Geoguide 2

Guide to Site Investigation

Geoguide 2 - Guide to Site Investigation

2
 Amendment in 2017:
Added contents of
TGN 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 24
and 41
Geoguide 2:1987 Geoguide 2:2017

1981 … 1987 … 1999 …. 2015 … 2017 … 2020 ….

BS5930:1981 BS5930:2015+A1:2020
BS5930:1999 BS5930:2015
+A1:2007
+A2:2010

3
 EUROCODE 7
GEOGUIDE 2
BS5930 (1981) BS5930 (1999) BS5930 (2015) Part 2: Ground Investigation
(1987, 2017)
and Testing (2007)

0. Scope, Definitions, 0. Scope, Normative

1. General 1. Introduction
Normative References, References, Terms and 1. General
Safety Definitions

1. Preliminary
Considerations 2. General
1. Preliminary
2. General Consideration Consideration
Considerations
2. Desk Study and Field
Reconnaissance
3. Planning the
3. Planning Ground 2. Planning of Ground
3. Ground Investigation 2. Ground Investigation Ground
Investigations Investigation
Investigation
3. Soil and Rock
4. Excavation, boring, 4. Ground
Sampling and
sampling, probing and 3. Field Investigation 4. Exploratory Holes Investigation
Groundwater
tests in boreholes Methods
Measurements
5. Geophysical Field
Investigations
5. Field Tests 4. Field Tests 4. Field Tests in Soil and
7. Field Tests 5. Field and
Rock
Laboratory Tests
8. Field Instrumentation

6. Laboratory Tests on 5. Laboratory Tests on 9. Laboratory Tests on 5. Laboratory Tests on

Samples Samples Samples Soil and Rock

7. Reports and 7. Reports and 10. Reports and 6. Ground Investigation 6. Reports and
Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Report Interpretation
6. Description of Soils and
8. Description of Soils 6. Description of Soils and Rocks
See GEOGUIDE 3
and Rocks Rocks 11. Review During and
After Construction 4
(Incorporated when amending the Geoguide 2 in 2017)

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Contents of Geoguide 2
Part I Part II Part III
Introduction General Considerations Planning the Ground
Chapters 1 - 2 Chapters 3 - 6 Investigation
Chapters 7 - 16

Part IV Part V Part VI

Ground Investigation Field and Laboratory Reports and
Methods Tests Interpretation
Chapters 17 - 23 Chapters 24 - 38 Chapters 39 - 40

with References, Tables, Figures, Plates and Appendices

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Geoguide 2

Part I
Introduction
1. Scope
Investigation of sites in Hong Kong for the purposes
of assessing their suitability for civil engineering
and building works

Acquiring knowledge of site characteristics that affect the design and

construction of such works and the security of adjacent properties

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When is Site Investigation needed?
Planning Investigation Construction

1 3 5

2 4 6

Feasibility Study Design Operation and

Maintenance

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2. Terminology
“Rock” vs “Soil” – can be broken down by hand?
“Fine Soil” vs “Coarse Soil” – >35% silt and clay?
“Cohesive Soil” vs “Granular Soil” – form a coherent mass?
“Matrix”, “Boring”, “Borehole”, “Drillhole” – Definition?

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Geoguide 2

Part II
General Considerations
 3. Primary Objectives of SI
Suitability
General suitability for the
proposed works
a

Choice of Site
Consider alternatives Design
sites or different parts e b Prepare adequate and
of the same site economic design

Effect of Construction
c Plan the best method
Changes d of construction,
Determine changes in the foresee difficulties
ground and environmental and delays, explore
conditions sources and disposal
sites of materials
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4. General Procedures
Sequence of Site Investigation
Preliminary
Desk Study (Design GI and Site Construction
(Literature Review) Reconnaissance) (Further GI)

1 3 5

2 4 6

Aerial Photograph Main Post-construction

Interpretation (Carry out GI, mapping and (Monitoring)
Report)
13
4. General Procedures
Desk Study
Ground
Condition

Maps, Plans
and Charts

Past
Records

Information Services and

System Utilities
Books,
Aerial guidances
Photographs and
Circulars
Geological
Maps and
and lease conditions, HKO’s information,
Memoirs
hydrological information, etc.

