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Algebraic Operations Lesson 1

This document covers algebraic operations, specifically focusing on the addition, subtraction, and multiplication of polynomial expressions, as well as binomial expansion for positive integers up to 3. It provides definitions, examples, and step-by-step solutions for various polynomial operations and binomial expansions. The document aims to enhance understanding of polynomial functions and their manipulations.

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Gab
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1 views

Algebraic Operations Lesson 1

This document covers algebraic operations, specifically focusing on the addition, subtraction, and multiplication of polynomial expressions, as well as binomial expansion for positive integers up to 3. It provides definitions, examples, and step-by-step solutions for various polynomial operations and binomial expansions. The document aims to enhance understanding of polynomial functions and their manipulations.

Uploaded by

Gab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 1

ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS
Objectives
1. perform operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication of polynomial expressions;
2. solve problems involving the binomial expansion (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 where 𝑛 is a positive integer not
greater than 3 and 𝑎,𝑏∈ℝ.

Polynomials
A polynomial in x is a function of x which consists of a series of integral powers of
x.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + . . . + 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎0
The order or degree of a polynomial is the power of the highest power of the
variable, x.
e.g. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 2nd order polynomial
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3 3rd order polynomial

We can add, subtract, multiply and divide polynomials

Addition, subtraction and multiplication of algebraic expressions


Reminder: Pay attention to negative numbers/terms especially when working with
brackets
Simplify

1. 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 5 − (3𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 + 4𝑦)


= 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 5 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦
= −𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 5

2. (𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5)
= 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5) − 3(4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5)
= 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 15
= 4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 15

3. 5𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4) − 2(𝑥 + 3)2


= 5𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4) − 2(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3)
= 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 20 − 2(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
= 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 20 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 18
= 5𝑥 3 − 17𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 38

4. 2𝑥(𝑦 − 3) + 𝑦(3𝑥 − 1)
= 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 𝑦

5. (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
= 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

6. (2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )
= 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 4

BINOMIAL EXPANSION
– a binomial consists of two terms
Example - Binomial Squared
Expand

Applying the pattern


1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) Expand
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2 = (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )
= (2𝑥)2 + 2(2𝑥)(𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 2 )2
= 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4

Example - Binomials Cubed

1. Expand: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)


= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦)
= 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
= 1𝑥 3 𝑦 0 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1𝑦 3 𝑥 0
= 1𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1𝑦 3 (as 𝑦 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 0 = 1)
NB: The Pattern

i) There are 4 terms


ii) The coefficients of the respective terms are 1, 3, 3, 1
iii) In each term of the expansion, the power of the 1 st term decreases from given power to
0 and the power of the second term increases from 0 to given power.
iv) In each term the sum of the indices (powers or exponents) equals given power.
Applying the pattern
Expand

1. (3𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 1(3𝑥)3 𝑦 0 + 3(3𝑥)2 𝑦1 + 3(3𝑥)1 𝑦 2 + 1(3𝑥)0 𝑦 3


= 27𝑥 3 + 3 × 9𝑥 2 𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 Recall 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏
= 27𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3

2. (2𝑥 3 − 𝑦 2 )3 = 1(2𝑥 3 )3 + 3(2𝑥 3 )2 (−𝑦 2 ) + 3(2𝑥 3 ) + (−𝑦 2 )2 + 1(−𝑦 2 )3


= 8𝑥 9 − 3(4𝑥 6 )𝑦 2 + 3(2𝑥 3 )𝑦 4 − 𝑦 6
= 8𝑥 9 − 12𝑥 6 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 4 − 𝑦 6

Try these using (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 where applicable.

1. (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)3
2. (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)3

Past paper June 2019

Solution

𝑥 𝑥 0 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥 3
(2 − )3 = 1(2)3 (− ) + 3(2)2 (− ) + 3(2)1 (− ) + 1(2)0 (− )
3 3 3 3 3

12𝑥 6𝑥 2 𝑥3
=8− + −
3 9 27
2 𝑥3
= 8 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 −
3 27

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