Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/02

Paper 2 Environment of Pakistan May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This document consists of 18 printed pages.

© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

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1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which is a map of northern Pakistan.

(i) On the map name the following: Mountain range A; City B; River C [3]

A: Himalaya(s)
B: Murree
C: Jhelum

(ii) Explain the causes of high rainfall at city B. [4]

Receives rainfall in all seasons /throughout year

Monsoon (from Bay of Bengal) (via N India)
Western depressions (from Mediterranean) (from Afghanistan/Iran)
Relief rainfall (air rises over mountains and cools/condenses)
Thunderstorm / convection / convectional rain/currents (hot air rises [in summer] and
cools)

(b) (i) What is meant by the term ‘population density’? [1]

The [average] amount/number of people per unit area/km2/mile2/acre/ha accept: m2 / per

square unit

(ii) Which province in Pakistan has the highest population density? [1]

Punjab

(iii) Explain the physical factors that cause areas such as the province you named in
(ii) to have a high population density. [4]

Plains/doabs/flat land for ease of/suitable for building/communication routes/agriculture

Alluvial terraces/flood plains producing fertile soil
Moderate temperature/climate not too extreme/monsoon rainfall giving tolerable living
conditions
High annual rainfall leading to higher agricultural yields
Rivers/Indus/tributaries/named tributary for water supply [for industry]/irrigation/flooding
land/fishing/transport
Fertile soils which allow cultivation of crops

(c) Study Fig. 2 (Insert) which shows two population pyramids for Pakistan.

(i) What information is displayed in a population pyramid? [2]

Amount/proportion/percentage of population in certain age groups / distribution of various

age groups in a population / age structure of the population
In 5–year age groups
[Compares] male and female [shown separately]

(ii) Identify two ways in which Pakistan’s population structure is forecast to change
between 2014 and 2040. [2]

Fewer children/young dependents / fewer of specified age in range 0–14

Fewer 15–19
More working population / more of specified age in range 25–59/64

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More elderly/old dependents/more of specified age in range 60+/65+

(If no other answer accept) ageing population

(iii) Give one possible reason for each change identified in part (ii). [2]

Lower birth rates/parents having fewer children/smaller family size

Marrying later / women in education/working/empowered
Higher use of/introduction of contraception/family planning
Education/awareness about contraception/family planning/healthcare/diet/hygiene
Over the period the larger bars move up the pyramid
Greater in-migration/more refugees in working age group
Longer life expectancy/higher standard of living/lower death rates/lower infant mortality
rates
Improved healthcare/vaccinations / more/better qualified doctors
Improved hygiene/diet/nutrition/food supply

(d) Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan.

A B
The problems caused by The needs of the people
overpopulation can only be solved can only be met if
by increasing resources such as population growth can be
food, housing, and essential controlled.
services.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

marks clear support to one view. At least one reference to an
appropriate place or example

5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

clear support to one view

L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view

L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

0 – No valid response

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Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Increasing resources
For
Reclaiming land for agriculture (deserts/waterlogged and saline areas)
Green revolution/modern methods in agriculture (increase yields)
Government schemes to improve services (electricity/sanitation/house
building/improvement/shanty housing redevelopment)

Against
Pakistan is a developing country with few resources/resources not exploited (government
cannot afford/in debt/trade/BoP deficit)

Controlling population
For
Family planning/birth control clinics (free /education about contraceptives)
Education for women (likely to marry later/work/have fewer children)

Against
Natural increase/birth rate still high (policies to reduce them still not working)
Factors are present preventing lower birth rate (religious/tribal opposition to family
planning/women’s education)
Tradition for large families (children as workers/security/status)

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2 (a) (i) Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land.

