Scott Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck

Surgery Volume 2 Paediatrics, The Ear, and Skull Base

Surgery - 8th Edition

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 VOLUME 1
Basic Sciences, Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery,
Rhinology

VOLUME 2
Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base

VOLUME 3
Head and Neck Surgery, Plastic Surgery

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 Scott-Brown’s EIGHTH EDITION

Otorhinolaryngology
Head and Neck
Surgery
VOLUME 2

Editors
John C Watkinson MSc (Nuclear Medicine; London) MS (London) FRCS (General Surgery) FRCS (ENT) DLO
One-Time Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital
University of Birmingham NHS Trust and latterly the Royal Marsden and Brompton Hospitals, London, UK
Currently Consultant Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, University Hospital, Coventry and Warwick NHS Trust; and
Honorary Consultant ENT/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgeon, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH)
Honorary Senior Anatomy Demonstrator, University College London (UCL)
Business Director, Endocrine MDT, The BUPA Cromwell Hospital, London, UK.
Raymond W Clarke BA BSc DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL)
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean, University of Liverpool, UK.

Section Editors
Christopher P Aldren MA (CANTAB) MBBS FRCS (Eng) FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Consultant Otolaryngologist, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK.
Doris-Eva Bamiou MD MSc FRCP PhD
Professor in Neuroaudiology, Honorary Consultant in Audiovestibular Medicine
MSc in Otology & Audiology (UCL) Course Co-Director, UCL Ear Institute, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, UK.
Raymond W Clarke BA BSc DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL)
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Senior Lecturer and Associate Dean, University of Liverpool, UK.
Richard M Irving MD FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Consultant in Neurotology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust and Diana Princess of Wales (Birmingham Children’s) Hospital,
Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Haytham Kubba MBBS MPhil MD FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne,
Consultant Otolaryngologist, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
Shakeel R Saeed MD FRCS (ORL)
Clinical Director RNTNEH, Professor of Otology/Neuro-otology, UCL Ear Institute
Consultant ENT and Skull Base Surgeon, The Royal National Throat, Nose & Ear Hospital and
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.

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 CRC Press
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© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09461-1 (Hardback; Volume 1)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09463-4 (Hardback; Volume 2)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-09464-2 (Hardback; Volume 3)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4441-7589-9 (Hardback; Set)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-19652-0 (International Student Edition; restricted territorial availability)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Watkinson, John C., editor. | Clarke, Ray (Raymond), editor.

Title: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery : basic sciences, endocrine surgery, rhinology / John Watkinson, Ray Clarke.
Other titles: Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery |Otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery.
Description: Eighth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018] | Preceded by Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery.
7th ed. c2008. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017032760 (print) | LCCN 2017033968 (ebook) | ISBN 9780203731031 (eBook General) | ISBN 9781351399067 (eBook PDF) |
ISBN 9781351399050 (eBook ePub3) | ISBN 9781351399043 (eBook Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781138094611 (hardback : alk. paper).
Subjects: | MESH: Otolaryngology--methods | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases--surgery | Head--surgery | Neck--surgery | Otorhinolaryngologic
Surgical Procedures—methods.
Classification: LCC RF20 (ebook) | LCC RF20 (print) | NLM WV 100 | DDC 617.5/1--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017032760

