?

8.Write the name & molecular formula of an organic compound having its name suffixed with "-ol'
and having two carbon atoms in the molecule.

9. Give reasons for the following.

(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons show addition reaction.

(b) Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame while unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a
sooty flame.

(c) Carbon does not form C4+ cations and C4- anions.

10.(a) If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, out of soaps and synthetic
detergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes?

(b) Why should both sodium metal and ethanol be dry when they are made to react?

(a) Why is CNG considered an environmentally friendly fuel?

11. Explain the terms (i) Saponification (ii) Esterification

Show with chemical equation that saponification is reverse of esterification.

12.State the differences between soaps and detergents.

13. An organic compound A (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound
B and evolves a gas which burns with a 'pop sound'. Compound A on treatment with an alcohol C
in the presence of a little of conc. sulphuric acid forms a sweet smelling compound D (molecular
formula C3H6O2. Compound D on treatment with NaOH solution gives back B and C. Identify A, B,
C and D.

14. A certain organic liquid A is neutral towards litmus and burns with a blue flame when a lighted
taper is applied to its surface. When A reacts with metallic sodium it dissolves to give a compound
B and a colourless gas C which burns with a slight explosion. On being dehydrated, the liquid A
gives a colourless gas D with formula C2H4. The gas D reacts with hydrogen to give a gas E of
relative molecular mass 30 and with bromine to give a liquid F. Identify the substance A, B, C, D, E
and F.