Ease of ploughing/sowing/harvesting/cultivation/use of farm machinery

Water is retained
Easier/possible to irrigate
Soil not washed away
Terracing not necessary

(ii) Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the
following processes in the order in which they occur. [2]

2 Sowing
3 Flooding
4 Transplanting
5 Draining

(iii) Explain how one of the processes you named in part (ii) is carried out on a small-
scale subsistence farm. [3]

Manual labour
Family workers/farmer himself
Draught animals/bullocks
Limited use of machinery / simple tools / shaduf / Persian Wheel / unlined canals
Specific factors Max 2 Factors for ploughing/harvesting = 0
Sowing into beds/nurseries
Bunds/terraces constructed in main fields
Water diverted from rivers/unlined canals
Main fields flooded to 30–37cm/ 12–14”
Transplanted into prepared/weeded fields
When 20–25cm/ 8–10” high
Bunds breached [to drain fields]
Lowest terrace breached/drained first

(iv) Describe the natural factors for producing the highest yields of rice. [3]

High/heavy/ample/abundant/plentiful rainfall / 1270+mm

Dry for harvest
Warm temperature / 20–35C / no cold season
Level/flat land
Loam/clay soil / impervious sub-soil / water retentive

(b) Study Fig. 3 (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Pakistan for 2014 by sector.

(i) State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. [2]

A: Livestock/named livestock
B: Services /named service/named employment in service industry

(ii) For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. [2]

Primary
Improve irrigation to increase area under crops

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Develop further modern methods of agriculture e.g.

mechanisation/fertilisers/pesticides/HYVs
Land reforms/consolidation
Government schemes e.g. plant protection programmes / credit/loans to buy farm
machinery
More agricultural training college to increase skills
[Foreign]Investment in livestock facilities/husbandry
[Foreign] investment in exploration/extraction of natural resources
Afforestation projects
Modernisation of fishing fleet

Secondary
Expand Industrial Estates/Special Industrial Zones
Government organisations to promote small scale/cottage industries / loans to small
industry owners / technical service/development centres
Attract foreign/private investment for business start-ups
Promote training courses in business/technology
Introduce hi-tech/modern machinery
Higher quality control of finished goods

Tertiary
Improve security to attract tourists
Develop telecommunication network
More publicity/marketing
Government organisations to promote tourism/call centres
Improved IT/business skills training
Setting up schools / colleges / education/training centres / hospitals

(c) Study Fig. 4 which gives information about the yields of three crops grown in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)

(i) A: Which crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006–10?
B: In 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan? [2]

A: Wheat
B: 2050 kg/ha / accept 1950–2150 kg/ha

(ii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge explain the problems for agriculture in
(KPK) province. [4]

KPK yields [always] less than for Pakistan [as a whole]/rest of Pakistan/other provinces
Too cold in winter [for growth] / severe weather in winter / frost damage
Too hilly/mountainous/terrain too rugged [for large fields] / barren / thin/infertile
soils / prone to soil erosion (farm processes less efficient)
Terracing needed (high cost and much labour for construction/maintenance)
Irrigation difficult/few rivers
Remote from large centres of population/markets (making commercial farming difficult)
Poor infrastructure for transport of farm goods (kacha roads / passes blocked by
landslides)
Terrorism/insurgencies
Lack of government interest (preventing access to modern techniques in agriculture)

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(d) Read the following article:

The Lowari Tunnel is due to open in 2017. It is 8.6km long and will give Chitral Valley
its only all-weather road to the rest of Pakistan.

For some in Chitral Valley this tunnel will be of real benefit but for others it will
create problems.

To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or create problems for the local people
and economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits

marks AND problems) with evaluation

5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits

AND problems)

L2 3–4 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (benefits

marks AND/OR problems). No evaluation

3 – One developed statement about one aspect (benefits OR

problems)

L1 1–2 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR

marks problems)

1 – One simple statement about one aspect (benefits OR

problems)

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Benefits
Chitral valley no longer cut off from the rest of Pakistan for 6 months per year.
Access by road in winter when Lowari Pass closed by snow
Avoids travelling into Afghanistan and back into Pakistan (the only natural winter route)(this
route not available since 2009 due to presence of militants)
Shortens duration of journey to Peshawar by half (7 hours instead of 14 hours)
Greater access to hospital/university/airports (in Peshawar and Islamabad)
Greater access for trade
Greater access for tourists/higher income from tourism
Allows greater provision of services/food in winter
Stimulates industrial development/employment

Problem
Too many visitors (commercialisation of culture)
Young/ males likely to migrate (seasonally to urban areas)
Maintenance cost
Ease of movement for terrorists / a terrorist target
Increase in air pollution from exhaust fumes (which creates breathing difficulties)

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Opens area to competition in foreign goods

Loss of scenic beauty
Ongoing debt (increasing local taxation)

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3 (a) Study Fig. 5 which gives information about employment in Pakistan by sector.