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 Contents
Contributors........................................................................ ix 15: Chronic otitis media.................................................... 155
Foreword........................................................................... xix William P.L. Hellier
Preface.............................................................................. xxi
16: Microtia and external ear abnormalities...................... 165
A Tribute to Bill Scott-Brown............................................xxiii Iain Bruce and Jaya Nichani
Acknowledgements..........................................................xxiv
Volume 1 – Table of Contents........................................... xxv 17: Disorders of speech and language............................. 175
Suzanne Harrigan and Andrew Marshall
Volume 3 – Table of Contents...........................................xxix
Abbreviations...................................................................xxxii 18: Cleft lip and palate...................................................... 185
David M. Wynne and Louisa Ferguson
Section 1 Paediatrics 19: Craniofacial surgery.................................................... 195
Benjamin Robertson, Sujata De, Astrid Webber and
1: Introduction to paediatric otorhinolaryngology................. 3 Ajay Sinha
Raymond W. Clarke
20: Balance disorders in children..................................... 219
2: The paediatric consultation.............................................. 7 Louisa Murdin and Gavin A.J. Morrison
Raymond W. Clarke
21: Facial paralysis in children.......................................... 231
3: Recognition and management of the sick child............. 15 S. Musheer Hussain
Julian Gaskin, Raymond W. Clarke and Claire Westrope
22: Epistaxis...................................................................... 241
4: A
 naesthesia for paediatric otorhinolaryngology Mary-Louise Montague and Nicola E. Starritt
procedures..................................................................... 23
Crispin Best 23: Neonatal nasal obstruction......................................... 251
Michelle Wyatt
5: The child with special needs.......................................... 33
Kate Blackmore and Derek Bosman 24: Paediatric rhinosinusitis and its complications........... 261
Daniel J. Tweedie
6: The child with a syndrome............................................. 41
Thushitha Kunanandam and Haytham Kubba 25: Lacrimal disorders in children..................................... 279
Caroline J. MacEwen and Paul S. White
7: Management of the immunodeficient child.................... 47
Fiona Shackley 26: The adenoid and adenoidectomy............................... 285
Peter J. Robb
8: Hearing screening and surveillance................................ 55
Sally A. Wood 27: Paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea.......................... 293
Steven Powell
9: Hearing tests in children................................................. 65
Glynnis Parker 28: Stridor......................................................................... 311
Kate Stephenson and David Albert
10: Management of the hearing impaired child.................. 75
Chris H. Raine, Sue Archbold, Tony Sirimanna and 29: Acute laryngeal infections........................................... 325
Soumit Dasgupta Lesley Cochrane
11: Paediatric implantation otology.................................... 93 30: Congenital disorders of the larynx, trachea
James Ramsden and Payal Mukherjee
and bronchi................................................................. 333
Chris Jephson
12: Congenital middle ear abnormalities.......................... 107
Jonathan P. Harcourt
31: Acquired laryngotracheal stenosis.............................. 347
Michael J. Rutter, Alessandro de Alarcón and
13: Otitis media with effusion............................................ 115 Catherine K. Hart
Peter J. Robb and Ian Williamson
32: Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis......367
14: Acute otitis media....................................................... 137 Rania Mehanna and Michael Kuo
Peter A. Rea and Natalie Ronan

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 vi Contents

33: Paediatric voice disorders.......................................... 377 51: Psychoacoustic audiometry....................................... 627

Ben Hartley and David M. Wynne Josephine E. Marriage and Marina Salorio-Corbetto

34: Foreign bodies in the ear, nose and throat................. 385 52: Evoked measurement of auditory sensitivity.............. 649
Adam J. Donne and Katharine Davies Jeffrey Weihing and Nicholas Leahy

35: Paediatric tracheostomy............................................. 395 53: Prevention of hearing loss.......................................... 663

Michael Saunders Shankar Rangan and Veronica Kennedy

36: Perinatal airway management..................................... 413 54: Hearing aids................................................................ 671

Pensée Wu, May M.C. Yaneza, Haytham Kubba, Harvey Dillon
W. Andrew Clement, and Alan D. Cameron
55: Beyond hearing aids: an overview of adult
37: Cervicofacial infections............................................... 423 audiological rehabilitation........................................... 685
Nico Jonas and Ben Hartley Lucy Handscomb

38: Diseases of tonsils, tonsillectomy and tonsillotomy..... 435 56: Age-related sensorineural hearing impairment........... 693
Yogesh Bajaj and Ian Hore Linnea Cheung, David M. Baguley and
Andrew McCombe
39: Salivary glands............................................................ 443
Neil Bateman and Rachael Lawrence 57: Noise-induced hearing loss and related conditions......701
Andrew McCombe and David M. Baguley
40: Tumours of the head and neck in childhood............... 451
Fiona B. MacGregor and James Hayden 58: Autosomal dominant non-syndromic
sensorineural hearing loss.......................................... 711
41: Cysts and sinuses of the head and neck.................... 465 Polona Le Quesne Stabej and Maria Bitner-Glindzicz
Keith G. Trimble and Luke McCadden
59: Ototoxicity.................................................................. 721
42: Haemangiomas and vascular malformations.............. 477 Andrew Forge
Daniel J. Tweedie and Benjamin E.J. Hartley
60: Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss............ 739
43: Drooling and aspiration............................................... 491 Tony Narula and Catherine Rennie
Haytham Kubba and Katherine Ong
61: Tinnitus and hyperacusis............................................ 753
44: Reflux and eosinophilic oesophagitis......................... 501 Don McFerran and John Phillips
Ravi Thevasagayam
62: Evaluation of balance.................................................. 775
45: Oesophageal disorders in children............................. 513 Adolfo M. Bronstein
Graham Haddock
63: Ménière’s disease....................................................... 817
Section 2 The Ear Vincent W.F.M. Van Rompaey