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15
4. General Procedures
Geological Maps (1:100,000) and Memoirs

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4. General Procedures
Geological Maps (1:20,000) and Memoirs

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4. General Procedures
Geological Maps (1:5,000) and Sheet Reports

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4. General Procedures
Older Geological Maps

1:84,480 Map 1:50,000 Map

Year 1936 Year 1971
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4. General Procedures
Site Reconnaissance

• Permission to gain access

• Prepare site plan, topographical and geological maps
• Bring necessary equipment
• Follow appropriate procedure
• Obtain information on ground conditions
• Supplement site visit prior to commencement of GI
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 Civil Engineering Library (CEL)
and
Geotechnical Information Unit (GIU)

Digital GIU:
https://www.ginfo.cedd.gov.hk/dgiu/

Address:
LG1, Civil Engineering and
Development Building, 101 Princess
Margaret Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong

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22
4. General Procedures
Other Considerations

Detailed
Examination and Adjacent Property
Special Studies

Construction and Site Investigation

Performance for Tunnel Works
Appraisal

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5. Earlier Uses of the Site

Mines and Waste Ancient

Tunnels Others
Quarries Tips Monuments

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6. Aerial Photographs
False
Black and White Colour
Vertical Infrared

Colour Colour
Vertical Oblique

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6. Aerial Photographs
Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API)

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6. Aerial Photographs
Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API)
API can often be used to identify and delineate:

Distribution of Soil Types

Fracture Patterns/Spacings
Soil Thickness
Local Relief
Bedrock Type
Photolineaments
Depth to Bedrock
Vegetation growth 27
6. Aerial Photographs

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Enhanced Natural Terrain Landslide Inventory

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Geoguide 2

Part III
Planning the Ground Investigation
7. Introduction to GI
Objective

To obtain reliable information to produce an

economic and safe design

Planning and Control

• Consider information discussed in Part II

• Amount
• Types
• Flexible in light of fresh information
• Preliminary GI before the main GI
• Backfilling
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 Selection of GI Methods

Extent of the GI Effect of Ground Conditions

on Investigation Methods

Geological Aggressive Ground

Mapping for GI and Groundwater

Types of GI Personnel for GI

Considerations in Planning the GI

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Mobilisation
Methods

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Table 3 – Guidance on SI for Slopes and Retaining Walls in Hong Kong
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Table 4 – Content of SI for Slopes and
Retaining Walls in Hong Kong

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14. Ground Investigation over Water

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Geoguide 2

Part IV
Ground Investigation Methods
18. Excavations and Boreholes
Shallow Trial Pits
Dug by hand or machine up to a depth of
3 meters

Timber shoring is usually provided when

excavation is deeper than 1.2 m

Allow mass properties to be assessed

Provide access for taking good quality

(block) samples

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18. Excavations and Boreholes
Trial Trenches

39
18. Excavations and Boreholes
Inspection Pit

40
18. Excavations and Boreholes
Slope Surface Stripping

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18. Excavations and Boreholes
Boreholes

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18. Excavations and Boreholes
Portable Drilling Rigs

43
18. Excavations and Boreholes
Horizontal and Inclined Boreholes

44
18. Excavations and Boreholes
Coreholes

45
18. Excavations and Boreholes
Water

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18. Excavations and Boreholes
Foam

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48
19. Sampling the Ground
Main Techniques

Disturbed Samples Drive Sampling

From drill tools or by a static thrust or by
from excavating dynamic impact
equipment

Cored from a tube with Cut by hand from a

a cutter at its lower trial pit
Rotary Sampling Block Samples

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19. Sampling the Ground
Sample Quality
Sample Quality Can Be Used For Examples

