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NEURAL NETWORKS AND
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Connectionist models in practice and research
DAN J. STEIN
Department of Psychiatry
University of Stellenbosch
JACQUES LUDIK
Department of Computer Science
University of Stellenbosch
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
© Cambridge University Press 2004
First published in printed format 1998
ISBN 0-511-03971-9 eBook (netLibrary)
ISBN 0-521-57163-4 hardback
For our families, with thanks for their support.
D.J.S.
J.L.
Contents
Page
List of contributors ix
Preface xi
Part one: General concepts
1 Neural networks and psychopathology: an introduction 3
Dan J. Stein and Jacques Ludik
2 The history of neural network research in psychopathology 14
Manfred Spitzer
3 Neural network models in psychiatric diagnosis and
symptom recognition 34
Eric Y.H. Chen and German E. Berrios
4 Neural networks and psychopharmacology 57
S.B.G. Park
5 A connectionist view of psychotherapy 88
Franz Caspar
6 Modulatory mechanisms in mental disorders 132
David Hestenes
Part two: Clinical disorders
7 The nature of delusions: a hierarchical neural network
approach 167
Eric Y.H. Chen and German E. Berrios
8 `Produced by either God or Satan': neural network
approaches to delusional thinking 189
Sophia Vinogradov, John H. Poole and Jason Willis-Shore
vii
viii Contents
9 Neural network modelling of cognitive disinhibition and
neurotransmitter dysfunction in obsessive±compulsive
disorder 231
Jacques Ludik and Dan J. Stein
10 The fables of Lucy R.: association and dissociation in
neural networks 248
Dan Lloyd
11 Neural network analysis of learning in autism 274
Ira L. Cohen
12 Are there common neural mechanisms for learning,
epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease? 316
Gene V. Wallenstein and Michael E. Hasselmo
Epilogue
The patient in the machine: challenges for
neurocomputing 347
David V. Forrest
Index 363
Contributors
German E. Berrios
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's
Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Franz Caspar
Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Muesmattstrasse 45, 3000
Bern 9, and Psychiatric Hospital Sanatorium Kilchberg, Switzerland
Eric Y. H. Chen
Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Ira L. Cohen
Division of Behavioral Assessment and Research, Institute for Basic
Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten
Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
David V. Forrest
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 W. 168th Street, New York,
NY 10032, USA
Michael E. Hasselmo
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
David Hestenes
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Dan Lloyd
Department of Philosophy, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford,
CT 06106, USA
Jacques Ludik
Department of Computer Science, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box
19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
ix
x Contributors
S. B. G. Park
University Department of Psychiatry, Duncan Macmillan House,
Porchester Road, Nottingham NG3 6AA, UK
John H. Poole
San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center ± 116C, 4150
Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
Manfred Spitzer
UniversitaÈtsklinikum Ulm, Abteilung Psychiatrie 111, Leimgrubenweg 12±
14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
Dan J. Stein
Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063,
Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
Sophia Vinogradov
San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center ± 116C, 4150
Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
Gene V. Wallenstein
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Jason Willis-Shore
San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center ± 116C, 4150
Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
Preface
This volume of essays on neural networks and psychopathology is aimed
at an unusually diverse audience. On the one hand, we hope that the
volume will be read by psychiatrists, psychologists, and other clinicians
and researchers interested in psychopathology and its treatment. On the
other hand, we hope that it will be read by those who work in the ®elds of
cognitive science and arti®cial intelligence, and particularly those inter-
ested in neural network or connectionist models.
We believe that it is timely for clinicians and computational modellers
to be in closer contact. While recent decades have seen dramatic advances
in pharmacological and psychological treatments of psychiatric disor-
ders, clinical science often lacks an adequate theoretical framework for
integrating neurobiological and psychological data. Conversely, while
neural networks have been tremendously successful in modelling a
range of important psychological phenomena and in analysing data
from a wide range of other sciences, less work has focused on connec-
tionist models of psychopathology.
Neural network models of psychopathology have immediate theoreti-
cal and empirical appeal. They are theoretically interesting because they
seem to incorporate neurobiological and psychological data in a seamless
model of the way in which representational processes emerge from assem-
blies of neuron-like processing elements. They are empirically useful
because they have been able to allow rigorous and elegant simulations
of such uniquely human phenomena as pattern recognition, categoriza-
tion, and learning; simulations that have in turn led to new insights into
the phenomena under study.
In aiming at a diverse audience, contributors to this volume have had
to tread a ®ne line between ensuring that their chapters are not only
relevant to clinical practice and research, but also tackle basic questions
xi
xii Preface
about how the brain±mind works and about how best this can be oper-
ationalized using computational models. Any such pioneering attempt to
straddle two such different camps runs the risk of drawing criticism from
some clinicians who ®nd that computational models are too removed
from clinical experience, or from some cognitivists who ®nd clinical phe-
nomena abstruse.
However, we believe that our contributors have succeeded remarkably
in reaching out to all members of the intended audience. An introductory
chapter by Stein and Ludik introduces the concept of neural networks
and considers some of the potentials and pitfalls of using connectionist
models to investigate psychopathology. In a second background chapter,
Spitzer provides important historical context, outlining the long use of
neural networks in clinical theory. For example, in his abandoned
`Project for a scienti®c psychology', Freud drew on the neuroscience of
his day to develop an approach that is in many ways reminiscent of
current connectionism.
Other contributions in Part one of the volume show how neural net-
work models may have value in several different arenas of clinical prac-
tice and research. These range from diagnosis (Chen and Berrios) to
pharmacotherapy (Park) and psychotherapy (Caspar). Hestenes con-
cludes this part of the volume with an overview of the implications of
neural network theory for approaching the neurobiology of clinical dis-
orders.
In the second part of the volume, contributors develop models of a
range of different clinical disorders. These include examples from the
psychotic, anxiety, dissociative, and cognitive psychiatric disorders.
Speci®cally, models are provided for schizophrenia (Chen and Berrios;
Vinogradov and colleagues), obsessive±compulsive disorder (Ludik and
Stein), dissociative phenomena (Lloyd), autism (Cohen), and Alzheimer's
disease (Wallenstein and Hasselmo).
Finally, Forrest, who has long been working at the interface of neural
networks and psychiatry, provides an epilogue and a vision for the future.
We hope that this brief outline of the volume suf®ciently whets the
appetite of both clinicians and connectionists to pursue the exciting inter-
change between these ®elds more fully. Ultimately, we look forward to
the development of a strong ®eld of cognitive clinical science, in which
computational models inform clinical practice and research, and in which
clinical data provide an important impetus for work in connectionism.
Preface xiii
It is left only for us to add a few brief words of thanks. First, to each of
the contributors for their generous participation in this volume. Second,
to our publisher director, Dr Richard Barling, who provided sound
advice throughout the project. Third, to the many colleagues who have
supported our work, particularly Professor Robin Emsley, Head of the
Department of Psychiatry at the University of Stellenbosch. And ®nally,
to our wives and families, who have always been supportive and encoura-
ging of our academic lives.
Dan J. Stein
Jacques Ludik
Part one
General concepts