Audiovestibular medicine 64: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo......................... 831

Yougan Saman and Doris-Eva Bamiou
46: A
 natomy and embryology of the external and
middle ear................................................................... 525 65: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence..................... 843
Peter Valentine and Tony Wright Harry R.F. Powell and Shakeel R. Saeed

47: A
 natomy of the cochlea and vestibular system: 66: Vestibular neuritis........................................................ 849
relating ultrastructure to function................................ 545 Charlotte Agrup
Jonathan Gale and Andrew Forge
67: Vestibular migraine..................................................... 855
48: Physiology of hearing.................................................. 567 Louisa Murdin and Linda M. Luxon
Soumit Dasgupta and Michael Maslin
68: Vestibular rehabilitation............................................... 863
49: Physiology of equilibrium ........................................... 593 Marousa Pavlou
Floris L. Wuyts, Leen K. Maes and An Boudewyns
69: Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder and
50: Perception of sounds at the auditory cortex.............. 617 retrocochlear disorders in adults and children........... 873
Frank E. Musiek and Jane A. Baran Rosalyn A. Davies and Raj Nandi

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 Contents vii

70: Understanding tinnitus: a psychological perspective..... 893 89: Otosclerosis.............................................................. 1061

Laurence McKenna, Elizabeth Marks and David J. Scott Christopher P. Aldren, Thanos Bibas, Arnold J.N.
Bittermann, George G. Browning, Wilko Grolman,
71: Auditory processing disorders across the age span.....901 Peter A. Rea, Rinze A. Tange and Inge Wegner
Doris-Eva Bamiou and Cristina Ferraz B. Murphy
90: Otological effects of paget’s disease........................ 1093
72: Neuropsychiatric aspects of vestibular disorders....... 909 Ian D. Bottrill
Julius Bourke, Georgia Jackson and Gerald Libby
91: Ear trauma................................................................ 1099
Otology Stephen C. Toynton

73: Clinical examination of the ears and hearing.............. 919 92: Otalgia....................................................................... 1141
George G. Browning and Peter-John Wormald Philip D. Yates

74: Furunculosis................................................................ 931 Implantation otology

Malcolm P. Hilton
93: Bone-conduction hearing devices............................ 1149
75: Myringitis..................................................................... 935 James Ramsden and Chris H. Raine
Samuel A.C. MacKeith
94: Cochlear implants..................................................... 1157
76: K
 eratosis obturans, primary auditory canal Andrew Marshall and Stephen Broomfield
cholesteatoma and benign necrotizing otitis externa.....941
Tristram H.J. Lesser 95: Middle ear implants.................................................. 1169
Maarten J.F. de Wolf and Richard M. Irving
77: Acquired atresia of the external ear............................ 949
Jonathan P. Harcourt 96: Auditory brainstem implantation............................... 1177
Shakeel R. Saeed and Harry R.F. Powell
78: Otitis externa and otomycosis.................................... 953
A. Simon Carney Section 3 Skull Base
79: Perichondritis of the external ear................................ 959 97: Imaging of the temporal bone................................... 1187
James W. Loock Steve Colley

80: Exostosis of the external auditory canal .................... 963 98: Anatomy of the skull base and infratemporal fossa. 1197
Philip J. Robinson and Sophie J. Hollis Charlie Huins

81: Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone.................. 967 99: Evaluation of the skull base patient.......................... 1211
James W. Loock Jeyanthi Kulasegarah and Richard M. Irving

82: Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion 100: Vascular assessment and management.................. 1221
in adults...................................................................... 971 Joe J. Leyon, Kurdow Nader and Swarupsinh Chavda
Anil Banerjee
101: Natural history of vestibular schwannomas............ 1229
83: Chronic otitis media ................................................... 977 Mirko Tos†, Sven-Eric Stangerup and
George G. Browning, Justin Weir, Gerard Kelly and Per Caye-Thomasen
Iain R.C. Swan
102: Surgical management of vestibular schwannoma.... 1239
84: Myringoplasty........................................................... 1021 Shakeel R. Saeed and Christopher J. Skilbeck
Charlie Huins and Jeremy Lavy
103: Stereotactic radiosurgery........................................ 1259
85: Ossiculoplasty ......................................................... 1029 Paul Sanghera, Geoffrey Heyes, Helen Howard,
Daniel Moualed, Alison Hunt and Christopher P. Aldren Rosemary Simmons and Helen Benghiat

86: Eustachian tube dysfunction ................................... 1039 104: Neurofibromatosis 2................................................ 1267
Holger H. Sudhoff D. Gareth R. Evans