Classification, moisture Block sample from dry excavation, piston

content, density, strength, sampler, large diameter (102mm) air-foam
Class 1
deformation and flush triple-tube core barrel with retractor shoe
consolidation characteristics in soils derived from insitu rock weathering

Classification, moisture Pressed or driven sampler, water flush triple-

Class 2
content, density tube core barrel

Classification, moisture
Class 3 Pressed or driven sampler, SPT liner samples
content
Class 4 Classification Bulk and jar samples

None (approximate
Class 5 Washings
sequence of materials only)
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19. Sampling the Ground

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19. Sampling the Ground

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19. Sampling the Ground
Casing

SW

PW

HW

NW

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19. Sampling the Ground
Drill Rod

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19. Sampling the Ground
Open-tube Samplers (U101, U76)

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19. Sampling the Ground
Piston Sampler

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19. Sampling the Ground
Dobule-tube Core-barrels (T2-101, TNW)

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19. Sampling the Ground
Triple-tube Core-barrels (Mazier)

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19. Sampling the Ground
Wax Sealing

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19. Sampling the Ground
Block Samples

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60
20. Groundwater
Standpipe and Piezometer
- Consists of a tube - Consists of a rigid
with a porous filter perforated PVC
element at the end tube with holes
- Monitor pore covering a
pressure at a certain minimum of 5% of
depth the total surface
area of the tube.
Tip of piezometer
- Measure
groundwater level.
A section of
standpipes

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20. Groundwater
Standpipe and Piezometer

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20. Groundwater
Electrical Piezometers

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21. Tests in Boreholes
Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)

63.5kg hammer falling through

76.2cm. Max. driving distance
450mm ( 75mm x 6 ). N value
is the no. of blows required for
the last 4 sets (i.e. last 300mm)
with the first 2 sets ignored

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21. Tests in Boreholes
Other Tests

Borehole
Discontinuity Surveys Vane Tests

Pressuremeter
Permeability Tests
Tests

Packer (Water
Plate Tests
Absorption) Tests
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Acoustic Televiewer Optical Televiewer
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Geoguide 2

Part V
Field and Laboratory Test
27. Field Density Tests
Sand Replacement Method

Used for determining the dry density of fill material

68
Other Field Tests
Rock Strength Insitu Stress Measurements
Index Tests

Infiltration Tests Large-scale Field Trials

Pumping Tests Insitu Direct Shear Tests

Discontinuity Surveys Bearing Tests

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33. Geophysical Surveying

Land
Marine Resistivity
Echo-sounding Gravimetric
Continuous Seismic Magnetic
Reflection Profiling Seismic
Side Scan Sonar Gamma Density 1
Magnetic 2
GEOGUIDE 2 Spectral Gamma Ray 1
Part V, Section 33 Neutron Porosity 1
Ground Probing Radar 2
Note 1: Included in current version of Geoguide 2 but have been rarely applied
Note 2: Not included in current version of Geoguide 2 but have already been widely applied 70
33. Geophysical Surveying
×3 ×1

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33. Geophysical Surveying

Water Depth Seabed Feature

(Echo sounder) (Side Scan Sonar)

Sub-bottom Locate
Profile Cable/Pipeline
(Seismic) (Magnetometer)

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33. Geophysical Surveying

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33. Geophysical Surveying

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34. Principles of Laboratory Testing

Aims of laboratory testing

To identify and classify the samples

with a view to making use of past
experience with materials of similar
geological age, origin and condition

To obtain soil and rock parameters

relevant to the technical objectives
of the investigation

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37. Tests on Soil

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37. Tests on Soil

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38. Tests on Rock

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Geoguide 2

Part VI
Reports and Interpretation
39. Field Report

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40. Site Investigation Report

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40. Site Investigation Report

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85
Further Updates to be incorporated
1. Update Plates/Figures

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Further Updates on Geoguide 2
2. Cancel Outdated Tests/References

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Further Updates on Geoguide 2
3. Add New Things

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Back in 15 mintues

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