(i) A State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.

B By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013? [2]

A: 58% Accept 57–59%

B: 6% Accept 5–7%

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5. [3]

Improved education/training leading to higher numbers entering e.g.

trade/finance/insurance
Larger population requiring more health services / education
services / government / administration
More informal sector services /named informal sector employment e.g. tailors/
cobblers/maids/ drivers/guards
New named infrastructure e.g. hotels/airports resulting in more named tertiary jobs
Is higher paid / perceived to be higher paid
Better working conditions in offices/air conditioning
More foreign investment in banking/insurance

(b) (i) What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas? [3]

Population increasing rapidly/overpopulation

Increasing numbers of rural to urban/internal migrants / refugees
Mechanisation replacing workers [in factories / IT/computer use]
Lack of education/skills
Discrimination/corruption
Loadshedding/temporary layoffs
Political instability
Slow economic growth / weak economy
Definition of underemployment: people work less than full time although would prefer to
work longer hours/ people who accept jobs that do not utilise their skills.

(ii) Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such
as Pakistan. [2]

Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed

Large informal sector / workers not registered
Home workers / cottage industries
Self-employment
Unpaid e.g. domestic helps
Workers are mobile / high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/ seasonal
labour / part-time labour
Inaccurate data collection / problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas

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(c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage
industries and the engineering industry.

A: Give an example of a cottage industry. [1]

One of: furniture / pottery / woodwork / metalwork / jewellery / hand woven

rugs/carpets/shawls / handicrafts / embroidery/sewing / hand-made leather
goods/shoes / candles

B: Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering as shown in

Fig 6. [3]

Similar
Both in all four provinces / spread throughout provinces
Both concentrated in Punjab
Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat
Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK / equal in
number in S/B/KPK

Different
Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7
locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations
Cottage present only in
Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab
Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur
Engineering more clustered / cottage more spread out

(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your
chosen industry and circle a suitable method of transport. [1]

Cottage industry: accept air/road

Engineering: accept ship/road/rail

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected
industry. [1]

Air – for export / small/light/low volume/high value goods

Ship – for export / large/heavy/bulky goods / containers
Rail – for large/heavy/bulky goods / containers / long distances
Road – extensive/dense network / door-to-door / short distances

(iv) Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’? [3]

Assets limited /capital limited / capital <Rs 10mn

Family workers / small number hired workers / workforce <10
Worked carried out outside the home / in factory / in workshop
Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural
implements

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(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in
Pakistan.

A B
It is better for Pakistan to promote large-scale It is better for Pakistan to
industries which provide more goods for promote small-scale and
domestic use and for other industries. cottage industries in rural
areas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

marks clear support to one view. At least one reference to an
appropriate place or example

5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

clear support to one view

L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view

L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Large scale
For
Reduces need for expensive imports of finished goods (e.g. vehicles)
Export potential
Fulfils domestic demand (e.g. galvanised steel in construction)
Greater contribution to GDP
Encourages private sector to invest (e.g. Pindi Bhattian)
New industries would encourage large scale employment

Against
Expensive to set up (foreign investment/loans/debt)
May require expensive imports of raw materials (e.g. coking coal/iron ore for steel industry)
Changes of government/political instability (large projects may be delayed/cancelled)
Employs relatively fewer people (approx. 20% industrial workforce/very few women)
Noise/air/ water pollution
Causes deforestation (which destroys habitats)(loss of scenic beauty)

Small scale and cottage

For
Important source of income in rural areas

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Money is re-invested locally

High demand (both domestic and exports / 30% manufacturing exports by value)
Employment possibilities (employs approx. 80% industrial workforce)
Conducted in homes (women can work)
Reduces rural to urban migration
Recycles industrial waste (e.g. of cotton/steel industries)
Small input requirement/uses local raw materials (e.g. leather/wood)(promotes primary
industries)(limited need for imports)
Low cost

Against
Only small (5%) contribution to GDP
Limited profit/wholesalers take most of the profit
Limited ability to expand
High production costs (since no economies of scale)
Lack of electricity in rural areas

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4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station.