87: Otoendoscopy.......................................................... 1047 105: Non-vestibular schwannoma tumours of the

David A. Bowdler, Annabelle C.K. Leong and cerebellopontine angle............................................ 1275
David D. Pothier Simon K.W. Lloyd and Scott A. Rutherford

88: Tuberculosis of the temporal bone........................... 1057

Ameet Kishore † deceased

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 viii Contents

106: Middle fossa surgery............................................... 1289 112: The facial nerve and its non-neoplastic disorders.....1381
Raghu N.S. Kumar, Sunil N. Dutt and Christopher Skilbeck, Susan Standring and
Richard M. Irving Michael Gleeson

107: Jugular foramen lesions and their management..... 1299 113: Tumours of the facial nerve..................................... 1413
Rupert Obholzer Patrick R. Axon and Samuel A.C. MacKeith

108: Petrous apex lesions .............................................. 1317 114: Osteitis of the temporal bone.................................. 1419
Michael Gleeson Cheka R. Spencer and Peter Monksfield

109: Approaches to the nasopharynx and 115: Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone......1425
Eustachian tube ..................................................... 1325 Liam Masterson and Neil Donnelly
Gunesh P. Rajan
116: Complications of skull base surgery....................... 1435
110: Tumours of the temporal bone................................ 1339 Abdul Karim Nassimizadeh and Chris Coulson
Marcus Atlas, Noweed Ahmad and Peter O’Sullivan
Index............................................................................... 1445
111: Clinical neuroanatomy............................................. 1351
John J.P. Patten

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 Contributors
Charlotte Agrup MD MSc FRCP PhD David M Baguley MSc MBA PhD
Consultant Audiovestibular Physician Head of Audiology
UCLH Addenbrooke’s Hospital
London, UK. Cambridge, UK.

Noweed Ahmad MBChB BSc (HONS) MSc FRCS Ed (ORL-HNS) Yogesh Bajaj FRCS ORLHNS
Consultant Otolgist, Neuro-Otologist and Skull Base ENT Consultant
Surgeon Royal London Hospital
Department of Otolaryngology London, UK; and
James Cook University Hospital Visiting Professor
Middlesbrough, Cleveland, UK. Canterbury University
Kent, UK.
Alessandro De Alarcón MD MPH
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Doris-Eva Bamiou MD MSc FRCP PhD
Neck Surgery Professor in Neuroaudiology
Division of Paediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Honorary Consultant in Audiovestibular Medicine
Neck Surgery MSc in Otology & Audiology (UCL) Course CoDirector
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre UCL Ear Institute
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine London, UK.
Cincinnati, USA.
Anil Banjeree MBBS FRCS FRCS(ORL-HNS)
David Albert FRCS Consultant ENT Surgeon/Honorary Senior Lecturer
Senior Consultant ENT Surgeon University Hospitals of Leicester/Leicester University
Department of Otolaryngology Medical School
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Leicester, UK.
London, UK.
Jane A Baran PhD
Christopher P Aldren MA FRCS (ENG) FRCS (ORL-HNS) Professor and Chair
Consultant Otolaryngologist Department of Communication Disorders
Wexham Park Hospital University of Massachusetts Amherst
Slough, UK. Amherst, USA.

Sue Archbold PhD (HON) LLD Neil Bateman BMedSci BM BS FRCS (ORL-NHS)
Consultant on Research, Public Policy and Practice on Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist
Deafness and Hearing Loss, Cochlear Implantation Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital
and Deaf Education Manchester, UK.
Consultant to The Ear Foundation
Helen Benghiat FRCR
Marcus Atlas MBBS FRACS Consultant Clinical Oncologist (Neuro-Oncology)
Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Hall-Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group
Foundation Chair Cancer Centre
Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Director, Ear Science Institute Australia Birmingham, UK.
Ear Sciences Centre
University of Western Australia. Crispin Best MBBS FRCA
Consultant in Paediatric Anaesthesia
Patrick R Axon MD FRCS (ORL-HNS) Department of Anaesthesia
Consultant Otologist and Skull Base Surgeon Royal Hospital for Sick Children
Department of Otolaryngology, Cambridge University Glasgow, UK.
Hospitals
Cambridge, UK.

ix

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 x Contributors

Thanos Bibas Cert Math MSc PhD FRCSI(Otol) Adolfo M Bronstein MD PhD FRCP
Assistant Professor in Otolaryngology Professor of Clinical Neuro-otology
University of Athens Head, Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences,
Athens, Greece Imperial College London
Honoray Reader Consultant Neurologist
UCL Ear Institute Charing Cross Hospital (Imperial NHS)
London, UK. National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,
Queen Square (UCLH)
Maria Bitner-Glindzicz BSc MBBS DCH FRCP PhD London, UK.
Professor of Clinical and Molecular Genetics
Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme Stephen Broomfield FRCS
UCL Institute of Child Health; and Consultant Otologist
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
London, UK. Bristol, UK.

Arnold JN Bittermann MD PhD George G Browning MD FRCS

ENT Surgeon (special interest Paediatric ENT) Emeritus Professor of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and
University Medical Center Utrecht Neck Surgery
The Netherlands. University of Glasgow; and
Visiting Professor to the MRC/CSO Institute of Hearing
Kate Blackmore FRCS(ORL-HNS) MClinEd Research
ENT Consultant and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer Glasgow, UK.
The James Cook University Hospital
Middlesbrough, UK. Iain Bruce MD FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist
Derek Bosman FRCS Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital
ENT Consultant Manchester, UK.
The James Cook University Hospital
Middlesborough, UK. Alan D Cameron FRCOG FRCP(Glas) MD MBChB
Consultant Obstetrician and Subspecialist in Maternal
Ian D Bottrill BM FRCS FRCS(ORL) and Fetal Medicine
Consultant ENT Surgeon The Ian Donald Fetal Medicine Unit
Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust; and Southern General Hospital; and
Honorary Senior Lecturer Honorary Professor
University of Oxford University of Glasgow
John Radcliffe Hospital Glasgow, UK.
Oxford, UK.
A Simon Carney BSc (HONS) MBChB FRCS FRACS MD
An Boudewyns MD PhD Associate Professor and Head of ENT Unit
Antwerp University Hospital Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Adelaide, South Australia.
Neck Surgery
Edegem, Belgium. Per Caye-Thomasen MD DMSc
Associate Professor
Julius Bourke MBBS MRCPsych Ear, Nose and Throat Department
Principal Investigator: The Brain in Pain Study Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen
Clinical Senior Lecturer in Neurophysiology and Clinical Hellerup, Denmark.
Psychiatry
Honorary Consultant Liaison Psychiatrist Swarupsingh Chavda MBChB DMRD FRCR
Centre for Psychiatry Consultant Diagnostic & Interventional Neuroradiologist
Wolfson Institute for Preventive Medicine Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Birmingham, UK.
London, UK.
Linnea Cheung BSc(HONS) MBChB MRCS-DOHNS
David A Bowdler MBBS FRCS (GEN SURG) FRCS (OTOLARYN) Speciality Registrar in Otorhinolaryngology
Consultant ENT Surgeon Severn Deanery
Gloucestershire, UK.

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 Contributors xi

Raymond W Clarke BA BSC DCH FRCS FRCS(ORL) Harvey Dillon BEng PhD
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Senior Research Scientist
Royal Liverpool University Children’s Hospital National Acoustic Laboratories
Alder Hey Visiting Professor of Auditory Science
Liverpool, UK. University of Manchester; and
Adjunct Professor
W Andrew Clement FRCS MBChB Macquarie University
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Sydney, Australia.
Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology
Royal Hospital for Sick Children Adam J Donne PhD FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Yorkhill Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist
Glasgow, UK. Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool, UK.
Lesley Cochrane BSc FRCS
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Neil Donnelly MSc FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Consultant ENT Surgeon
London, UK. Department of Neuro-otology and Skull Base Surgery
Cambridge University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
Steve Colley MB ChB MRCS FRCR Cambridge, UK.
Consultant Head & Neck Radiologist
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Sunil N Dutt MS DNB PhD FRCS (ED) FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Birmingham, UK. DLO (ENG) DORL
Professor, Senior Consultant and Clinical Director
Chris Coulson PhD FRCS (ORL-HNS) Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck
Consultant Otolaryngologist Surgery
NIHR Clinical Lecturer, Otolaryngology Head and Apollo Group of Hospitals
Neck Surgery Bangalore, India.
School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham
Queen Elizabeth Hospital D Gareth R Evans MBBS MRCP MD FRCP
Birmingham, UK. Medical Genetics and Cancer Epidemiology
Manchester University
Soumit Dasgupta MBBS DLO MS FRCS MSc FIAOHNS Manchester, UK.
Consultant Audiovestibular Physician and Neurotologist
Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool Louisa Ferguson BSc FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Sheffield Vertigo and Balance Centre, Sheffield Cleft Fellow
Honorary Tutor, University of Manchester Evelina London Children’s Hospital
Manchester, UK. London, UK.