A: On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicate the direction of movement

of water through the power station.

B: Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in two
of the spaces provided. [3]

A: Arrow(s) drawn downwards through channel

B: From L to R: reservoir dam turbine outflow
NB: ‘water intake’ top left space not used

(ii) Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan. [1]

Tarbela/Mangla/Warsak

(iii) Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii). [2]

HEP/electricity [generation]
Irrigation
Water supply / stores water [for industrial/domestic use]
Controlling floods
Recreation/named recreational use/tourist attraction
Fishing

(b) (i) Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the
photograph. [1]

Subtropical dry / subtropical scrub / dry thorn scrub /subtropical thorn

(ii) Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in
Pakistan. Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown. [1]

Overall decreased
Natural forest decreased
Plantations increased
Other woodland increased

(iii) State the main difference between natural forest and plantations. [1]

Natural forests are not planted by man: plantations are planted by man/man-made
Natural forests have greater variety of species/greater biodiversity

(iv) In 2014 about 4.2% of the land area of Pakistan was covered in forest. Explain why
more forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain. [5]

Pakistan has one of the lowest proportions of its total area under forest in the world
To meet a target for % total area covered in forest (20–25%)
To replace trees cut down / to meet the needs of future generations from forests
For firewood (thereby conserving natural forest)
For commercial use/timber/wood-based industries (using timber as a raw material e.g.
furniture making) /fruit trees/medicines

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To prevent siltation in rivers/canals, to decrease surface runoff, to prevent soil

erosion/landslides (preserves top layer of fertile soil for agriculture) /landslides, to
increase rainfall
To create habitat (to conserve animals / wildlife) / to create scenic beauty (to boost
tourism)/to create shade/cooler temperatures
To purify air/produce O2 / to absorb CO2 (which will help prevent global warming)
To prevent / control flooding

(c) (i) Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]

Any two of Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing. [3]

Trawl / gill nets

Mechanised boats / trawlers / gill-netters
Satellite navigation/use of radio for weather conditions/sonar/’fish finders’
Storage/refrigeration facilities on boat
Up to 60km from the coast
Remain at sea 5–15 days/’weeks’
Throughout the year/10 months or more per year

(d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in

Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]

L3 5–6 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible

marks AND not possible) with evaluation

5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible

AND not possible)

L2 3–4 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (possible

marks AND/OR not possible). No evaluation

3 – One developed statement about one aspect (possible OR

Not possible)

L1 1–2 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (possible AND/OR

marks Not possible)

1 – One simple statement about one aspect (possible OR

not possible)

0 – No valid response

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Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)

Possible
By avoiding overfishing
By having quotas/government licences
Secure fishing grounds from foreign fishing boats/fines/policing
Limit number of months in year able to fish (to allow breeding)
Only catch adult fish (by using nets with larger mesh)
Laws to protect of mangrove forests
Laws/fines to prevent marine pollution/oil spills
Education in sustainable methods

Not possible
Mangrove forests are being cleared (reducing breeding/feeding areas for fish/shrimps)
Sea pollution (oil from ships/industrial/domestic waste from Karachi)(poisoning fish and
spreading into food chain)
Not enough capital/investment
Lack of skills/training in sustainable methods
Lack of political interest/will (fishing only makes up about 0.5% of GDP)

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5 (a) Study Fig. 9 which is a map of southern Pakistan.