Katharine Davies MBBCh MRCS (DOHNS) Andrew Forge PhD MSc BSc
ENT Registrar Emeritus Professor of Auditory Cell Biology
Aintree University Hospital UCL Ear Institute
Liverpool, UK. London, UK.

Rosalyn A Davies FRCP PhD Jonathon Gale PhD

Honorary Consultant in Audio-Vestibular Medicine Professor of Auditory Cell Biology and Interim Director
The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery UCL Ear Institute
London, UK. London, UK.

Sujata De FRCS(ORL-HNS) Julian Gaskin MBChB FRCS (ORL-HNS) DOHNS

Consultant Paediatric ENT Surgeon Consultant ENT Surgeon
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool, UK. Bristol Royal Hospital for Children
Bristol, UK.
Maarten de Wolf MD PhD
Consultant ENT Surgeon
AMC Amsterdam
The Netherlands.

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 xii Contributors

Michael Gleeson MD FRCS FRACS FDS William PL Hellier FRCS(ORL-HNS)

Professor of Otolaryngology and Skull Base Surgery Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist
Institute of Neurology University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
Consultant, Guy’s, Kings and St Thomas’ London, UK.
and the National Hospital for Neurology and
Neurosurgery Geoffrey Heyes PhD
Honorary Consultant Skull Base Surgeon Lead Physicist for Stereotactic Radiotherapy
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children Hall-Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group
London, UK. Cancer Centre
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Wilko Grolman MD PhD Birmingham, UK.
Professor of Otorhinolaryngology
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Malcolm P Hilton MA BM BCh FRCS (ENG) FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Surgery Consultant Otolaryngologist
University Medical Centre Utrecht Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital; and
Utrecht, The Netherlands. Clinical Sub-Dean
University of Exeter Medical School
Graham Haddock MBChB MD FRCS(GLAS) FRCS(PAED) Exeter, UK.
FFST(EDIN)
Consultant Neonatal and Paediatric Surgeon Sophie J Hollis MRCS (DO-HNS)
Royal Hospital for Children ENT Registrar
Glasgow, UK University Hospitals Bristol
Honorary Clinical Associate Professor Bristol, UK.
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, UK. Ian Hore FRCS (ORL-HNS)
ENT Consultant
Lucy Handscomb MSc Evelina London Children’s Hospital
Clinical Scientist London, UK.
Module Co-ordinator (Rehabilitation,
Counselling Skills, Tinnitus Helen Howard MSc
UCL Ear Institute Hall-Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group
London, UK. Cancer Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Birmingham, UK.
Jonathan P Harcourt MA FRCS
Consultant ENT Surgeon Charlie Huins MSc FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Charing Cross Hospital Consultant ENT Surgeon Specialising in Otology
London, UK. Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Birmingham, UK.
Suzanne Harrigan BSc
Speech & Language Therapist Alison Hunt FRCS
The Ear Foundation Consultant Otolaryngologist
Nottingham, UK. Milton Keynes General Hospital
Milton Keynes, UK.
Catherine K Hart MD
Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology, Head and S Musheer Hussain MBBS MSc (MANC) FRCS (EDIN)
Neck Surgery FRCS (ENG) FFST FRCS (ORL)
Division of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Consultant Otolaryngologist Head and Neck Surgeon
Neck Surgery Honorary Professor of Otolaryngology and Consultant
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre; and ENT Surgeon; and
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Licenced Teacher of Anatomy
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Ninewells Hospital & University of Dundee Medical
Cincinnati, USA. School
Dundee, UK.
Benjamin EJ Hartley MBBS BSc FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Richard M Irving MD FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Consultant in Neurotology
London, UK. University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust
and Diana Princess of Wales (Birmingham Children’s)
James Hayden PhD FRCPCH Mb ChB Hospital
Consultant Paediatric Oncologist Honorary Senior Lecturer
Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust University of Birmingham
Liverpool, UK. Birmingham, UK.