(i) On the map name the following: Line of longitude A; River B; City C [3]

A: – 64E
B: – Dasht
C: – Karachi

(ii) Explain the advantages of locating an industrial estate at D. [4]

General
Provides employment
Industrial linkages
Supply of raw materials
To make use of government incentives

Specific
Good road connection
Makran Coast Highway
Close to airport at Karachi
Close to Karachi/Port Qasim for exports / imported raw materials/ trade in semi-finished
goods
Economic growth/diversification/develops industries in undeveloped
area/province/Balochistan
Near thermal/nuclear power station/on electricity grid
Close to large domestic market in Karachi
Large labour force available form Karachi

(b) (i) What are Export Processing Zones (EPZs)? [1]

Areas which have government support/are joint ventures with foreign investors / attract
foreign capital for export-orientated manufacturing/assembling industries

(ii) Describe the features of an EPZ. [3]

Industrial estates
Named e.g. Port Qasim/ Sialkot/ Faisalabad/ Gujranwala/ Risalpur/ Saindak/ Duddar/
Gwadar / Karachi
Exemption of duties on imported raw materials/machinery
Tax holidays/exemptions/subsidies
Export quality control
Provision of named infrastructure e.g. telephone/electricity/water/gas/roads Max 1
Provided with security
Attracts hi-tech development

(c) Study Fig. 10 which gives information about the number of internet users and
telephone lines in Pakistan.

(i) How many more people were using the internet in 2012 than in 2007? [1]

29 000 Allow 28 500–29 000

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(ii) A: Describe one difference between the number of internet users and the number
of telephone lines over the period 2007 to 2012.

B: Suggest one reason for the change in the number of telephone lines
over the same period. [2]

A: Internet use increases: telephone lines decreases

Internet use higher than telephone lines

B: An increase in mobile/cellular phone use/social

media/Skype/WhatsApp/Snapchat/Instagram/ Facebook/Twitter/GooglePlus

(iii) What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT)

throughout Pakistan? [5]

Lack of electricity in remote areas

Lack of signal in remote areas / many people live in remote areas
Lack of media infrastructure e.g. masts/WiFi/telephone lines/cables
IT illiteracy
Lack of IT professionals
Frequent electrical/technical faults/breakdowns/loadshedding/damage from natural
disasters
Decreases employment/number of office workers
Resistance from older generations/traditional/tribal societies
Real or perceived threat of Internet on cultures/belief systems
Risk of cyber attack
Capital intensive / high initial cost /lack of government finance / high cost of [frequent]
replacement
Technology has to be imported / expensive imports of technology / negative effect on
balance of payments of import of technology
Population cannot afford bills/equipment

(d) Read the following two views about reducing the high unemployment rate in Pakistan.

A B

Unemployment is more likely

Unemployment levels are best reduced by to be reduced by providing
increasing training opportunities in agriculture education in skills for the
and other primary sector jobs. manufacturing and service
industries.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to examples you have studied. [6]

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L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

marks clear support to one view. At least one reference to an
appropriate example

5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

clear support to one view

L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view

L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

0 – No valid response

Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)

Primary Industry
For
Pakistan is an agrarian economy (50–55% export earnings are in textile group)
Agriculture already employs large (40–45% of) workforce / already high proportion (20–25%)
of GDP
Model farms (giving practical demonstrations)
Workshops/technical training for repair/maintenance of agricultural machinery
Many mineral deposits not explored/potential in mining sector

Against
Rural unemployment is relatively low (4–5%) (half as high as urban)
Mechanisation in agriculture is displacing labour
Agricultural land going out of use (due to waterlogging and salinity, overuse, natural
disasters, climate change, restrictive practices of landlords, plant diseases, rural-urban
migration)
Agricultural products are not value-added/low value-added/not profitable
Agriculture does not generate much wealth (therefore less likely to attract new workers)
Very low proportion of land area under forestry
Fishing/mining very undeveloped

Manufacturing and Service Industry

For
Great potential in rural areas for opportunities in cottage industries
Urban unemployment is high (where most manufacturing industries/services are located)
(8–9%)(twice as high as rural)
Tertiary sector already employs large (about 35% of) workforce
Higher profit/salary in sectors of economy requiring skills

Against
Manual work in manufacturing is reducing due to use of computers/automation
Increasing competition in global market for manufactured goods/products from Pakistan
uncompetitive

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016