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 Contributors xiii

Georgia Jackson MBBS MRCPCH PG D(AUDIOVESTIB Thushitha Kunanandam MBChB FRCS(ORL-HNS)

MED (DIST) Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist
Previously Consultant Community Paediatrician Royal Hospital for Children
Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Glasgow, UK.
Reading, UK.
Michael Kuo PhD FRCS (Eng) FRCS (ORL-HNS) DCH
Chris Jephson BSc FRCS (ORL HNS) Consultant Otolaryngologist – Head and Neck Surgeon
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Birmingham Children’s Hospital
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Birmingham, UK.
London, UK.
Jeremy Lavy MBBS (LON) FRCS (ENG) FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Nico Jonas MBChB FRCS FCORL(SA) MMed Consultant Otologist
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist Royal National Throat and Ear Hospital
Addenbrooke’s Hospital London, UK.
Cambridge University Hospital Foundation Trust
Cambridge, UK. Rachael Lawrence MBBS BSc
ENT Registrar
Gerard Kelly MB ChB MD Med FRCS(ED) FRCS(ORL-HNS) East MidlandsDeanery
Consultant ENT and Skull Base Surgeon Leicester, UK.
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
Honorary Senior Lecturer in Otolaryngology Nicholas Leahy AuD
University of Leeds Clinical Audiologist
Leeds, UK. Louisville
Kentucky, USA.
Veronica Kennedy MBBS FRCS MSc
Consultant Audiovestibular Physician Annabelle CK Leong MBBS (HONS)(LOND) BSc (HONS)
Bolton NHS Foundation Trust DOHNS FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Halliwell Children’s Centre Consultant ENT Surgeon/Otologist
Bolton, UK. Singapore Medical Specialists Centre
Paragon.
Ameet Kishore MBBS(AFMC) FRCS(GLAS) FRCS(EDIN)
FRCS-ORL(UK) Polona Le Quesne Stabej DVM PhD
Ear Nose Throat Neuro-Otology & Cochlear Implants Research Associate
Director & Chief Consultant, ADVENTIS (Advanced Centre for Translational Genomics – GOSgene
ENT Service) Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme
Senior. Consultant Surgeon & Professor, Indraprastha UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
Apollo Hospitals London, UK.
Founder & Managing Trustee, I Can Hear Foundation
ENT OPD, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals Tristram HJ Lesser AKC MBBS FRCSEd MS FHKCORL
New Delhi, India. Consultant ENT Surgeon
Renacres Hospital NHS Treatment Centre
Haytham Kubba MBBS MPhil MD FRCS(ORL-HNS) Lancashire, UK.
Associate Professor
Department of Paediatrics Joe J Leyon MBBS MRCP FRCR
University of Melbourne; and Consultant Diagnostic & Interventional Neuroradiologist
Consultant Otolaryngologist Royal Preston Hospital
Royal Children’s Hospital Lancashire, UK.
Parkville, Australia.
Gerald Libby FRCP FRCPsych
Jeyanthi Kulasegarah MD FRCS (ORL-HNS) Professor of Gastrointestinal Psychiatry
Fellow in Neurotology King Edward VII Hospital; and
University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust and Diana Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
Princess of Wales Hospital London, UK.
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK.

Raghu Nandhan Sampath Kumar MS DNB MRCS (ED)

DOHNS FRCS (ORL-HNS) MCh PhD
Clinical Fellow in Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery
Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust
Birmingham, UK.

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 xiv Contributors

Simon KW Lloyd MBBS BSc(HONS) MPhil FRCS(ORL-HNS) Josephine E Marriage BSc Speech Science MSc
Professor of Otolaryngology Audiology PhD
Consultant Otolaryngologist Clinical Scientist in Audiology
Department of Otolaryngology Director at Chear Ltd., Director at Chear Ltd.,
Salford Royal Hospital; and Bermondsey; and
Department of Otolaryngology Research Associate
Manchester Royal Infirmary Cambridge University
Manchester academic Health Science Centre Cambridge, UK.
University of Manchester
Manchester, UK. Andrew Marshall FRCS
Consultant Otologist
James W Loock MBChB (UCT) FCS(SA)ORL FRCS (ENG) Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
ad eundem Nottingham, UK.
Professor and Head
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Michael Maslin MSc PhD
University of Stellenbosch Audiologist and International Clinical Trainer
Tygerberg Hospital Interacoustics Academy
Cape Town, South Africa. Middelfart, Denmark.

Linda M Luxon CBE BSc FRCP Liam Masterton FRCS ORL-HNS

Emeritus Professor of Audiovestibular Medicine Department of Neuro-otology and Skull Base Surgery
UCL; and Cambridge University Teaching Hospital NHS Trust
Honorary Consultant Physician in Neuro-otology Cambridge, UK.
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,
UCLH​NHS Trust Luke McCadden MB BCh FRCS(ORL-HNS)
London, UK. Specialist Registrar Otolaryngology
Royal Victoria Hospital
Caroline J MacEwan MBChB MD FRCS FRCOphth Belfast, UK.
FFSEM FRCP(ED)
Consultant Ophthalmologist Andrew McCombe MC FRCS
Ninewells Hospital Dundee; and Consultant ENT Surgeon
Professor of Ophthamology Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai; and
University of Dundee Adjunct Clinical Professor of Surgery
Dundee, UK. Mohammed bin Rashid University Medical School
Dubai, UAE.
Fiona MacGregor MBChB FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Consultant Otolaryngologist Don McFerran BA MA MB BChir FRCS FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Gartnavel General Hospital Consultant ENT Surgeon
Galsgow, UK. Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust
Colchester General Hospital
Samuel AC MacKeith MBChB FRCS(ORL-HNS) Colchester, UK.
Consultant ENT Surgeon
Department of Otolaryngology Laurence McKenna M Clin Psychol PhD
John Radcliff Hospital Clinical Psychologist
Oxford, UK. Royal National Throat, Nose & Ear Hospital
London, UK.
Leen K Maes PhD
Professor and Doctor (Audiologist) Rania Mehanna MBBChBAO BMedSci FRCS(ORL-HNS)
Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Paediatric ENT Consultant
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital
Ghent University Crumlin Private Clinic
Ghent, Belgium. Dublin, Ireland.

Elizabeth Marks D Clin Psy Peter Monksfield FRCS (ORL-HNS)

Clinical Psychologist Consultant ENT and Skull Base Surgeon
Royal National Throat, Nose & Ear Hospital University Hospitals Birmingham
London, UK. Birmingham, UK.

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 Contributors xv

Mary-Louise Montague MBChB(Hons) PGDipClinEd Jaya Nichani FRCS(ORL-HNS)

FRSC(ORL-HNS) Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist
Consultant Paediatric Otolaryngologist, Honorary Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital
Clinical Senior Lecturer Manchester, UK.
The Royal Hospital for Sick Children
Edinburgh, UK. Rupert Obholzer BA(Oxon), MBBS, FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Consultant ENT / Skull Base Surgeon
Gavin AJ Morrison MA MBBS FRCS Guys Hospital, Kings College Hospital; and
Consultant ENT Surgeon The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
Guy’s, St Thomas’ and Evelina Hospitals London, UK.
London, UK.
Katherine Ong B App Sci (Speech Path) MA (Appl Ling)
Daniel Moualad MA MRCS Speech Pathologist
Specialist Registrar in Otolaryngology Royal Children’s Hospital
Oxford Deanery Parkville, Australia.
Oxford, UK.
Peter O’Sullivan Bsc MPhil FRCSI (ORL-HNS)
Payal Mukherjee MBBS MS FRACS Clinical Fellow, Neurotology
Clinical Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology
University of Sydney Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
Executive Member - RACS NSW Committee Nedlands, Western Australia.
ENT Research Lead - RPA Institute of Academic Surgery
Adult and Paediatric ENT Surgeon Glynis Parker MB ChB FRCP DCH MSc
Otologist, Cochlear Implant and Skull Base Surgeon Audiovestibular Physician
Sydney, Australia. Sheffield Children’s Hospital
Sheffield, UK.
Louisa Murdin PhD MRCP
Consultant Audiovestibular Physician John JP Patten BSc MB FRCP
Guy’s Hospital Consultant Neurologist (retired)
London, UK. South West Thames Regional Health Authority
London, UK.
Cristina FB Murphy PhD
Specialist Audiologist Marousa Pavlou PhD BA MCSP
Cromwell Hospital Lecturer in Physiotherapy
London, UK. Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences
King’s College London
Frank E Musiek PhD London, UK.
Professor
Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences John Phillips BSc(HONS) MBBS MRCS(ENG) FRCS(ORL-HNS)
University of Arizona Consultant ENT Surgeon
Tucson, USA. Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust
Kurdow Nader MBBS MSC FRCR Norfolk, UK.
Consultant Diagnostic & Interventional Neuroradiologist
Queen Elizabeth Hospital David D Pothier MSc MBChB FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Birmingham, UK. Staff Neurologist
Assistant Professor
Raj Nandi FRCS MSc University of Toronto; and
Consultant in Audio-Vestibular Medicine Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery
Department of Neuro-otology Toronto General Hospital
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital University Health Network
London, UK. Toronto, Canada.

Antony Narula FRCS FRCS(ED) Harry RF Powell MBBS BSc DOHNS FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Consultant ENT Surgeon Consultant ENT
Professor of Otolaryngology Auditory Implant Surgeon
London, UK. Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
London, UK.
Abdul-Karim Nassimizadeh MBChB, BMedSci, MRCS (ENT)
ENT Specialty Registrar
University Hospital Birmingham
Birmingham, UK.

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